Pharmacogenomic considerations of the insertion/deletion gene polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme and coronary artery disease

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 271-279

  Petrovic, Danijel ^a   Peterlin, Borut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTRE LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Coronary artery disease; Pharmacogenomics; Renin angiotensin system; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; ESTROGEN; FLUINDOSTATIN; LISINOPRIL; NIFEDIPINE; PRAVASTATIN;

ALLELE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GENE DELETION; GENE INSERTION; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LUNG DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PHARMACOGENOMICS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; STROKE; VASODILATATION;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A; PHARMACOGENETICS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 3042785981     PISSN: 15701611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570161043385637     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Nebert DW. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: why is this relevant to the clinical geneticist? Clin Genet 1999; 56: 247-58.
2. Wieczorek SJ, Tsongalis GJ. Pharmacogenomics: will it change the field of medicine? Clin Chim Acta 2001; 308: 1-9.
3. Castelli WP. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Med 1984; 76: 4-12.
4. Ross R. Atherosclerosis- an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26.
5. Chobanian AV, Haudenschild CC, Nickerson C, Drago R. Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension 1990; 15: 327-31.
6. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-77.
7. Schuh JR, Blehm DJ, Friedlich GE, McMahon EG, Blaine EH. Differential effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1453-8.
8. Solvd Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325; 293-302.
9. Dullaart RP, Hoogenberg K, Riemens SC, Groener JE, van Tol A, Sluiter WJ, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphism is a determinant of HDL cholesterol and of the lipoprotein response to a lipid-lowering diet in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 1997; 46: 2082-7.
10. Gardemann A, Weiss T, Schwartz O, Eberbach A, Katz N, Hehrlein FW, et al. Gene polymorphism but not catalytic activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme is associate with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in low-risk patients. Circulation 1995; 92: 2796-9.
11. Hingorani AD, Jia H, Stevens PA, Hopper R, Dickerson JE, Brown MJ. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms influence blood pressure and the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1602-9.
12. Marian AJ, Safavi F, Ferlic L, Dunn JK, Gotto AM, Ballantyne CM. Interactions between angiotensin-I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and response of plasma lipids and coronary atherosclerosis to treatment with fluvastatin: the lipoprotein and coronary atherosclerosis study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 89-95.
13. Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J, Mata P, Perez-Jimenez F, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ. Gene-diet interaction in determining plasma lipid response to dietary intervention. Atherosclerosis 1995; 118 (Suppl): S11-27.
14. Petrovic D, Zorc M, Kanic V, Peterlin B. Interaction between gene polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin system and metabolic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction. Angiology 2001; 52: 247-52.
15. Prasad A, Narayanan S, Husain S, Padder F, Waclawiw M, Epstein N, et al. Insertion-deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene modulates reversibility of endothelial dysfunction with ACE inhibition. Circulation 2000; 102: 35-41.
16. Samani NJ, O'Toole L, Martin D, Rai H, Fletcher S, Lodwick D, et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and risk of and prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 338-44.
17. Samani NJ, O'Toole L, Martin D, Rai H, Fletcher S, Lodwick D, et al. A meta-analysis of the association of the deletion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996; 94: 708-12.
18. Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. Interacting effects of gender and genotype on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1718-23.
19. Schunkert H, Tang SS, Litwin SE, Diamant D, Riegger G, Dzau VJ, et al. Regulation of intrarenal and circulating renin-angiotensin systems in severe heart failure in rats. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 731-5.
20. Danser AH, Schalekamp MA. Is there an internal cardiac renin-angiotensin system? Heart. 1996; 76; 28-32.
21. Griendling KK, Murphy TJ, Alexander WJ. Molecular biology of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation 1993; 87: 1816-28.
22. Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 1990; 66: 883-90.
23. Lindpaintner K, Ganten D. The cardiac renin angiotensin system. An appraisal of present experimental and clinical evidence. Cir Res 1991; 68: 905-21.
24. Dzau VJ. Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 1988; 77 (suppl I): I4-I13.
25. Dzau VJ. Cell biology and genetics of angiotensin in cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens 1994; 12 (Suppl): S3-10.
26. Stroth U, Unger T. The renin-angiotensin system and its receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33 (Suppl 1): S21-8; discussion S41-3.
27. Moeller I, Allen AM, Chai SY, Zhuo J, Mendelsohn FA. Bioactive angiotensin peptides. J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12: 289-93.
28. Degasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. The Angiotensin II Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 415-72.
29. Lucius R, Gallinat S, Busche S, Rosentiel P, Unger T. Beyong blood pressure: new role for angiotensin II. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 56: 1008-19.
30. Carey RM, Wang ZQ, Siragy HM. Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function. hypertension 2000; 35 (PART 2): 155-63.
31. Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S, Nishikawa T. Hypotensive imidazole derivatives. US patent 4340598 issued to takada chemical industries, Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
32. Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet 2000; 335: 637-45.
