From legal disputes to conflict resolution and human problem solving: Legal dispute resolution in a multidisciplinary context

Journal of Legal Education

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 7-29

  Menkel Meadow, Carrie ^a,b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

^b Georgetown Hewlett Program   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042767809     PISSN: 00222208     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. See Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York, 1983) ; Donald A. Schön & Martin Rein, Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York, 1994).
2. See Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York, 1983) ; Donald A. Schön & Martin Rein, Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York, 1994).
3. Stuart Hampshire, Justice Is Conflict 4 (Princeton, 2000).
4. Id. at 5.
5. Id. at 18.
6. Id. at 35.
7. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Legal Negotiation: A Study of Strategies in Search of a Theory, 1983 Am. B. Found. Res. J. 905.
8. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Toward Another View of Legal Negotiation: The Structure of Problem Solving, 31 UCLAL. Rev. 754 (1984).
9. For the full collection of Fuller's essays on legal process variations and the internal and separate "integrity" of each process, see Lon L. Fuller, The Principles of Social Order: Selected Essays of Lon L. Fuller, rev. ed., ed. Kenneth I. Winston (Oxford, 2001) (1981).
10. See, e.g., Laura Nader, Controlling Processes in the Practice of Law: Hierarchy and Pacification in the Movement to Re-form Dispute Ideology, 9 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 1 (1993).
11. See Jack Rakove, The Great Compromise: Ideas, Interests and the Politics of Constitution Making, 44 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 424 (1987); Jon Elster, Strategic Uses of Argument, in Barriers to Conflict Resolution, eds. Kenneth J. Arrow et al. (New York, 1995); Dana Lansky, Proceeding to a Constitution: A Multi-Party Negotiation Analysis of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, 5 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 279 (2000).
12. See Jack Rakove, The Great Compromise: Ideas, Interests and the Politics of Constitution Making, 44 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 424 (1987); Jon Elster, Strategic Uses of Argument, in Barriers to Conflict Resolution, eds. Kenneth J. Arrow et al. (New York, 1995); Dana Lansky, Proceeding to a Constitution: A Multi-Party Negotiation Analysis of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, 5 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 279 (2000).
13. See Jack Rakove, The Great Compromise: Ideas, Interests and the Politics of Constitution Making, 44 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 424 (1987); Jon Elster, Strategic Uses of Argument, in Barriers to Conflict Resolution, eds. Kenneth J. Arrow et al. (New York, 1995); Dana Lansky, Proceeding to a Constitution: A Multi-Party Negotiation Analysis of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, 5 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 279 (2000).
14. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World, 38 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 5 (1996).
15. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Aha? Is Creativity Possible in Legal Problem Solving and Teachable in Legal Education? 6 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 97 (2001).
16. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 7, at 791.
17. Frank E. A. Sander & Stephen B. Goldberg, Fitting the Forum to the Fuss: A User-Friendly Guide to Selecting an ADR Procedure, 10 Negot. J. 49 (1994).
18. John Paul Lederach, Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures (Syracuse, 1995).
19. Peter Ackerman & Jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York, 2000).
20. Oliver Ramsbotham et al., Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflict (Cambridge, 1999); Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, 1998).
21. Oliver Ramsbotham et al., Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflict (Cambridge, 1999); Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, 1998).
22. Karl Llewellyn & E. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (Norman, 1941); Richard Abel, A Comparative Theory of Dispute Institutions in Society, 8 Law & Soc'y Rev. 217 (1973); William L. F. Felstiner, Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing, 9 Law & Soc'y Rev. 63 (1974); William L. F. Felstiner et al., The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming . . . , 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 631 (1980-81); The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies, eds. Laura Nader & Harry F. Todd Jr. (New York, 1978).
23. Karl Llewellyn & E. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (Norman, 1941); Richard Abel, A Comparative Theory of Dispute Institutions in Society, 8 Law & Soc'y Rev. 217 (1973); William L. F. Felstiner, Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing, 9 Law & Soc'y Rev. 63 (1974); William L. F. Felstiner et al., The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming . . . , 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 631 (1980-81); The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies, eds. Laura Nader & Harry F. Todd Jr. (New York, 1978).
