Technical review. Hair testing: Just how accurate is it?

Surveillance and Society

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 86-101

  Ditton, Jason ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b Scottish Centre for Criminology   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042745677     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14777487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.24908/ss.v1i1.3395     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Arnold, W. and K Puschel, (1981) Experimental studies on hair as an indicator of past or present drug use. Journal of Forensic Science. 21: 83.
2. Baer, J., W. Baumgartner, V. Hill and W. Blahd, (1991) Hair analysis for the detection of drugs use in pretrial, probation and parole populations. Federal Probation, 55: 3-10.
3. Bailey, D. (1989) Drug screening in an unconventional matrix: Hair analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(23): 3331.
4. Baumgartner, A., P. Jones, W. Baumgartner, and T. Black (1978) Radioimmunoassay of Hair for Determining Opiate-Abuse Histories. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 20(7): 748-52.
5. Baumgartner, A., P. Jones, and C. Black (1981) Detection of phencyclidine in hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26(3): 576-81.
6. Baumgartner, W., C. Black, P. Jones, and W. Blahd (1982) Radioimmunoassay of cocaine in hair. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 23: 790-2.
7. Baumgartner, W., V. Hill, and W. Blahd (1989) Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(6): 1433-1453.
8. Baumgartner, W. and V. Hill, (1996) Hair Analysis for Organic Analytes: Methodology, Reliability Issues, and Field Studies. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 223-265
9. Blank, D. and D. Kidwell, (1993) External contamination of hair by drugs of abuse: an issue in forensic interpretation. Forensic Science International, 63: 145-56.
10. Cirimele, V., P. Kintz, and P. Mangin (1995) Detection of amphetamines in fingernails: an alternative to hair analysis. Archives of Toxicology, 70: 68-9.
11. Cirimele, V. (1996) Cannabis and Amphetamine Determination in Human Hair. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 181-9
12. Cone, E. and J. Mitchell, (1989) Validity testing of commercial urine cocaine metabolite assays: II. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and confirmation by Gas Chromotography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(4): 32-45.
13. Cone, E. (1990) Testing human hair for drugs of abuse. I. Individual dose and time profiles of morphine and codeine in plasma, saliva, urine and beard compared to drug induced effects on pupils and behaviour. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 14: 1-7.
14. Cone, E., D. Yousenejad, W. Darwin and T. Maguire (1991) Testing human hair for drugs of abuse. II. Identification of Unique Cocaine Metabolites in Hair of Drug Abusers and Evaluation of Decontamination Procedures. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 15: 250-55.
15. Cone, E. and R. Joseph, (1996) The Potential for Bias in Hair Testing for Drugs of Abuse. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 69-93.
16. Cone, E. (1996) Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18: 438-443.
17. Cooper, G., D. Allen, K. Scott, J. Oliver, J. Ditton and I. Smith (2000) Hair analysis: Self-reported use of "speed" and "ecstasy" compared with laboratory findings. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(2): 400-406.
18. Ditton, J., G. Cooper, K. Scott, D. Allen, J. Oliver and I. Smith (2000) Hair testing for “ecstasy” (MDMA) in volunteer Scottish drug users. Addiction Biology, 5(2): 207-213.
19. Eliopoulos, C., J. Klein and G. Koren (1996) Validation of self-reported smoking by analysis of hair for nicotine and cotinine. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18: 532-6.
20. Fendrich, M., M. Mackesy-Amiti, J. Wislar and P. Goldstein (1997) The reliability and consistency of drug reporting in ethnographic samples. In L. Harrison and A. Hughes (eds.) The validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates. NIDA Research Monograph 167, Rockville MD, 81-107
21. Garside, D. and B. Goldberger (1996) Determination of Cocaine and Opiods in Hair. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 151-180.
22. Goldberger, B., Y. Caplan, T. Maguire and E. Cone (1991) Testing human hair for drugs of abuse. III. Identification of Heroin and 6-Acetylmorphine as Indicators of Heroin Use. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 15: 226-32.
23. Graham, K., G. Koren, J. Klein, J. Schneiderman and M. Greenwald (1989) Determination of Gestational cocaine exposure by hair analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(23): 3328-30.
24. Hambridge, K. (1982) Hair analysis: worthless for vitamins, limited for minerals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 36: 943-48.
