When to call black white: Zimbabwe's electoral reports

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1145-1158

  Baker, Bruce ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTION; LEADERSHIP; MONITORING;

AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 3042769943     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0143659022000036603     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. C Dundas, Compendium of Election Laws, Practices and Cases of Selected Commonwealth Countries 2998/1999, at www.thecommonwealth.org.
2. They included: African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Nations Group; Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA); Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMGA); Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC. countries; Electoral Institute of Southern Africa; National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) USA; Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); Organisation of African Unity (OAU); South African Multi-Sector Observers; South African Parliamentary Observers; Southern African Development Community (SADC) Parliamentary Forum; Carter Institute; European Union; National Democratic Institute; and SADC Electoral Support Network (ESN) (EISA, www.eisa.org.za).
3. The Herald, Harare, 14 March 2002.
4. Guardian, 14 March 2002. A collection of all the important press releases from NGOS, observer missions and organisations of the election can be found at www.zimbabwe.indymedia.org.
5. www.kubatana.net, accessed 25 March 2002.
6. www.kubatana.net, accessed 25 March 2002.
7. www.kubatana.net, accessed 25 March 2002.
8. www.allafrica.com, accessed 14 March 2002.
9. www.news.bbc.co, accessed 14 March 2002.
10. www.news.bbc.co, accessed 14 March 2002.
11. Reuters, 14 March 2002.
12. South African Press Association, 16 March 2002.
13. www.allAfrica.com, 13 March 2002.
14. www.africaaction.org.
15. Sunday Times (South Africa), 31 March 2002.
16. www.thecommonwealth.org.
17. Sunday Times (South Africa), 1 April 2002.
18. Guardian, 6 March 2002.
19. The Times (London), 13 March 2002.
20. www.state.gov, 13 March 2002.
21. www.zimbabwe.indymedia.org, accessed 29 March 2002.
22. www.zimbabwe.indymedia.org 2002 Ibid.
23. S Mair, Election Observation: Roles and Responsibilities of Long-term Election Observers, ECDPM Working Paper No 22, Maastricht: ECDPM, 1997, available at www.ecdpm.org.
24. For other critical observations of observer teams, see G Geisler, 'Fair? What has fairness got to do with it? Vagaris of election observations and democratic standards', Journal of Modern African Studies, 341 (4), 1993. pp 613-637;
25. J Elklit & P Svensson, 'What makes elections free and fair?' Journal of Democracy, 8 (3), 1997;
26. T Carothers, 'The rise of election monitoring: the observers observed', Journal of Democracy, 8 (3), 1997;
27. D Anglin, 'International election monitoring: the African experience', African Affairs, 99 (389), 1998, pp 21-52;
28. and A Sives, 'A review of Commonwealth election observation', Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 39 (3), 2001, pp 132-149.
29. Mair, Election Observation.
30. The Times, 14 March 2002.
31. Guardian, 18 March 2002.
32. A Wall, ACE Project, 1997;
33. modified 2001 by H Alves, available at www.aceproject.org. The ACE (Administration and Costs of Elections) Project is a joint endeavour of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) and the United Nations.
34. Quoted in Mair, Election Observation.
35. Mair, Election Observation.
36. Election Observation Ibid.
37. Election Observation Ibid.
38. Election Observation Quoted in ibid.
39. Quoted in Mair, Election Observation.
40. A Tostensen, D C Faber & K de Jong, Towards an Integrated Approach to Election Observation? Professionalising European Long-Term Election Observation Missions, Policy Management Report No 7, Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management, 1997. ANC executive member Dumisani Makhaye told an ANC conference that 'The West wants to impose presidents of their choice on our region... The gross interference in the internal affairs of Zimbabwe by Western powers is a dress rehearsal for South Africa. Their strategy is to weaken governments and parties of the former national liberation movements in southern Africa' (www.news24.co.za).
41. The Herald, 29 May 2002.
42. Weekly Trust (Kaduna), 15 March 2002.