Toxic ratio as an indicator of the intrinsic toxicity in the assessment of persistent, bioacculumulative, and toxic chemicals

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 38, Issue 13, 2004, Pages 3659-3666

  Maeder, Valérie ^a   Escher, Beate I ^b   Scheringer, Martin ^a   Hungerbühler, Konrad ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROPHOBICITY; TOXIC MATERIALS; TOXICITY;

BIOCONCENTRATION; HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS; INTERNAL LETHAL CONCENTRATION (ILC);

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

ORGANIC COMPOUND; TOXIC SUBSTANCE;

BIOACCUMULATION; BIOINDICATOR; CHEMICAL POLLUTANT; TOXICITY TEST;

ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; CALCULATION; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CLASSIFICATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EVALUATION; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; LC 50; MEASUREMENT; PARAMETER; PREDICTION; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; RELIABILITY; SCORING SYSTEM; TECHNIQUE; TOXICITY TESTING;

ANIMALS; CYPRINIDAE; DRUG TOXICITY; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; LETHAL DOSE 50; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; REFERENCE STANDARDS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 3042756157     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es0351591     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. OSPAR. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic; Oslo Paris Commission: London, 1992.
2. Office of Solid Waste. Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool Spreadsheet Document for the RCRA Waste Minimization PBT Chemical List Docket; U.S. EPA: Washington, DC, 1998.
3. Environment Canada. Canadian Environmental Protection Act; Environment Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 1999.
4. European Communities. Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in Support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances, Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Biocidal Products on the Market. Part II; European Chemicals Bureau: Ispra, Italy, 2003.
5. UNEP. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Annex D; United Nations Environmental Program: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001.
6. UNEP. Regionally-Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances; United Nations Environmental Program: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
7. UN-ECE. Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution; United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
8. OSPAR. Provisional Instruction Manual for the Dynamic Selection and Prioritisation Mechanism for Hazardous Substances (DYNAMEC); Oslo Paris Commision: London, 2002.
9. OECD. Report on the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Environmental Persistence and Long-Range Transport in the Context of PBTs/POPs Assessment; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, 2002.
10. Snyder, E. M.; Snyder, S. A.; Giesy, J. P.; Blonde, S. A.; Hurlburt, G. K.; Summer, C. L.; Mitchell, R. R.; Bush, D. M. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2000, 7, 52-61.
11. Swanson, M. B.; Davis, G. A.; Kincaid, L. E.; Schultz, T. W.; Bartmess, J. E. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16, 372-383.
12. Sijm, D.; Hulzebos, E.; Peijnenburg, W. Estimating the PTB-profile; RIVM Report 601503 016; 1999.
13. MacLeod, M. SETAC Globe 2003, 4, 62-63.
14. McCarty, L. S.; Mackay, D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 1719-1728.
15. Gobas, F. A. C. P.; Purdy, R.; Granville, G.; Cowan-Ellsbery, C.; Gannon, J.; Lewis, M.; Socha, A.; Chapman, P. M. SETAC Globe 2001, 2, 33-34.
16. Pennington, D. SETAC Globe 2001, 2, 28-29.
17. OECD. Harmonized Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, 2001.
18. European Communities. Commission Directive 93/21/EEC Adapting to Technical Progress for the 18th Time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions Relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances; European Economic Community: Brussels, Belgium, 1993.
19. Swiss Government. Verordnung über Umweltgefährdende Stoffe; Berne, Switzerland, 1986.
