Incidence of occult bacteremia among highly febrile young children in the era of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: A study from a Children's Hospital Emergency Department and Urgent Care Center

Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

Volumn 158, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 671-675

  Stoll, Matthew L ^a   Rubin, Lorry G ^a,b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SCHNEIDER CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; HEPTAVALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE; PENICILLIN G; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BLOOD CULTURE; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DRUG EFFICACY; EMERGENCY WARD; FEVER; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INCIDENCE; INFANT; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

BACTEREMIA; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; FEVER; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VACCINES, CONJUGATE;

EID: 3042739901     PISSN: 10724710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.158.7.671     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. McGowan JE, Bratton L, Klein JO, Finland M. Bacteremia in febrile children seen in a "walk-in" pediatric clinic. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:1309-1312.
2. Teele DW, Pelton SI, Grant MJA, et al. Bacteremia in febrile children under 2 years of age: results of cultures of blood of 600 consecutive febrile children seen in a "walk-in" clinic. J Pediatr. 1975;87:227-230.
3. Murray DL, Zonana J, Seidel JS, et al. Relative importance of bacteremia and viremia in the course of acute fevers of unknown origin in outpatient children. Pediatrics. 1981;68:157-160.
4. Waskerwitz S and Berkelhamer JE. Outpatient bacteremia: clinical findings in children under two years with initial temperature of 39.5°C or higher. J Pediatr. 1981;99:231-233.
5. Carroll WL, Farrell MK, Singer JI, et al. Treatment of occult bacteremia: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 1983;72:608-612.
6. Dershewitz RA, Wigder HN, Wigder CM, Nadelman DH. A comparative study of the prevalance, outcome, and prediction of bacteremia in children. J Pediatr. 1983;103:352-358.
7. Crocker PJ, Hood F, Quick G, McCombs W. Occult bacteremia in the emergency department: diagnostic criteria for the young febrile child. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:1172-1177.
8. Jaffe DM, Tanz RR, Davis AT, Henretig F, Fleisher G. Antibiotic administration to treat possible occult bacteremia in febrile children. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1175-1180.
9. Rubin LG. Occult bacteremia in the young febrile child. Pediatric Rev Commun. 1988;2:193-206.
10. Fleisher GR, Rosenberg N, Vinci R, et al. Intramuscular versus oral antibiotic therapy for the prevention of meningitis and other bacterial sequelae in young, febrile children at risk for occult bacteremia. J Pediatr. 1994;124:504-512.
11. Mazur LJ, Kozinetz CA. Diagnostic tests for occult bacteremia: temperature response to acetaminophen versus WBC count. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:403-406.
12. Shapiro ED, Aaron NH, Wald ER, Chiponis D. Risk factors for development of bacterial meningitis among children with occult bacteremia. J Pediatr. 1986;109:15-19.
13. Marshall R, Teele DW, Klein JO. Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital. J Pediatr. 1979;95:690-695.
14. Bratton L, Teele DW, Klein JO. Outcome of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital. J Pediatr. 1977;90:703-706.
15. Harper MB, Bachur R, Fleisher GR. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the outcome of outpatients with unsuspected bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:760-767.
16. Lorin MI. Fever without localizing signs in children: detection and management of occult bacteremia. Postgrad Med. 1983;73:295-300.
17. Lyman JL. Use of blood cultures in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:308-311.
18. Baraff LJ, Bass JW, Fleisher GR, et al. Practice guideline for the management of infants and children 0 to 36 months of age with fever without source. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1198-1210.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children-United States, 1987-1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45:901-906.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(No.RR-9):1-35.
21. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 2000;106:362-366.
22. Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:100-121.
23. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:187-195.
24. Black SB, Shinefield HR, Hansen J, et al. Postlicensure evaluation of the effectiveness of the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1105-1107.
25. Lin PL, Michaels MG, Janosky J, Ortenzo M, Wald ER, Mason EO. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children 3 to 36 months of age at a tertiary care pediatric center 2 years after licensure of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2003;111:896-899.
26. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1737-1746.
27. Lafong AC, Crothers E. Simple latex agglutination method for typing pneumococci. J Clin Pathol. 1988;41:230-231.
28. Pilishvili T, Marley M, Vazquez M, et al. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. In: Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC); September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, III. Abstract G-1079;285.
29. Lee GM, Harper MB. Risk of bacteremia for febrile young children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae type b era. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:624-628.
30. Alpern ER, Alessandrini EA, Bell LM, Shaw KN, McGowan KL. Occult bacteremia from a pediatric emergency department: current prevalence, time to detection, and outcome. Pediatrics. 2000;106:505-511.
31. Bandyopadhyay S, Bergholte J, Blackwell CO, Friedlander JR, Hennes H. Risk of serious bacterial infection in children with fever without a source in the post-Haemophilus influenzáe era when antibiotics are reserved for culture-proven bacteremia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:512-517.
32. Thuler LC, Jenicek M, Turgeon JP, Rivard M, Lebel P, Lebel MH. Impact of a false positive blood culture result on the management of febrile children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:846-851.
33. Lee GM, Fleisher GR, Harper MB. Management of febrile children in the age of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Pediatrics. 2001;108:835-844.