25. Hammersley, R. (1994) A digest of memory phenomena for addiction research. Addiction, 89(3): 283-94.
26. Harkey, M. and G. Henderson (1989) Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. in: Baselt, R. (ed.) Advances in Analytic Toxicology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 298-329
27. Harkey, M., G. Henderson and C. Zhou (1991) Simultaneous Quantitation of Cocaine and Its Major Metabolites in Human Hair by Gas Chromotography/Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 15: 260-66.
28. Harkey, M. (1993) Anatomy and physiology of hair. Forensic Science International, 63: 9-18.
29. Harrison, L. and A. Hughes (1997) The validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates., in L. Harrison and A. Hughes (eds.) The validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates. NIDA Research Monograph 167, Rockville MD,1-16.
30. Harrison, W., R. Gray and L. Solomon (1974) Incorporation of D-Amphetamine into Pigmented Guinea Pig Hair. British Journal of Dermatology, 91(4): 415-18.
31. Hossain, M. and B. Johnson (1994) Sweat patches: the potential of a new drug testing technique. Paper presented to the American Society for Criminology Annual Meeting, Miami.
32. Huestis, M. (1996) Technical and Legal Aspects of Drugs of Abuse Testing in Hair. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 5-15.
33. Huestis, M. (1996a) Judicial acceptance of hair tests for substances of abuse in the United States courts: scientific, forensic and ethical aspects. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 84: 456-9.
34. Ishiyama, I., T. Nagai and S. Toshida (1983) Detection of basic drugs (methamphetamine, antidepressants, and nicotine) from human hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(2): 380-5.
35. Jurado, C., P. Kintz. M. Menendez and M. Repetto (1997) Influence of the cosmetic treatment of hair on drug testing. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 110: 159-163.
36. Kauert, G. and J. Röhrich (1996) Concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in hair of drug abusers. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 108: 294-299.
37. Kidwell, D. and D. Blank (1993) Comments on the Paper by W. A. Baumgartne r and V. A. Hill: sample preparation techniques. Forensic Science International, 63: 137-143.
38. Kidwell, D. and D. Blank (1996) Environmental Exposure-the Stumbling Block of Hair Testing. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 17-68.
39. Kikura, R., K. Takahashi and Y. Nakahara (1994) Detection of Methamphetamine in Hair of Newborn Baby involved in Maternal Methamphetamine Abuse during pregnancy. Journal of Forensic Toxicology, 12: 160-1.
40. Kikura, R. and Y. Nakahara (1995) Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XI. Disposition of Benzphetamine and its metabolites into Hair and Comparison of Benzphetamine Use and Methamphetamine Use by Hair Analysis. Biology and Pharmacology Bulletin, 18(12): 1694-1699.
41. Kikura, R., Y. Nakahara, T. Mieczkowski and F. Tagliaro (1997) Hair Analysis for Drug Abuse. XV. Disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its related compounds into rat hair and application to hair analysis for MDMA abuse. Forensic Science International, 84: 165-177.
42. Kintz, P., B. Ludes and P. Mangin (1992) Detection of drugs in human hair using Abbott ADx, with confirmation by gas chromotography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Journal of Forensic Science, 37: 328-31.
43. Kintz, P. and V. Cirimele (1997) Interlaboratory comparison of quantitative determination of amphetamine and related compounds in hair samples. Forensic Science International, 84: 151-156.
44. Lewis, D., C. Moore, P. Morrissey and J. Leikin (1997) Determination of drug exposure using hair: application to child protection cases. Forensic Science International, 84:123-8.
45. Magura, S. and S-Y. Kang (1996) Validity of self-Reported Drug Use in High Risk Populations: A Meta-analytical Re view. Substance Use and Misuse, 31(19): 1131-1153.
46. Mangin, P. (1996) Drug Analysis in Nonhead Hair. In P. Kintz (ed.) Drug Testing in Hair. New York: CRC Press. 279-287
47. Marigo, M., F. Tafliaro, S. Lafisca and C. Neri (1986) Determination of morphine in the hair of heroin addicts by high performance liquid chromotography with fluorimetric detection. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 10: 158-161.