20. Code of Federal Regulations. Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices; National Archives and Records Administration: Washington, DC, 2001.
21. Escher, B. I.; Hermens, J. L. M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4201-4217.
22. McCarty, L. S.; Mackay, D.; Smith, A. D.; Ozburn, A. D.; Dixon, D. G. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1992, 11, 917-930.
23. Sijm, D. T. H. M.; Schipper, M.; Opperhuizen, A. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1993, 12, 1117-1127.
24. Urrestarazu Ramos, E.; Vermeer, C.; Vaes, W. H. J.; Hermens, J. L. M. Chemosphere 1998, 37, 633-650.
25. van Wezel, A. P.; Opperhuizen, A. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1995, 25, 255-279.
26. McCarty, L. S.; Mackay, D.; Smith, A. D.; Ozburn, G. W.; Dixon, D. G. Sci. Total Environ. 1991, 109/110, 515-525.
27. van Wezel, A. P.; de Vries, D. A. M.; Sijm, D. T. H. M.; Opperhuizen, A. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 1996, 35, 236-241.
28. van Hoogen, G.; Opperhuizen, A. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1988, 7, 213-219.
29. McCarty, L. S. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-II; Kaiser, K. L. E., Ed.; D. Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987; pp 207-220.
30. van Wezel, A. P.; Punte, S. S.; Opperhuizen, A. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1995, 14, 1579-1585.
31. Mackay, D.; McCarty, L. S.; MacLeod, M. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20, 1491-1498.
32. Fay, A.A.; Brownawell, B.J.; Elskus, A.A.; McElroy, A. E. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 19, 1028-1035.
33. de Bruijn, J.; Yedema, E.; Seinen, W.; Hermens, J. Aquat. Toxicol. 1991, 20, 111-122.
34. Chaisuksant, Y.; Yu, Q.; Connell, D. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 1997, 37, 66-75.
35. van Wezel, A. P.; de Vries, D. A. M.; Kostense, S.; Sijm, D. T. H. M.; Opperhuizen, A. Aquat. Toxicol. 1995, 33, 325-342.
36. Bradbury, S. P. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 1994, 2, 89-104.
37. Allanou, R.; Hansen, B. G.; van der Bilt, Y. Public Availability of Data on EU High Production Volume Chemicals; European Chemicals Bureau: Ispra, Italy, 1999.
38. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Chemical Hazard Availability Study: What Do We Really Know About the Safety of High Production Volume Chemicals? U.S. EPA: Washington, DC, 1998.
39. McCarty, L. S.; Hodson, P. V.; Craig, G. R.; Kaiser, K. L. E. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1985, 4, 595-606.
40. Könemann, H. Toxicology 1981, 19, 223-228.
41. Lipnick, R. L.; Watson, K. R.; Strausz, A. K. Xenobiotica 1987, 17, 1011-1025.
42. Verhaar, H. J. M.; van Leeuwen, C. J.; Hermens, J. L. M. Chemosphere 1992, 25, 471-491.
43. Di Toro, D. M.; McGrath, J. A.; Hansen, D. J. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 19, 1951-1970.
44. Gobas, F. A. P. C.; Morrison, H. A. In Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and Health Sciences; Boethling, R. S., Mackay, D., Eds.; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 2000; pp 189-231.
45. Vaes, W. H. M.; Urrestarazu Ramos E.; Verhaar, H.; Hermens, J. L. M. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1998, 17, 1380-1384.
46. Escher, B. I.; Schwarzenbach, R. P. Aquat. Sci. 2002, 64, 20-35.
47. Mackay, D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 274-278.
48. Halfon, E. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 747-749.
49. McCarty, L. S. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1986, 5, 1071-1080.
50. Sijm, D. T. H. M.; Hermens, J. L. M. In Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Beek, B., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, 2000; Vol. 2 Part J, pp 167-199.
51. OSPAR. Briefing Document on the Work of DYNAMEC and the DYNAMEC Mechanism for the Selection and Prioritisation of Hazardous Substances; Oslo Paris Commission: London, 2000.
52. European Commission. White Paper: Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 2001.
53. Ankley, G. T.; Erickson, R. J.; Phipps, G. L.; Mattson, V. R.; Kosian, P. A.; Sheedy, B. R.; Cox, J. S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 2828-2833.
