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Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003; 290:511-515. WNV cases were identified prospectively in Louisiana between 1 August and 2 September 2002. Of 16 laboratory-confirmed neurologic WNV cases, eight had encephalitis, five had meningitis, and three had acute flaccid paralysis. Patients with meningitis appeared to have a favourable prognosis, those with encephalitis a variable outcome, and those with acute flaccid paralysis a poor outcome.
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JAMA
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Ben-Nathan D, Lustig S, Tam G, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of human intravenous immunoglobulin in treating West Nile virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:5-12. This group showed clear protection by intravenous immunoglobulin when animals were treated before or shortly after infectious challenge with WNV. There are several limitations to this study: success was shown in animal models when antibody was given during the viremic phase, but most patients with WNV infection are no longer viremic when they present and have already developed IgM antibody. The investigators also used a 1954 WNV strain, whereas other recent work investigating the efficacy of antibody against WNV in animal models has used contemporary strains from the US outbreak.
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Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2196-2203.
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Update. Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations: United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:916-919. WNV transmission can still occur through donations from asymptomatic donors with extremely low-level viremia. To improve blood supply safety further, donors must be screened following donation for symptomatic illnesses, and more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests must be developed.
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
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Multistate outbreak of monkeypox: Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:537-540.
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
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Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:342-350. The experience of healthcare workers confronted with an unknown disease in an era of bioterrorism.
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N Engl J Med
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Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004; 4:15-25. This review focuses on the clinical and epidemiological features of human monkeypox, its emergence in the USA, the similarities to smallpox and chickenpox, the potential of monkeypox virus as an agent of bioterrorism, and considerations for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases
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Di Giulio, D.B.1
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Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, et al. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:361-366. Well documented extended case report on a very rare infection with a poxvirus from a different genus than smallpox or monkeypox.
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N Engl J Med
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Update. Cardiac-related events during the civilian smallpox vaccination program: United States, 2003
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Update. Cardiac-related events during the civilian smallpox vaccination program: United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:492-496.
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
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US military smallpox vaccination program experience
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Grabenstein JD, Winkenwerder W Jr. US military smallpox vaccination program experience. JAMA 2003; 289:3278-3282.
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JAMA
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Talbot TR, Bredenberg HK, Smith M, et al. Focal and generalized folliculitis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive recipients. JAMA 2003; 289:3290-3294.
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Frey SE, Newman FK, Yan L, Belshe RB. Response to smallpox vaccine in persons immunized in the distant past. JAMA 2003; 289:3295-3299.
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JAMA
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Wright ME, Fauci AS. Smallpox immunization in the 21st century: the old and the new. JAMA 2003; 289:3306-3308.
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JAMA
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Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med 2003; 9:1131-1137. Suggests that vaccination affords some long-term protection against smallpox.
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Nat Med
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Crotty S, Feigner P, Davies H, et al. Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination. J Immunol 2003; 171:4969-4973. Suggests that vaccination affords some long-term protection against smallpox.
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J Immunol
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Crotty, S.1
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Current concepts: The severe acute respiratory syndrome
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Peiris JSM, Yuen KY, Osterhaus ADME, Stöhr K. Current concepts: the severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2431-2441. Very comprehensive review on different aspects of SARS comparing patients in Singapore, Hong Kong and Toronto.
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N Engl J Med
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Peiris, J.S.M.1
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Peiris JSM, Lai ST, Poon LI, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 361:1319-1325. This paper reports microbiological findings and clinical presentation of SARS in 50 patients. The authors also define the risk factors and investigate the causal agent by chest radiography and laboratory testing of patients' samples.
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Lancet
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Peiris, J.S.M.1
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Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1967-1976.
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Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith C, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1953-1966. Following unprecedented collaboration between laboratories and scientists worldwide, a previously unidentified coronavirus was isolated from FRhK-4 and Vero E6 cells that were inoculated with clinical (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and sputum) specimens from patients.
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Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, et al. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature 2003; 423:240. Final proof that the newly discovered coronavirus indeed is the cause of the new syndrome
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Nature
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Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 362:263-270. The association of the virus with the disease was confirmed when macaques that were inoculated with the virus developed symptoms similar to those observed in human cases of SARS.
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Lancet
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Stavrinides J, Guttman DS. Mosaic evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2004; 78:76-82.
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Rest JS, Mindell DP. SARS associated coronavirus has a recombinant polymerase and coronaviruses have a history of host-shifting. Infect Genet Evol 2003; 3:219-225. The virus is a crossbreed - but the mixing might have occurred long ago.
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Infect Genet Evol
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The Chinese SARS Molecular Epidemiology Consortium. Molecular evolution of the SARS coronavirus during the course of the SARS epidemic in China. Science [online] 2004; 10.1126/science. 1092002. The alacrity with which the virus adapted to human hosts underlines the importance of having a public health surveillance system to recognize and isolate patients at an early stage before a new virus has honed its attack skills. Excellent analysis of epidemiology at the molecular level.
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Science [Online]
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Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada
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Varia M, Wilson S, Sarwal S, et al. Hospital Outbreak Investigation Team. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. CMAJ 2003; 169:285-292. The potential for nosocomial spread is enormous.
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CMAJ
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Chow KY, Lee CE, Ling ML, et al. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary hospital in Singapore, linked to an index patient with atypical presentation: epidemiological study. BMJ. 2004; 328(7433): 95. Epub 2004 Jan 15. The risk for nosocomial spread increases exponentially when atypical cases are diagnosed too late as in SARS.
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BMJ
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Chow, K.Y.1
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Tsou YI, Goh JS, Kaw GJ, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: management and reconfiguration of a radiology department in an infectious disease situation. Radiology 2003; 229:21-26. The authors outline their experience in infection control and isolation procedures during this outbreak. Barrier precautions, reconfiguration of the department, separation of imaging equipment, cleaning procedures, personal protective equipment, and staff safety are discussed.
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Radiology
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Tsou, Y.I.1
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Naylor report. Learning from SARS. Health Canada, 7 October 2003. The report assesses the course and the reactions during the SARS epidemic and suggests adaptations to the Canadian Health Care System. A succinct review of medical and organizational difficulties in coordinating the response to an unknown disease. In its report, the National Advisory Group on SARS and Public Health concludes that Canada was ill prepared for the outbreak and lacked both the resources and the chain of command needed to combat the virus. The group's final report says public health efforts were also dogged by poor communication and missed opportunities to contribute to SARS research.
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Naylor Report. Learning from SARS
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Rogers DJ, Randolph SE. Studying the global distribution of infectious diseases using GIS and RS. Nat Rev Microbiol 2003; 1:231-237.
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Mandl KD, Overhage JM, Wagner MM, et al. Implementing syndromic surveillance: a practical guide informed by the early experience. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004; 11:141-150. This paper, written by the pioneers of the method, assists in the choice of systems for syndromic surveillance, to be deployed in various regions. It is a very promising approach, useful for much more than monitoring infectious diseases.
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J Am Med Inform Assoc
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Mandl, K.D.1
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Kaye D. U.S. germ detection system active in 31 cities. CID 2004; 38:iii. The US government has set up a US$60 million network to help detect a biological attack in 31 cities across the country. The goal of BioWatch, located mostly in major urban areas such as Washington, New York City, and Houston, is to discover if any bacteria or viruses have been released into the air as part of a biological attack. Since it was launched, BioWatch has analyzed more than half a million samples with one positive result in Houston in December 2003, when the air sensors detected fragments of tularemia.
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(2004)
CID
, vol.38
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Kaye, D.1
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