Pediatric sedation

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 247-251

  Cravero, Joseph P ^a   Blike, George T ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Dexmedetomidine; Discharge criteria; Fasting guidelines; Propofol; Sedation

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CHLORAL HYDRATE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; OPIATE; PENTOBARBITAL; PROPOFOL; SEVOFLURANE;

ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIST; CHILD CARE; DIET RESTRICTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOXIA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MEDICAL PRACTICE; OPERATING ROOM; PAIN; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA; PHYSICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEDATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 3042706653     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-200406000-00009     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Hain RD, Campbell C. Invasive procedures carried out in conscious children: contrast between North American and European paediatric oncology centres. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85:12-15.
2. Mason KP, Zurakowski D, Karian VE, et al. Sedatives used in pediatric imaging: comparison of IV pentobarbital with IV pentobarbital with midazolam added. AJR. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177:427-430.
3. Cameron ML, Sponseller PD, Rossberg MI. Pediatric analgesia and sedation for the management of orthopedic conditions. Am J Orthop 2000; 29:665-672.
4. Bauman LA, Cannon ML, McCloskey J, et al. Unconscious sedation in children: a prospective multi-arm clinical trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:674-679.
5. Lowrie L, Weiss AH, Lacombe C. The pediatric sedation unit: a mechanism for pediatric sedation. Pediatrics 1998; 102:E30.
6. Beebe DS, Tran P, Bragg M, et al. Trained nurses can provide safe and effective sedation for MRI in pediatric patients. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47:205-210.
7. Egelhoff JC, Ball WS Jr, Koch BL, Parks TD. Safety and efficacy of sedation in children using a structured sedation program. AJR. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168:1259-1262.
8. Hertzog JH, Campbell JK, Dalton HJ, Hauser GJ. Propofol anesthesia for invasive procedures in ambulatory and hospitalized children: experience in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 1999; 103:E30.
9. Mason KP, Michna E, DiNardo JA, et al. Evolution of a protocol for ketamine-induced sedation as an alternative to general anesthesia for interventional radiologic procedures in pediatric patients. Radiology 2002; 225:457-465.
10. Hertzog JH, Dalton HJ, Anderson BD, et al. Prospective evaluation of propofol anesthesia in the pediatric intensive care unit for elective oncology procedures in ambulatory and hospitalized children. Pediatrics 2000; 106:742-747.
11. Vardi A, Salem Y, Padeh S, et al. Is propofol safe for procedural sedation in children? A prospective evaluation of propofol versus ketamine in pediatric critical care. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1231-1236.
12. Festa M, Bowra J, Schell D. Use of propofol infusion in Australian and New Zealand paediatric intensive care units. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002; 30:786-793.
13. Hertzog JH, Hauser GJ, Dalton HJ. Reimbursement patterns for propofol anesthesia performed by pediatric intensivists in the PICU. Chicago: Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Georgetown University Children's Medical Center; 1998.
14. Klein SM, Hauser GJ, Anderson BD, et al. Comparison of intermittent versus continuous infusion of propofol for elective oncology procedures in children [comment]. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003; 4:78-82.
15. Barbi E, Gerarduzzi T, Marchetti F, et al. Deep sedation with propofol by nonanesthesiologists: a prospective pediatric experience. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157:1097-1103.
16. Baiocchi M, Rinaldi V, Zanette G, et al. Quality control of sedation for diagnostic radiological procedures in paediatric patients (waiting for guidelines). Minerva Anestesiol 2002; 68:911-915.
17. Barst SM MC, Markowitz AE, Albarracin C, et al. A comparison of propofol and chloral hydrate for sedation of young children during magnetic resonance imaging scans. Paediatr Anaesth 1994; 4:243-247.
18. Bauman LA, Cannon ML, McCloskey J, et al. Unconscious sedation in children: a prospective multi-arm clinical trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:674-679.
19. Chaushu S, Gozal D, Becker A. Intravenous sedation: an adjunct to enable orthodontic treatment for children with disabilities. Eur J Orthodont 2002; 24:81-89.
20. Elitsur Y, Blankenship P, Lawrence Z. Propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in children. Endoscopy 2000; 32:788-791.
21. Havel CJ Jr, Strait RT, Hennes H. A clinical trial of propofol vs midazolam for procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6:989-997.
22. Merola C, Albarracin C, Lebowitz P, et al. An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies. Paediatr Anaesth 1995; 5:375-378.
23. Guenther E, Pribble CG, Junkins EP Jr, et al. Propofol sedation by emergency physicians for elective pediatric outpatient procedures. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 42:783-791. This paper is important because it presents information on propofol use by emergency medicine physicians, which is still quite unusual in the literature.
24. •], it is very unusual to have data on the use of propofol by emergency physicians, in this case concerning painful procedures.
25. Cote CJ, Karl HW, Notterman DA, et al. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics 2000; 106:633-644.
26. Cote CJ, Notterman DA, Karl HW, et al. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors. Pediatrics 2000; 105:805-814.
27. Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW. Initial experience with dexmedetomidine in paediatric-aged patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:171-175. Interesting report on the use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients; contains rare data.
28. Ard J, Doyle W, Bekker A. Awake craniotomy with dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2003; 15:263-266.
29. Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW, Russo P. Additional experience with dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. South Med J 2003; 96:871-875.
30. Agrawal D, Manzi SF, Gupta R, Krauss B. Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 42:636-646. One of the first studies to look at the outcomes of sedation in children who do not meet sedation guideline criteria for fasting.
31. Green SM. Fasting is a consideration - not a necessity - for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 42:647-650. The view of most pediatric emergency physicians concerning the issue of fasting and sedation.
32. Ziegler MA, Fricke BL, Donnelly LF. Is administration of enteric contrast material safe before abdominal CT in children who require sedation? Experience with chloral hydrate and pentobarbital. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180:13-15. It is extremely unusual to have information on this difficult clinical situation; oral contrast for very brief diagnostic CT scans that require sedation.
33. Crock C, Olsson C, Phillips R, et al. General anaesthesia or conscious sedation for painful procedures in childhood cancer: the family's perspective. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:253-257. Important study because it attempts to examine the conditions present during a sedated procedure and correlate this with the satisfaction of parents.
34. Skoglosa J, Falth-Magnusson K, Stenhammar L. Conscious or deep sedation: a questionnaire regarding the experience of parents, children and staff during small bowel biopsy. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92:704-708. It is unusual to find information on sedation for this common procedure, for which children do not always receive sedation.
35. Malviya SV-LT, Ludomirsky A, Marshall J, Tait AR. Can we improve the assessment of discharge readiness? A comparative study of observational and objective measures of depth of sedation in children. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:218-224. Well-written effort to put science to the difficult subject of discharge criteria.
36. Cote C. Discharge criteria for children sedated by nonanesthesiologists: is "safe" really safe enough? Anesthesiology 2004; 100:207-209. Nice history of sedation guidelines and the issue of discharge criteria.