48. Marques, P., A. Tippetts and D. Branch, (1993) Cocaine in the Hair of Mother-Infant Pairs: Quantitative Analysis and Correlations with Urine Measures and Self-Report. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 19(2):159-75.
49. Marques, P. (1993) Hair testing for Maternal or Infant Cocaine Exposure. Paper presented to NIDA Alliance Conference.
50. Marques, P., A. Tippetts and D. Branch (1994) Birth outcome not correlated with lateterm cocaine exposure within an exposed sample. Paper presented to CPDD Meeting, Palm Beach.
51. Matsuno, H., T. Uematsu and M. Nakashima (1990) The measurement of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in hair as an index of dosage history. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 29: 187-94.
52. Mieczkowski, T., D. Barzeley, B. Gropper and E. Wish (1991) Concordance of Three Measures of Cocaine Use in an Arrestee Popula tion: Hair, Urine, and Self-report. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 23(3): 241-9.
53. Mieczkowski, T. (1992) Immunochemical Hair Assays, Urinalysis, Self-Reported Use and the Measurement of Arrestee Cocaine and Marihuana Exposure. Paper for the First International Meeting on Hair Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Drugs of Abuse Investigation, Genoa, Italy.
54. Mieczkowski, T. (1992a) An Evaluation of Patterns of Racial Bias in Hair Assays for Cocaine: Black and White Arrestees Compared. Paper for the First International Meeting on Hair Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Drugs of Abuse Investigation, Genoa, Italy.
55. Mieczkowski, T. (1992b) New Approaches in Drug Testing: A Review of Hair Analysis. Annals, AAPSS, 521:132-50.
56. Mieczkowski, T. and R. Newel (1994) Patterns of concordance between hair assays and urinalysis for cocaine: longitudinal analysis of probationers in Pinellus County, Florida. Paper presented to the American Society for Criminology Annual Meeting, Miami.
57. Mieczkowski, T. (1996) The use of hair analysis for the detection of drugs: an overview. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 3: 59-71.
58. Mieczkowski, T., R. Mumm and H. Connick (1997) A research note: an analysis of RIA and GC/MS split hair samples from the New Orleans pretrial diversion program. Forensic Science International, 84: 67-73.
59. Moeller, M. (1992) Drug detection in hair by chromatographic procedures. Journal of Chromatography, 580:125-134.
60. Moeller, M., H. Maurer and M. Roesler (1992) MDMA in blood, urine and hair: a forensic case. In T. Nagata (ed.) Proceedings, 30th TIAAFT Meeting. Fukouka, Japan: Yoyodo Printing Kaisha Ltd, 56-61
61. Moeller, M., P. Fey and H. Sachs (1993) Hair analysis as evidence in forensic cases. Forensic Science International, 63: 43-53.
62. Moeller, M. (1996) Hair analysis as evidence in forensic cases. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18 444-9.
63. Nagai, T., M. Sato, T. Nagai, S. Kamiyama and Y. Miura (1989) A new analytical method for stereoisomers of methamphetamine and amphetamine and its application to forensic toxicology. Clinical Biochemistry, 22: 439-42.
64. Nakahara, Y., K. Takahashi, M. Shimamine and Y. Takeda (1991) Hair Analysis for Drug Abuse: 1. Determination of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Hair by Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromotography/Mass Spectrometry Method. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(1): 70-78.
65. Nakahara, Y., K. Takshashi, Y. Takeda, K. Kunoma, S. Kukui and T. Tokui (1990) Hair analysis for drug abuse. Part II. Hair analysis for monitoring of methamphetamine abuse by stable isotope dilution gas chromotography/mass spectrometry. Forensic Science International, 46: 243-54.
66. Nakahara, Y., M. Shimamine and K. Takahashi (1992) Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. III. Movement and stability of methoxzyphenamine (as a model compound of methamphetamine) along hair shaft with hair growth. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 16: 253-7.
67. Nakahara, Y., K. Takahashi, and K. Konuma, (1993) Hair analysis for Drugs of Abuse. VI. The excretion of methoxyphenamine and methamphetamine into beards of human subjects. Forensic Science International, 63:109-119.
68. Nakahara, Y., R. Kikura, T. Sakamoto, T. Mieczkowski, F. Tabliaro and R. Foltz (1995) Findings in hair analysis for some hallucinogens (LSD, MDA/MDMA and PCP). Proceedings of the Abu Dhabi Hair Analysis Conference, 161-184.