24. Karl Llewellyn & E. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (Norman, 1941); Richard Abel, A Comparative Theory of Dispute Institutions in Society, 8 Law & Soc'y Rev. 217 (1973); William L. F. Felstiner, Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing, 9 Law & Soc'y Rev. 63 (1974); William L. F. Felstiner et al., The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming . . . , 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 631 (1980-81); The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies, eds. Laura Nader & Harry F. Todd Jr. (New York, 1978).
25. Karl Llewellyn & E. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (Norman, 1941); Richard Abel, A Comparative Theory of Dispute Institutions in Society, 8 Law & Soc'y Rev. 217 (1973); William L. F. Felstiner, Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing, 9 Law & Soc'y Rev. 63 (1974); William L. F. Felstiner et al., The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming . . . , 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 631 (1980-81); The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies, eds. Laura Nader & Harry F. Todd Jr. (New York, 1978).
26. Karl Llewellyn & E. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (Norman, 1941); Richard Abel, A Comparative Theory of Dispute Institutions in Society, 8 Law & Soc'y Rev. 217 (1973); William L. F. Felstiner, Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing, 9 Law & Soc'y Rev. 63 (1974); William L. F. Felstiner et al., The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming . . . , 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 631 (1980-81); The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies, eds. Laura Nader & Harry F. Todd Jr. (New York, 1978).
27. See 15 Law & Soc'y Rev. 391 (1980-81) (special issue on dispute processing and civil litigation).
28. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Mothers and Fathers of Invention: The Intellectual Founders of ADR, 16 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 1 (2000).
29. Conflict and the Web of Intergroup Affiliations (New York, 1955).
30. The Functions of Social Conflict (Glencoe, 1956).
31. Morton Deutsch, The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes (New Haven, 1973) ; Kurt Lewin, Resolving Social Conflicts (New York, 1948).
32. Morton Deutsch, The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes (New Haven, 1973) ; Kurt Lewin, Resolving Social Conflicts (New York, 1948).
33. Dean G. Pruitt & Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement (New York, 1986).
34. E. Allen Lind & Tom R.Tyler, The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice (New York, 1988); John Thibaut & Laurens Walker, Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis (Hillsdale, 1975).
35. E. Allen Lind & Tom R.Tyler, The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice (New York, 1988); John Thibaut & Laurens Walker, Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis (Hillsdale, 1975).
36. E. Allen Lind et al., In the Eye of the Beholder: Tort Litigants' Evaluations of Their Experiences in the Civil Justice System, 24 Law & Soc'y Rev. 953 (1990).
37. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
38. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
39. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
40. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
41. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
42. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
43. See Barriers to Conflict Resolution, supra note 10; James Reason, Human Error (Cambridge, 1990) ; Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, 1980); Lee Ross & Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (Philadelphia, 1991); Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heruristics and Biases, eds. Daniel Kahneman et al. (Cambridge, 1982); Max H. Bazerman & Margaret A. Neale, Negotiating Rationally (New York, 1992) ; Max H. Bazerman, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 5th ed. (New York, 2002).
44. Kevin Avruch, Type I and Type II Errors in Culturally Sensitive Conflict Resolution Practice, 20 Conflict Resol. Q. 351 (2003); Kevin Avruch, Culture and Conflict Resolution (Washington, 1998).
45. Kevin Avruch, Type I and Type II Errors in Culturally Sensitive Conflict Resolution Practice, 20 Conflict Resol. Q. 351 (2003); Kevin Avruch, Culture and Conflict Resolution (Washington, 1998).
46. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996).
47. P. H. Gulliver, Disputes and Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York, 1979).
48. Stanley B. Lubman, Dispute Resolution in China After Deng Xiaoping: "Mao and Mediation" Revisited, 11 Colum. J. Asian L. 229 (1997).
49. The Conflict and Culture Reader, ed. Pat K. Chew (New York, 2001).
50. Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, eds. Chester A. Crocker et al. (Washington, 1999) [hereinafter Herding Cats]; Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, eds. Chester A. Crocker et al. (Washington, 2001) [hereinafter Turbulent Peace].
51. Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, eds. Chester A. Crocker et al. (Washington, 1999) [hereinafter Herding Cats]; Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, eds. Chester A. Crocker et al. (Washington, 2001) [hereinafter Turbulent Peace].