33. Gradman AH. Long-term benefits of angiotensin II blockade: is the consensus changing? Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 16 S-21 S.
34. Gallinat S, Busche S, Raizada MK, Summers C. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor: an enigma with multiple variations. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278: E357-E374.
35. Kerins DM, Han Q, Vaughan DE. Angiotensin induction of PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the hexapeptide angiotensin IV. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2515-20.
36. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the evidence of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1343-6.
37. Villard E, Tiret L, Visvikis S, Rakotovao R, Cambien F, Soubrier F. Identification of new polymorphisms of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and study of their relationship to plasma ACE levels by two-QTL segregation-linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58: 1268-78.
38. Cousterousse O, Allegrini J, Lopez M, Alhenc-Gelas F. Angiotensin 1-converting enzyme in human circulating mononuclear cells: genetic polymorphism of the expression in T -lymphocytes. Biochem J 1993; 290: 33-40.
39. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou JP, Arveiler D, et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992; 359: 641-4.
40. Ruiz J, Blanche H, Cohen N, Velho G, Cambien F, Cohen D, et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is strongly associated with coronary heart disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3662-5.
41. Keavney BD, Dudley CR, Stratton IM, Holman RR, Matthews DR, Ratcliffe PJ, et al. UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) 14: association of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with myocardial infarction in NIDDM. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 948-52.
42. Lindpaintner K, Pfeffer MA, Kreutz R, Stampfer MJ, Grodstein F, LaMotte F, et al. A prospective evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. New Engl J Med 1995; 332: 706-11.
43. Ludwig E, Corneli PS, Anderson JL, Marshall HW, Lalouel JM, Ward RH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction but not with development of coronary stenosis. Circulation 1995; 91: 2120-24.
44. Tiret L, Kee F, Poirier O, Nicaud V, Lecerf L, Evans A, et al. Deletion polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with parental history of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993; 341: 991-2.
45. Bohn M, Berge KE, Bakken A, Erikssen J, Berg K. insertion/deletion polymorphism at the locus for angiotensin converting enzyme and parental history of myocardial infarction. Clin Genet 1993; 44: 298-301.
46. Evans AE, Poirier O, Kee F, Lecerf L, McCrum E, Falconer T, et al. Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in subjects who die from coronary heart disease. Quart J Med 1994; 87: 211-4.
47. Arbustini E, Grasso M, Fasani R, Klersy C, Diegoli M, Porcu E, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene deletion allele is independently and strongly associated with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1995; 74: 584-91.
48. Nakai K, Itoh C, Miura Y, Hotta K, Musha T, Itoh T, et al. Deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with serum ACE concentration and increased risk for CAD in the Japanese population. Circulation 1994; 90: 2199-202.
49. Beohar N, Damaraju S, Prather A, Yu QT, Raizner A, Kleiman NS, et al. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme genotype DD is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Investig Med 1995; 43: 275-80
50. Katsuya T, Koike G, Yee TW, Sharpe N, Jackson R, Norton R, et al. Association of angiotensinogen T 235 variant with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 1600-3.
51. Winkelmann BR, Nauck M, Klein B, Russ AP, Bohm BO, Siekmeier R, et al. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with increased plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity but not with increased risk for myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 19-25.
52. Agerholm-Larsen B, Nordestgaard BG, Steffensen R, Sorensen TI, Jensen G, et al. ACE gene polymorphism: ischemic heart disease and longevity in 10,150 individuals. A case-referent and retrospective cohort study based on the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation 1997; 95: 2358-67.
53. Jeunemaitre X, Ledru F, Battaglia S, Guillanneuf MT, Courbon D, Dumont C, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and angiographic extent and severity of coronary artery disease: the CORGENE study. Hum Genet 1997; 99: 66-73.
54. Anderson JL, Carlquist JF, King GJ, Morrison L, Thomson MJ, Ludwig EH, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes and risk for myocardial infarction in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 790-6.
55. Schuster H, Wienker TF, Stremmler U, Noll B, Steinmetz A, Luft FC. An angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variant is associated with acute myocardial infarction in women but not in men. Am J Cardiol 76: 601-603, 1995.
56. Kee F, Morrison C, Poirier O, McCrum E, Mallet C, Nicaud V, et al. Angiotensin II type-I receptor and ACE polymorphisms and risk of myocardial infarction in men and women. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30: 1076-82.
57. Petrovic D, Bregar D, Guzic-Salobir B, Globocnik Petrovic M, Letonja M, Peterlin B, et al. Sex difference in the effect of ACE-DD genotype on the risk of premature myocardial infarction. Angiology 2003; 54: (in press).
58. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Ginocchio G, Petrov V, Saavedra AP, Soubrier F, et al. The deletion/insertion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and cardiovascular-renal risk. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1579-92.