54. Koller, G.; Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 2000; http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/cgi-bin/show.pl?type =diss&nr=13607.
55. Nendza, M.; Russom, C. L. Xenobiotica 1991, 21, 147-170.
56. Russom, C. L.; Bradbury, S. P.; Broderius, S. J.; Hammermeister, D. E.; Drummond, R. A. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16, 948-967.
57. U.S. EPA. MED-Duluth fathead minnow database; Mid-Continent Ecology Division: Duluth, MN; http://www.epa.gov/ med/databases/fathead_minnow.htm.
58. Heidorn, C. J. A.; Hansen, B. G.; Nørager, O. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1996, 36, 949-954.
59. IGS/SIC. Information system for dangerous and ecologically relevant substances; Swiss National Emergency Operations Centre: Zürich, Switzerland, 2002; http://igs.naz.ch/index.html.
60. Russom, C. L.; Anderson, E. B.; Greenwood, B. E.; Pilli, A. Sci. Total Environ. 1991, 109/110, 667-670.
61. Howard, P. H.; Hueber, A. E.; Boethling, R. S. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1987, 6, 1-60.
62. Howard, P. H.; Boethling, R. S.; Stiteler, W.; Meylan, W.; Beauman, J. Sci. Total Environ. 1991, 109/110, 635-641.
63. Meylan, W. M.; Howard, P. H. J. Pharm. Sci. 1995, 84, 83-92.
64. Meylan, W. M.; Howard, P. H.; Boethling, R. S.; Aronson, D. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1999, 18, 664-672.
65. Veith, G. D.; DeFoe, D. L.; Bergstedt, B. V. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1979, 36, 1040-1048.
66. Bolton, J. L.; Trush, M. A.; Penning, T. M.; Dryhurst, G.; Monks, T. J. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000, 13, 135-160.
67. Carr, R. L.; Couch, T. A.; Liu, J.; Coats, J. R.; Chambers, J. E. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1999, 56, 543-553.
68. BUA. Epichlorhydrin; Beratergremium für umweltrelevante Altstoffe, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft: Weinheim, 1993.
69. Verhaar, H. J. M.; Solbé, J.; Speksnijder, J.; van Leeuwen, C. J., Hermens, J. L. M. Chemosphere 2000, 40, 875-883.
70. Vaal, M.; van der Wal, J. T.; Hoekstra, J.; Hermens, J. Chemosphere 1997, 35, 1311-1327.
71. de Wolf, W.; Seinen, W.; Opperhuizen, A.; Hermens, J. L. M. Chemosphere 1992, 25, 853-863.
72. Breckenfolse, J. A.; Mayer, F. L.; Pedigo, L. E.; Marking, L. L. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1994, 13, 67-77.
73. Kobayashi, K.; Akitake, H.; Manabe, K. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1979, 45, 173-175.
74. Hattula, M. L.; Karlog, O. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1972, 31, 238.
75. Howe, G. E.; Marking, L. L.; Bills, T. D.; Rach, J. J.; Mayer, F. L. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1994, 13, 51-66.
76. Spehar, R. L.; Nelson, H. P.; Swanson, M. J.; Renoos, J. W. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1985, 4, 389-397.
77. Bradbury, S. P.; Symonik, D. M.; Coats, J. R.; Atchison, G. J. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987, 38, 727-735.
78. Shubat, P. J.; Curtis, L. R. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1986, 5, 69-77.
79. Keizer, J.; D'Agostino, G.; Vittozzi, L. Aquat. Toxicol. 1991, 21, 239-254.
80. Schultz, I. R.; Hayton, W. L. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1999, 18, 1440-1449.
81. Keizer, J.; D'Agostino, G.; Nagel, R.; Volpe, T.; Gnemi, P.; Vittozzi, L. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 171, 213-220.
82. ow) Data for Hydrophobic Organic Compounds: DDT and DDE as a Case Study; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 2001.
83. Opperhuizen, A.; van der Velde, E. W.; Gobas, F. A. P. C.; Liem, D. A. K.; van der Steen J. M. D.; Hutzinger, O. Chemosphere 1985, 14, 1871-1896.
84. Gobas, F. A. P. C.; Clark, K. E.; Shiu, W. Y.; Mackay, D. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1989, 8, 231-245.
85. Geyer, H. J.; Rimkus, G. G.; Scheunert, I.; Kaune, A.; Schramm, K.-W.; Kettrup, A.; Zeeman, M.; Muir, D. C. G.; Hansen, L. G.; Mackay, D. In Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Beek, B., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2000; Vol. 2, Part J, pp 1-166.