52. I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, 1985) ; Robert Malley & Hussein Agha, Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors, N.Y. Rev. Books, Aug. 9, 2001, at 59; George J. Mitchell, Making Peace (New York, 1999).
53. I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, 1985) ; Robert Malley & Hussein Agha, Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors, N.Y. Rev. Books, Aug. 9, 2001, at 59; George J. Mitchell, Making Peace (New York, 1999).
54. I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, 1985) ; Robert Malley & Hussein Agha, Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors, N.Y. Rev. Books, Aug. 9, 2001, at 59; George J. Mitchell, Making Peace (New York, 1999).
55. Roger Fisher et al., Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 2d ed. (Boston, 1991).
56. Roger Fisher, International Conflict for Beginners (New York, 1969).
57. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
58. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
59. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
60. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
61. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
62. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
63. E.g., John von Neuman & Oscar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944) ; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) ; R. Duncan Luce & Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York, 1957); John F. Nash, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica 155 (1950); John F. Nash, Two-Person Cooperative Games, 21 Econometrica 128 (1953) ; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, 1984); Steven J. Brams & Alan D. Taylor, Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution (Cambridge, 1996).
64. Negotiating on Behalf of Others: Advice to Lawyers, Business Executives, Sports Agents, Diplomats, Politicians, and Everybody Else, eds. Robert H. Mnookin & Lawrence E. Susskind (Thousand Oaks, 1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Lawyer Negotiations: Theories and Realities-What We Learn from Mediation, 56 Mod. L. Rev. 361 (1993).
65. Negotiating on Behalf of Others: Advice to Lawyers, Business Executives, Sports Agents, Diplomats, Politicians, and Everybody Else, eds. Robert H. Mnookin & Lawrence E. Susskind (Thousand Oaks, 1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Lawyer Negotiations: Theories and Realities-What We Learn from Mediation, 56 Mod. L. Rev. 361 (1993).
66. Mary Parker Follett, Constructive Conflict, in Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920's, ed. Pauline Graham (Boston, 1996) ; Robert Rogers Blake, Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry (Houston, 1964) ; K. Thomas, Conflict and Conflict Management, in Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette 889 (Chicago, 1976).
67. Mary Parker Follett, Constructive Conflict, in Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920's, ed. Pauline Graham (Boston, 1996) ; Robert Rogers Blake, Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry (Houston, 1964) ; K. Thomas, Conflict and Conflict Management, in Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette 889 (Chicago, 1976).
68. Mary Parker Follett, Constructive Conflict, in Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920's, ed. Pauline Graham (Boston, 1996) ; Robert Rogers Blake, Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry (Houston, 1964) ; K. Thomas, Conflict and Conflict Management, in Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette 889 (Chicago, 1976).
69. Richard E. Walton & Robert B. McKersie, A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations: An Analysis of a Social Interaction System (New York, 1965).
70. John S. Hammond et al., Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions (Boston, 1999); Gary Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions (Cambridge, 1999); Richard J. Zeckhauser et al., Wise Choices: Decisions, Games, and Negotiations (Boston, 1996).
71. John S. Hammond et al., Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions (Boston, 1999); Gary Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions (Cambridge, 1999); Richard J. Zeckhauser et al., Wise Choices: Decisions, Games, and Negotiations (Boston, 1996).
72. John S. Hammond et al., Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions (Boston, 1999); Gary Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions (Cambridge, 1999); Richard J. Zeckhauser et al., Wise Choices: Decisions, Games, and Negotiations (Boston, 1996).
73. James L. Adams, Conceptual Blockbusting: A Guide to Better Ideas (Reading, 1974).
74. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jürgen Habermas, Discourse Ethics, trans. Christian Lenhardt & Shierry Weber Nicholsen, in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, 1990); Jürgen Habermas, 1 & 2 The Theory of Communicative Action (Boston, 1984).
75. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jürgen Habermas, Discourse Ethics, trans. Christian Lenhardt & Shierry Weber Nicholsen, in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, 1990); Jürgen Habermas, 1 & 2 The Theory of Communicative Action (Boston, 1984).
76. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jürgen Habermas, Discourse Ethics, trans. Christian Lenhardt & Shierry Weber Nicholsen, in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, 1990); Jürgen Habermas, 1 & 2 The Theory of Communicative Action (Boston, 1984).
77. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, 1998); Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy (New York, 1980); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, 1991).
78. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, 1998); Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy (New York, 1980); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, 1991).
79. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, 1998); Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy (New York, 1980); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, 1991).
80. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, 1998); Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy (New York, 1980); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, 1991).
81. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, 1998); Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass., 1996) ; Jane Mansbridge, Beyond Adversarial Democracy (New York, 1980); James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, 1991).
82. Carmen Sirianni & Lewis Friedland, Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal (Berkeley, 2001); Lawrence Susskind & Liora Zion, Can America's Democracy Be Improved? (N.D.)
83. Carmen Sirianni & Lewis Friedland, Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal (Berkeley, 2001); Lawrence Susskind & Liora Zion, Can America's Democracy Be Improved? (N.D.)
84. The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement, eds. Lawrence Susskind et al. (Thousand Oaks, 1999) [hereinafter Consensus Building Handbook].
85. Philip J. Harter, Negotiating Regulations: A Cure for Malaise, 71 Geo. L.J. 1 (1982); Jody Freeman, Collaborative Governance in the Administrative State, 45 UCLA L. Rev. 1 (1997).
86. Philip J. Harter, Negotiating Regulations: A Cure for Malaise, 71 Geo. L.J. 1 (1982); Jody Freeman, Collaborative Governance in the Administrative State, 45 UCLA L. Rev. 1 (1997).
87. Michael C. Dorf & Charles F. Sabel, A Constitution of Democratic Experimentalism, 98 Colum. L. Rev. 267 (1998); Judith S. Kaye, Changing Courts in Changing Times: The Need for a Fresh Look at How Courts Are Run, 48 Hastings L.J.. 851 (1997); Greg Berman & John Feinblatt, Problem Solving Courts: A Primer, 23 Law & Pol'y Q. 125 (2001).
88. Michael C. Dorf & Charles F. Sabel, A Constitution of Democratic Experimentalism, 98 Colum. L. Rev. 267 (1998); Judith S. Kaye, Changing Courts in Changing Times: The Need for a Fresh Look at How Courts Are Run, 48 Hastings L.J.. 851 (1997); Greg Berman & John Feinblatt, Problem Solving Courts: A Primer, 23 Law & Pol'y Q. 125 (2001).
89. Michael C. Dorf & Charles F. Sabel, A Constitution of Democratic Experimentalism, 98 Colum. L. Rev. 267 (1998); Judith S. Kaye, Changing Courts in Changing Times: The Need for a Fresh Look at How Courts Are Run, 48 Hastings L.J.. 851 (1997); Greg Berman & John Feinblatt, Problem Solving Courts: A Primer, 23 Law & Pol'y Q. 125 (2001).
90. Michelle LeBaron & Nike Carstarphen, Finding Common Ground on Abortion, in Consensus Building Handbook, supra note 46.
91. Kriesberg, supra note 17; The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, eds. Morton Deutsch & Peter T. Coleman (San Francisco, 2000).
92. Kriesberg, supra note 17; The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, eds. Morton Deutsch & Peter T. Coleman (San Francisco, 2000).
93. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 6.
94. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 7.
95. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 6.
96. See, e.g., Herb Cohen, You Can Negotiate Anything: The World's Best Negotiator Tells You How to Get What You Want (Secaucus, 1980).
97. Deborah Tannen, The Argument Culture: Moving from Debate to Dialogue (New York, 1998).
98. P. Terrence Hopmann, Bargaining and Problem Solving: Two Perspectives on International Negotiation, in Turbulent Peace, supra note 33.
99. See Menkel-Meadow, supra note 7, at 760.
100. On the "science" of negotiation, see Howard Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation: How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining (Cambridge, Mass., 1982); Howard Raiffa with John Richardson & David Metcalfe, Negotiation Analysis: The Science and Art of Collective Decision-Making (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
101. On the "science" of negotiation, see Howard Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation: How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining (Cambridge, Mass., 1982); Howard Raiffa with John Richardson & David Metcalfe, Negotiation Analysis: The Science and Art of Collective Decision-Making (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
102. Including a variety of contextual factors specified in Menkel-Meadow, supra note 6, at 927-28.
103. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, supra note 12; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Taking Problem Solving Pedagogy Seriously, 49 J. Legal Educ. 14 (1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Narrowing the Gap by Narrowing the Field: What's Missing from the MacCrate Report - Of Skills, Legal Science and Being a Human Being, 69 Wash. L. Rev. 593 (1994); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, To Solve Problems, Not Make Them: Integrating ADR in the Law School Curriculum, 46 SMU L. Rev. 801 (1993).
104. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, supra note 12; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Taking Problem Solving Pedagogy Seriously, 49 J. Legal Educ. 14 (1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Narrowing the Gap by Narrowing the Field: What's Missing from the MacCrate Report - Of Skills, Legal Science and Being a Human Being, 69 Wash. L. Rev. 593 (1994); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, To Solve Problems, Not Make Them: Integrating ADR in the Law School Curriculum, 46 SMU L. Rev. 801 (1993).
105. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, supra note 12; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Taking Problem Solving Pedagogy Seriously, 49 J. Legal Educ. 14 (1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Narrowing the Gap by Narrowing the Field: What's Missing from the MacCrate Report - Of Skills, Legal Science and Being a Human Being, 69 Wash. L. Rev. 593 (1994); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, To Solve Problems, Not Make Them: Integrating ADR in the Law School Curriculum, 46 SMU L. Rev. 801 (1993).
106. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, supra note 12; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Taking Problem Solving Pedagogy Seriously, 49 J. Legal Educ. 14 (1999) ; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Narrowing the Gap by Narrowing the Field: What's Missing from the MacCrate Report - Of Skills, Legal Science and Being a Human Being, 69 Wash. L. Rev. 593 (1994); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, To Solve Problems, Not Make Them: Integrating ADR in the Law School Curriculum, 46 SMU L. Rev. 801 (1993).
107. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1970).
108. Frank E. A. Sander, Varieties of Dispute Processing, 77 F.R.D. 111 (1976).
109. Robert H. Mnookin & Lewis Kornhauser, Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce, 88 Yale L. Rev. 950 (1979).
110. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 7.
111. Fisher et al., supra note 35; Raiffa, supra note 58; David A. Lax & James K. Sebenius, The Manager as Negotiator: Bargaining for Cooperation and Competitive Gain (New York, 1986).
112. Fisher et al., supra note 35; Raiffa, supra note 58; David A. Lax & James K. Sebenius, The Manager as Negotiator: Bargaining for Cooperation and Competitive Gain (New York, 1986).
113. Fisher et al., supra note 35; Raiffa, supra note 58; David A. Lax & James K. Sebenius, The Manager as Negotiator: Bargaining for Cooperation and Competitive Gain (New York, 1986).
114. Walton & McKersie, supra note 40.
115. Abraham Harold Maslow, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (New York, 1971).
116. George Caspar Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York, 1961).
117. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 20.
118. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, For and Against Settlement: Uses and Abuses of the Mandatory Settlement Conference, 33 UCLA L. Rev. 485 (1985).
119. See Menkel-Meadow, supra note 7.
120. See Conflict: Human Needs Theory, ed. John Wear Burton (London, 1990).
121. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Transformation of Disputes by Lawyers: What the Dispute Paradigm Does and Does Not Tell Us, 2 Mo. J. Disp. Resol. 25 (1985).
122. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Whose Dispute Is It Anyway? A Philosophical and Democratic Defense of Settlement (in Some Cases), 83 Geo. L.J. 2663 (1995).
123. John Coons, Compromise as Precise Justice, in NOMOS XXI Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics, eds. J. Roland Pennock & John W. Chapman, (New York, 1979) [hereinafter NOMOS XXI Compromise] ; John Coons, Approaches to Court-Imposed Compromise-The Uses of Doubt and Reason, 58 Nw. L. Rev. 750 (1964).
124. John Coons, Compromise as Precise Justice, in NOMOS XXI Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics, eds. J. Roland Pennock & John W. Chapman, (New York, 1979) [hereinafter NOMOS XXI Compromise] ; John Coons, Approaches to Court-Imposed Compromise-The Uses of Doubt and Reason, 58 Nw. L. Rev. 750 (1964).
125. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 74.