69. Nakahara, Y. (1995) Detection and diagnostic interpretation of amphetamines in hair. Forensic Science International, 70:135-153.
70. Nakahara, Y. and R. Kikura (1996) Hair analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XIII. Effect of structural factors on incorporation of drugs into hair: the incorporation rates of amphetamine analogs. Archives of Toxicology, 70: 841-849.
71. Nakahara, Y., R. Kikura, M. Yasuhara and T. Mukai (1997) Hair analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XIV. Identification of substances causing acute poisoning using hair root. I. Methamphetamine. Forensic Science International, 84:157-164.
72. Nakahara, Y. and R. Kikura (1997) Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XVIII. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Disposition in Hair Roots and Use in Identification of Acute MDMA Poisoning. Biology and Pharmacology Bulletin, 20(9): 969-972.
73. Pépin, G. and Y. Gaillard (1997) Concordance between self-reported drug use and findings in hair about cocaine and heroin. Forensic Science International, 84: 37-41.
74. Pötsch, L. and M.R. Moeller (1996) On Pathways for Small Molecules Into and Out of Human Hair Fibres. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(1): 121-125.
75. Röhrich, J. and G. Kauert (1997) Determination of amphetamine and methylenedioxyamphetamine-derivatives in hair. Forensic Science International, 84: 179-188.
76. Rothe, M., F. Pragst, K. Spiegel, T. Harrach, K. Fischer and J. Kunkel (1997) Hair concentrations and self-reported abuse history of 20 amphetamine and ecstasy users. Forensic Science International, 89:111-128.
77. Sachs, H. (1997) History of Hair Analysis. Forensic Science International, 84: 7-16.
78. Sachs, H. (1997a) Quality control by the Society of Hair Testing. Forensic Science International, 84: 145-50.
79. Sakamoto, T. and A. Tanaka (1996) Hair analysis for Drugs of Abuse. XII. Determination of PCP and Its Major Metabolites, PCHP and PPC, in Rat Hair after administration of PCP. Journal of Analytic Toxicology, 20(March/April): 124-120.
80. Skopp, G., L. Potsch and M. Moeller (1997) On cosmetically treated hair-aspects and pitfalls of interpretation. Forensic Science International, 84:43-52.
81. Smith, F. and D. Pomposine (1981) Detection of phenobarbital in bloodstains, semen, seminal stains, saliva, saliva stains, and hair. Journal of Forensic Science, 26: 582-6.
82. Sramek, J., W. Baumbartner, T. Ahrens, V. Hill and N. Cutler (1992) Detection of benzodiazepines in human hair by radioimmunoassay. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 26: 469-72.
83. Strang, J., J. Black, A. Marsh and B. Smith (1993) Editorial. Hair analysis for drugs: technological breakthrough or ethical quagmire? Addiction, 88: 163-66.
84. Suzuki, O., H. Hattori and M. Asano (1984) Detection of Amphetamine and Meth-Amphetamine in a Single Human Hair by Gas Chromatography/Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29: 611-617.
85. Suzuki, O., H. Hattori and M. Asano (1984a) Nails as useful materials for detection of methamphetamine or amphetamine abuse. Forensic Science International, 24: 9-16.
86. Tagliaro, F., Z. De Battisti, G. Lubli, C. Neeri, G. Manetto and M. Marigo (1997) Integrated use of hair analysis to investigate the physical fitness to obtain the driving licence: a casework study. Forensic Science International, 84: 129-35.
87. Takayama, N., S. Tanaka and K. Hayakawa (1997) Determination of stimulants in a Single Human Hair Sample by High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with Chemiluminescence Detection. Biomedical Chromatography, 11: 25-28.
88. Welsh, M., L. Sniegoski and C. Allgood (1993) Interlaboratory comparison studies on the analysis of hair for drugs of abuse. Forensic Science International, 63: 295-303.
89. Wish, E., J. Hoffman and S. Nemes (1997) The validity of self-reports of drug use at treatment admission and at followup: comparisons with urinalysis and hair assays. In L. Harrison and A. Hughes (eds.) The validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates. NIDA Research Monograph 167, Rockville MD, 200-226