59. Agerholm-Larsen B, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. ACE gene polymorphism in cardiovascular disease: meta-analyses of small and large studies in whites. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 484-92.
60. Daemen MJAP, Lombardi DM, Bosman FT, Schwartz SM. Angiotensin II induces smooth muscle cell proliferation in the normal and injured rat arterial wall. Circ Res 1991; 68: 450-6.
61. Powell JS, Clozel J-P, Muller RKM, Kuhn H, Hefti F, Hosang M, et al. Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science 1989; 245: 186-8.
62. Schuh JR, Blehm DJ, Frierdich GE, McMahon EG, Blaine EH. Differential effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1453-8.
63. Chobanian AV, Haudenschild CC, Nickerson C, Drago R. Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension 1990; 15: 327-31.
64. Diet F, Pratt RE, Berry GJ, Momose N, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. Increased accumulation of tissue ACE in human atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996; 94: 2756-67.
65. Fukuhara M, Geary RL, Diz DI, Gallagher PE, Wilson JA, Glazier SS, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in human carotid artery atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2000; 35: 353-9.
66. Ohishi M, Ueda M, Rakugi H, Naruko T, Kojima A, Okamura A, et al. Enhanced expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme is associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis in humans. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1295-302.
67. Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A, Haley EA, Creager SJ, Seely EW, et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1998; 98: 1158-63.
68. Lieberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, Walsh BW, Selwyn AP, Ganz P, et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 936-41.
69. Collins P, Rosario GM, Sarrel PM, Ulrich L, Adamopoulos S, Beale CM, et al. 17 beta-Estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995; 92: 24-30.
70. Gilligan DM, Badar DM, Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Cannon RO 3rd. Acute vascular effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1994; 90: 786-91.
71. Sanada M, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, Sasaki S, Kodama I, Sakashita T, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women augments reactive hyperemia in the forearm by reducing angiotensin converting enzyme activity. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 391-7.
72. Sanada M, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, Sasaki S, Kodama I, Tsuda M, et al. Relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and the forearm vasodilator response to estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1529-35.
73. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Barley J, Jeffrey S, Carter N, Deanfield J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype is not associated with endothelial dysfunction in subjects without other coronary risk factors. Atherosclerosis 1994; 111: 121-6.
74. Anderson TJ, Elstein E, Haber H, Charbonneau F. Comparative study of ACE-inhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 60-6.
75. Zee RY, Lou YK, Griffiths LR, Morris BJ. Association of a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184: 9-15.
76. Schmidt S, van Hooft IM, Grobbee DE, Ganten D, Ritz E. Polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is apparently not related to high blood pressure: Dutch Hypertension and Offspring Study. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 345-8.
77. Higashimori K, Zhao Y, Higaki J, Kamitani A, Katsuya T, Nakura J, et al. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 191: 399-404.
78. Gu XX, Spaeman M, Raeymaekers P, Guo C, Fagard R, Amery A, et al. Lack of association between the I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and essential hypertension in a Belgian population. J Hum Hyperten 1994; 8: 683-5.
79. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Schrader AP. Different frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes in older hypertensive individuals. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1085-9.
80. Johnson AG, Simons LA, Friedlander Y, Simons J, Davis DR, Macallum J. I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene does not predict isolated systolic or systolic-diastolic hypertension in the elderly. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10: 167-9.
81. Jian M, Cao X, Huang J, Qi J, Liu G, Wang J, et al. Polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene in the older Chinese: linked to ambulatory blood pressure levels and circadian blood pressure rhythm. Int J Cardiol 1996; 55: 33-40.
82. Kiema TR, Kauma H, Rantala AO, Lilja M, Reunanen A, Kesaniemi YA, et al. Variation at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and angiotensinogen gene loci in relation to blood pressure. Hypertension 1996; 28: 1070-5.
83. Tiret L, Blanc H, Ruidavets JB, Arveiler D et al. Gene polymorfisms of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hypertension and parental hystory of myocardial infarction and stroke: the PEGASE study (Project d' Etude des Genes de l?' Hypertension Arterielle Severe a moderee Essentielle). J Hypertens 1998; 16: 37-44.
84. O'Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, Rao VS, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, et al. Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998; 97: 1766-72.
85. Vasku A, Soucek M, Znojil V, Rihacek I, Tschoplova S, Strelcova L, et al. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene interaction and prediction of essential hypertension. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 1479-80.
86. Williams SM, Addy JH, Phillips JA 3rd, Dai M, Kpodonu J, Afful J, et al. Combinations of variations in multiple genes are associated with hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 36: 2-6.
87. Petrovic D, Bidovec M, Peterlin B. Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and essential arterial hypertension in childhood. Folia Biol (Krakow) 2002; 50: 53-6.