126. Lon L. Fuller, The Forms and Limits of Adjudication, 92 Harv. L. Rev. 353, 394 (1978).
127. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. George Bull, 90-92, 101 (Baltimore, (1961).
128. Martin Golding, The Nature of Compromise, in NOMOS XXI Compromise, supra note 75.
129. Martin Shapiro, Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis 80 (Chicago, 1981).
130. See, e.g., Tina Grillo, The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women, 100 Yale L.J. 1545 (1991) ; Owen Fiss, Against Settlement, 93 Yale L.J. 1073 (1984) ; Richard Delgado et al., Fairness and Formality: Minimizing the Risk of Prejudice in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 1985 Wis. L. Rev. 1359.
131. See, e.g., Tina Grillo, The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women, 100 Yale L.J. 1545 (1991) ; Owen Fiss, Against Settlement, 93 Yale L.J. 1073 (1984) ; Richard Delgado et al., Fairness and Formality: Minimizing the Risk of Prejudice in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 1985 Wis. L. Rev. 1359.
132. See, e.g., Tina Grillo, The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women, 100 Yale L.J. 1545 (1991) ; Owen Fiss, Against Settlement, 93 Yale L.J. 1073 (1984) ; Richard Delgado et al., Fairness and Formality: Minimizing the Risk of Prejudice in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 1985 Wis. L. Rev. 1359.
133. Ian Ayres, Fair Driving: Gender and Race Discrimination in Retail Car Negotiations, 104 Harv. L. Rev. 817 (1991).
134. Deborah M. Kolb & Judith Williams, The Shadow Negotiation: How Women Can Master the Hidden Agendas That Determine Bargaining Success (New York, 2000).
135. Iris Marion Young, Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy, 29 Pol. Theory 670 (2001).
136. See, e.g., Carrie Menkel-Meadow, When Dispute Resolution Begets Disputes of Its Own: Conflicts Among Dispute Professionals, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1871 (1997); Menkel-Meadow, supra note 74.
137. See, e.g., Carrie Menkel-Meadow, When Dispute Resolution Begets Disputes of Its Own: Conflicts Among Dispute Professionals, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1871 (1997); Menkel-Meadow, supra note 74.
138. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 73; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Negotiating with Lawyers, Men and Things: The Contextual Approach Still Matters, 17 Negot. J. 257 (2001).
139. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 73; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Negotiating with Lawyers, Men and Things: The Contextual Approach Still Matters, 17 Negot. J. 257 (2001).
140. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 38.
141. Susan S. Silbey & Sally E. Merry, Mediator Settlement Strategies, 8 Law & Pol'y 7 (1986).
142. Leonard L. Riskin, Understanding Mediators' Orientations, Strategies, and Techniques: A Grid for the Perplexed, 1 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 7 (1996).
143. Robert A. Baruch Bush & Joseph P. Folger, The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition (San Francisco, 1994).
144. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Correspondences and Comparisons in International and Domestic Dispute Resolution, 18 Negot. J. 367 (2002); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Correspondences and Contradictions in International and Domestic Conflict Resolution: Lessons from General Theory and Varied Contexts, 2003 J. Disp. Resol. 319.
145. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Correspondences and Comparisons in International and Domestic Dispute Resolution, 18 Negot. J. 367 (2002); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Correspondences and Contradictions in International and Domestic Conflict Resolution: Lessons from General Theory and Varied Contexts, 2003 J. Disp. Resol. 319.
146. Menkel-Meadow, supra note 86.
147. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Pursuing Settlement in an Adversary Culture: The Law of ADR, 19 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 1 (1991).
148. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics Issues in Arbitration and Related Dispute Resolution Processes: What's Happening and What's Not, 56 Miami L. Rev. 949 (2002); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, "Do the Haves Come Out Ahead" in Alternative Judicial Systems? Repeat Players in ADR, 15 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 19 (1999).
149. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics Issues in Arbitration and Related Dispute Resolution Processes: What's Happening and What's Not, 56 Miami L. Rev. 949 (2002); Carrie Menkel-Meadow, "Do the Haves Come Out Ahead" in Alternative Judicial Systems? Repeat Players in ADR, 15 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 19 (1999).
150. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics in ADR: The Many "C's" of Professional Responsibility and Dispute Resolution, 28 Fordham Urb. L.J. 979 (2001).
151. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics and Professionalism in Non-Adversarial Lawyering, 27 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 153 (1999); Menkel-Meadow, supra note 85; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Silences of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers: Lawyering as Only Adversary Practice, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 631 (1997).
152. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics and Professionalism in Non-Adversarial Lawyering, 27 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 153 (1999); Menkel-Meadow, supra note 85; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Silences of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers: Lawyering as Only Adversary Practice, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 631 (1997).
153. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics and Professionalism in Non-Adversarial Lawyering, 27 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 153 (1999); Menkel-Meadow, supra note 85; Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Silences of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers: Lawyering as Only Adversary Practice, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 631 (1997).
154. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics in ADR Representation: A Road Map of Critical Issues, 4 Disp. Resol. Mag. 3(1997).
155. See CPR-Georgetown Commission on Ethics and Standards in ADR, Proposed Model Rule for the Lawyer as Third Party Neutral (2002) and Principles for ADR Provider Organizations (2002), available at 〈http://www.cpradr.org〉.
156. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, And Now a Word About Secular Humanism, Spirituality and the Practice of Justice and Conflict Resolution, 28 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1073 (2001).
157. Kathleen M. Scanlon, Drafter's Deskbook for Dispute Resolution Clauses (New York, 2002).
158. James K Sebenius, Sequencing to Build Coalitions: With Whom Should I Talk First? in Wise Choices: Decisions, Games, and Negotiations, eds. Richard J. Zeckhauser et al. (Boston, 1996) ; Cass R. Sunstein, Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes, 110 Yale L.J. 71 (2000).
159. James K Sebenius, Sequencing to Build Coalitions: With Whom Should I Talk First? in Wise Choices: Decisions, Games, and Negotiations, eds. Richard J. Zeckhauser et al. (Boston, 1996) ; Cass R. Sunstein, Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes, 110 Yale L.J. 71 (2000).
160. Susan Carpenter & W. J. D. Kennedy, Managing Public Disputes: A Practical Guide for Professionals in Government, Business and Citizen Groups (San Francisco, 2001); Consensus Building Handbook, supra note 46.
161. Susan Carpenter & W. J. D. Kennedy, Managing Public Disputes: A Practical Guide for Professionals in Government, Business and Citizen Groups (San Francisco, 2001); Consensus Building Handbook, supra note 46.
162. Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence (Boston, 1998) ; Susan Collin Marks, Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy (Washington, 2000); Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation, eds. Raymond G. Helmick & Rodney Lawrence Petersen (Philadelphia, 2001).
163. Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence (Boston, 1998) ; Susan Collin Marks, Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy (Washington, 2000); Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation, eds. Raymond G. Helmick & Rodney Lawrence Petersen (Philadelphia, 2001).
164. Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence (Boston, 1998) ; Susan Collin Marks, Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy (Washington, 2000); Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation, eds. Raymond G. Helmick & Rodney Lawrence Petersen (Philadelphia, 2001).
165. See Search for Common Ground at 〈http://www.sfcg.org〉.
166. Kaye, supra note 48.
167. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, The Lawyer's Role in Deliberative Democracy (on file with author).
168. Lederach, supra note 15; Ackerman & Duvall, supra note 16; Herding Cats, supra note 33.
169. Lederach, supra note 15; Ackerman & Duvall, supra note 16; Herding Cats, supra note 33.
170. Lederach, supra note 15; Ackerman & Duvall, supra note 16; Herding Cats, supra note 33.
171. For some further examples, see Carrie Menkel-Meadow, When Litigation Is Not the Only Way: Consensus Building and Mediation as Public Interest Lawyering, 10 Wash. U. J.L. and Pol'y, 37(2002).
172. Menkel-Meadow, supranote 12.
173. See Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York, 1996) ; Barry Nalebuff & Ian Ayres, Why Not? How to Use Everyday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small (Boston, 2003).
174. See Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York, 1996) ; Barry Nalebuff & Ian Ayres, Why Not? How to Use Everyday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small (Boston, 2003).
175. Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed (New York, 1999); Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind (New York, 1983).
176. Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed (New York, 1999); Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind (New York, 1983).