Vegetation changes between 61 500 and 26 000 years ago: The evidence from seeds in Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal

South African Journal of Science

Volumn 100, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 167-173

  Wadley, Lyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PALEOBOTANY; SEED; STONE AGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

AFRICA; KWAZULU-NATAL; SIBUDU CAVE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 3042779511     PISSN: 00382353     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Rutherford M.C.and Westfall R.H. (1986). Biomes of Southern Africa - An objective categorization. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 54, 1-98.
2. Moll E.J. and White F. (1978). The Indian Ocean coastal belt In Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, ed. M.J.A. Werger, pp. 561-598. W. Junk, The Hague.
3. Lubke R. and McKenzie B. (1998). Coastal forest. In Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, eds A.B. Low and A.G. Rebelo, pp. 11. Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism, Pretoria.
4. Acocks J.P.H. (1988). Veld Types of South Africa, 3rd edn. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 57, 1-146.
5. Low A.B. and Rebelo A.G. (1998). Coastal Bushveld-Grassland. In Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, eds A.B. Low and A.G. Rebelo. Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism, Pretoria.
6. Scholes R.J. (1997). Savanna. In Vegetation of Southern Africa, eds R.M. Cowling, D.M. Richardson and S.M. Pierce, pp. 258-277. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Grant R. and Thomas V. (1998). SAPPI Tree Spotting: KwaZulu-Natal. Jacana, Johannesburg.
8. Styles D. (2001). A preliminary report on trees, larger woody shrubs and suffrutices of Krantzldoof, Durban. Unpublished manuscript.
9. White F. (1978). The Afromontane Region. In Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, ed. M.J.A. Werger, pp. 463-513. W. Junk, The Hague.
10. Van Rooyen N., Grunow J.O. and Theron G.K. (1989). Veld management. In Game Ranch Management, ed. J. Du P. Bothma, pp. 567-607. J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria.
11. Boon R. and Symmonds R. (2001). Notes on the tree of the year 2001: Celtis mildbraedii, Natal white stinkwood, uzinhlu (Z). PlantLife 24, 30-32.
12. Smithers R.H.N. (1983). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
13. Rau A.J., Rogers J., Lutjeharms J.R.E., Giraudeau J., Lee-Thorp J.A., Chen M-T. and Waelbroeck C. (2002). A 450-kyr record of hydrological conditions on the western Agulhas Bank Slope, south of Africa. Mar. Geol. 180, 183-201.
14. Schmidt E., Lötter M. and McCleland W. (2002). Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana, Johannesburg.
15. Van Wyk B. and Van Wyk P. (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.
16. O'Brien E.M. (1993). Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora. J. Biogeogr. 20, 181-198.
17. Butzer K. (1984). Late Quaternary environments in South Africa. In Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, ed. J.C. Vogel, pp. 235-264. Balkema, Rotterdam.
18. Beaumont PB., Miller G.H. and Vogel J.C. (1992). Contemplating old clues to the impact of future greenhouse climates in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 88, 490-498.
19. Kaplan J. (1990). The Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history. Natal Mus. J. Humanities 2, 1-94.
20. Lee-Thorp J.A. and Talma A.S. (2000). Stable light isotopes and environments in the southern African Quaternary and Late Pliocene. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, eds T.C. Partridge and R.R. Maud, pp. 236-251. Oxford University Press, New York.
21. Prell W.L., Hutson W.H. and Williams D.F. (1979). The Subtropical Convergence and late Quaternary circulation in the southern Indian Ocean. Mar. Micropalaeont. 4, 225-234.
22. Maud R.R. and Botha G.A. (2000). Deposits of the south eastern and southern coasts. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, eds T.C. Partridge and R.R. Maud, pp. 19-32. Oxford University Press, New York.
23. Partridge T.C. (1997). Cainozoic environmental change in southern Africa, with special emphasis on the last 200 000 years. Prog. Phys. Geog. 21, 3-22.
24. Tyson P.D. and Partridge TC. (2000). Evolution of Cenozoic climates. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, eds TC. Partridge and R.R. Maud, pp. 371-387. Oxford University Press, New York.
25. Scott L. (2000). Pollen. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, eds TC. Partridge and R.R. Maud, pp. 339-350. Oxford University Press, New York.
26. Partridge T.C. and Scott L. (2000). Lakes and pans. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, eds T.C. Partridge and R.R. Maud, pp. 145-161. Oxford University Press, New York.
27. Scott L., Cooremans B. and Maud R.R. (1992). Preliminary palynological evaluation of the Port Durnford Formation at Port Durnford, Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 88, 470-474.
28. Lowe J.J. and Walker M.J.C. (1997). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. Longman, London.
29. Joffe P. (1993). The Gardener's Guide to South African Plants. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
30. Krantzkloof Nature Reserve Visitors Guide. KZN Nature Conservation Service Publication, Pietermaritzburg.
31. Palmer E. and Pitman N. (1972). Trees of Southern Africa, vols 1-3. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town.
32. Pooley E. (1993). The Complete Field Guide to the Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Durban.
33. Pooley E. (1998). A Field Guide to Wild Flowers of Kwazulu-Natal and the Eastern Region. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Durban.
34. Powrie F. (1998). Grow South African Plants. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
35. Van Der Spuy V. (1976). South African Shrubs and Trees for the Garden. Hugh Keartland, Johannesburg.
36. Allott L.F. (2004). Vegetation environments during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3: reconstructions using archaeological charcoal from Sibudu Cave. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100, 179-184.
37. Schiegl S., Stockhammer P. and Wadley L. (2004). A mineralogical and phytolith study of the Middle Stone Age hearths in Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100, 185-194.
38. Wadley L. and Jacobs Z. (2004). Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal: background to the excavations of Middle Stone Age and Iron Age occupations. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100, 145-151.
39. Plug I. (2004). Resource exploitation: animal use during the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100, 151-158.