88. Poch E, La Sierra AA, Gonzalez-Nunez D, Oriola J, Redon J, Chaves FJ, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and essential hypertension. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118: 575-9.
89. Fornage M, Amos CI, Kardia S, Sing CF, Turner ST, Boerwinkle E. Variation in the region of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene influences interindividual differences in blood pressure levels in young white males. Circulation 1998; 97: 1773-9.
90. Wang, JG, Staessen JA. Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system: relevance for susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 410: 289-302.
91. Mondorf UF, Russ A, Wiesemann A, Herrero M, Oremek G, Lenz T. Contribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism and angiotensinogen gene polymorphism to blood pressure regulation in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 174-83.
92. Nakano Y, Oshima T, Watanabe M, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G, Kambe M. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and acute response to captopril in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 1064-8.
93. Stavroulakis GA, Makris TK, Krespi PG, Hatzizacharias AN, Gialeraki AE, Anastasiadis G, et al. Predicting response to chronic antihypertensive treatment with fosinopril: the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000; 14: 427-32.
94. Baudin B. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and drug response. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38: 853-6.
95. Dudley C, Keavney B, Casadei B, Conway J, Bird R, Ratcliffe P. Prediction of patient responses to antihypertensive drugs using genetic polymorphisms: investigation of renin-angiotensin system genes. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 259-62.
96. Mulatero P, Rabbia F, di Cella SM, Schiavone D, Plazzotta C, Pascoe L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms are non-randomly distributed in oral contraceptive-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 713-9.
97. Mayet J, O'Kane KP, Elton R, Johnstone HA, Shahi M, Ozkor MA, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, blood pressure and ACE genotype in untreated hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 1997; 11: 595-7.
98. Gomez-Angelats E, de la Sierra A, Enjuto M, Sierra C, Oriola J, Francino A, et al. Lack of association between ACE gene polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 47-9.
99. Kohno M, Yokokawa K, Minami M, Kano H, Yasunari K, Hanehira T, et al. Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Med 1999; 106: 544-9.
100. Sasaki M, Oki T, Iuchi A, Tabata T, Yamada H, Manabe K, et al. Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the effects of enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension: M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1403-8.
101. Dieguez-Lucena JI, Aranda-Lara P, Ruiz-Galdon M, Garcia-Villanova J, Morell-Ocana M, Reyes-Engel A. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme genotypes and angiotensin II receptors. Response to therapy. Hypertension 1996; 28: 98-103.
102. Peterlin B, Milanez T, Kobal J, Peterlin-Potisk K, Petrovic D, Grad A, et al. DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and stroke in Slovenian population. Pflugers Arch 2000; 439(3 Suppl): 38-9.
103. Sharma P, Carter ND, Barley J, Brown MM. Molecular approach to assessing the genetic risk of cerebral infarction: deletion polymorphism in the gene encoding angiotensin ?1-converting enzyme. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 645-8.
104. Sharma P. Meta-analysis of the ACE gene in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 227-30.
105. Markus HS, Barley J, Lunt R, Bland JM, Jeffery S, Carter ND, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism. A new risk factor for lacunar stroke but not carotid atheroma. Stroke 1995; 26: 1329-33.
106. Doi Y, Yoshinari M, Yoshizumi H, Ibayashi S, Wakisaka M, Fujishima M. Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in patients with thrombotic brain infarction. Atherosclerosis 1997; 132: 145-50.
107. Taute BM, Handschug K, Taute R, Seifert H, Glaser C, Podhaisky H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Vasa 1998 27; 149-53.
108. Taute BM, Handschug K, Taute R, Seifert H, Glaser C, Podhaisky H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and carotid artery wall thickness in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int Angiol 2000; 19: 337-44.
109. Losito A, Selvi A, Jeffery S, Afzal AR, Parente B, Cao PG. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism and carotid artery disease in renovascular hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 128-33.
110. Renner W, Pabst E, Paulweber B, Malaimare L, Iglseder B, Wascher TC, et al. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is not a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 2002; 165: 175-8.
111. Abraham MR, Olson LJ, Joyner MJ, Turner ST, Beck KC, Johnson BD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype modulates pulmonary function and exercise capacity in treated patients with congestive stable heart failure. Circulation 2002; 106: 1794-9.
112. Guazzi M. Alveolar-capillary membrane dysfunction in heart failure Chest 2003; 124: 1090-102.
113. Gayagay G, Yu B, Hambly B, Boston T, Hahn A, Celermajer DS, Trent RJ. Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele--the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet 1998; 103: 48-50.
114. Hagberg JM, Ferrell RE, McCole SD, Wilund KR, Moore GE. VO2 max is associated with ACE genotype in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1842-6.
115. Rankinen T, Perusse L, Gagnon J, Chagnon YC, Leon AS, Skinner JS, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme ID polymorphism and fitness phenotype in the HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1029-35.