Expression of Entomophaga maimaiga at several gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) population densities and the effect of supplemental watering

Journal of Entomological Science

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 223-234

  Webb, Ralph E ^a   Bair, Mary Willeford ^a,b   White, Geoffrey B ^a   Thorpe, Kevin W ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological control; Entomopathogenic fungus; Entomophaga maimaiga; Gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ENTOMOPHAGA MAIMAIGA; FUNGI; LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIA; LYMANTRIA DISPAR; LYMANTRIIDAE;

EID: 3042631892     PISSN: 07498004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.223     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Bell, R. A., C. D. Owens, M. Shapiro and J. G. R. Tardif. 1981. Development of mass rearing technology, Pp. 599-633. In C. C. Doane and M. L. McManus [eds.], The gypsy moth: research toward integrated pest management. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bull. 1584.
2. Campbell, R. W. 1981. Population Dynamics. Historical review, Pp. 65-86. In C. C. Doane and M. L. McManus [eds.], The gypsy moth: research toward integrated pest management. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bull. 1584.
3. Elkinton, J. S., A. E. Hajek, G. H. Boettner and E. E. Simmons. 1991. Distribution and apparent spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations in North America. Environ. Entomol. 20: 1601-1605.
4. Gillock, H. H. and F. P. Hain. 2002a. Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in North Carolina. J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 363-365. 2002b. Spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) from initial introduction areas in North Carolina. J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 366-369.
5. Gillock, H. H. and F. P. Hain. 2002a. Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in North Carolina. J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 363-365. 2002b. Spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) from initial introduction areas in North Carolina. J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 366-369.
6. Hajek, A. E. 1997. Entomophaga maimaiga reproductive output is determined by the spore type initiating an infection. Mycol. Res. 101: 971-974.
7. Hajek, A. E., L. Bauer, M. L. McManus and M. M. Wheeler. 1998a. Distribution of resting spores of the Lymantria dispar pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in soil and on bark. BioControl 43: 189-200.
8. Hajek, A. E., R. I. Carruthers and R. S. Soper. 1990. Temperature and moisture relations of sporulation and germination by Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environ. Entomol. 19: 85-90.
9. Hajek, A. E., J. S. Elkinton and J. J. Witcosky. 1996. Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen by Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread. Environ. Entomol. 25: 1235-1247.
10. Hajek, A. E. and R. A. Humber. 1998. Formation and germination of Entomophaga maimaiga azygospores. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1739-1747.
11. Hajek, A. E., T. S. Larkin, R. I. Carruthers and R. S. Soper. 1993. Modeling the dynamics of Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) epizootics in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations. Environ. Entomol. 22: 1172-1187.
12. Hajek, A. E. and M. Shimazu. 1996. Types of spores produced by Entomophaga maimaiga infecting gypsy moth Lymantria dispar. Can. J. Bot. 74: 708-715.
13. Hajek, A. E., K. M. Tatman, P. H. Wanner and M. M. Wheeler. 1998b. Location and presence of cadavers of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, containing Entomophaga maimaiga azygo-spores. Mycologia 90: 754-760.
14. Hajek, A. E. and R. E. Webb. 1999. Inoculative augmentation of the fungal entomopathogen Entomophaga maimaiga as a homeowner control tactic to control gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Biol. Control 14: 11-18.
15. Hajek, A. E. and M. M. Wheeler. 1994. Application of techniques for quantification of soil-borne entomophthoralean resting spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64: 71-73.
16. Liebhold, A., K. Thorpe, J. Ghent and D. B. Lyons. 1994. Gypsy moth egg mass sampling for decision-making: a user's guide. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Northeastern Area, Southern Region, NA-TP-04-94.
17. SAS Institute. 1996. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through releases 6.11. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. 1999. PROC NPAR1WAY (SAS ver. 8.00). SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
18. SAS Institute. 1996. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through releases 6.11. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. 1999. PROC NPAR1WAY (SAS ver. 8.00). SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
19. Smith, H. R. and R. A. Lautenschlager. 1981. Gypsy moth predators, Pp. 96-125. In C. C. Doane and M. L. McManus [eds.], The gypsy moth: research toward integrated pest management. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bull. 1584.
20. Webb, R. E., M. Shapiro, J. D. Podgwaite, R. C. Reardon, K. M. Tatman, L. Venables and D. M. Kolodny-Hirsch. 1989. Effect of aerial spraying with Dimilin, Dipel, or Gypchek on two natural enemies of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 1695-1701.
21. Webb, R. E., G. B. White, K. W. Thorpe and S. E. Talley. 1999. Quantitative analysis of a pathogen-induced premature collapse of a "leading edge" gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) population near Lexington, Virginia. J. Entomol. Sci. 34: 84-100.
22. Weseloh, R. M. and T. G. Andreadis. 1992a. Mechanisms of transmission of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and effects of site conditions on its prevalence. Environ. Entomol. 21: 901-906.
23. Weseloh, R. M. and T. G. Andreadis. 1992b. Epizootiology of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, and its impact on gypsy moth populations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 59: 133-141. 1997. Persistence of resting spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69: 195-196. 2002. Detecting the titer in forest soils of spores of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Can. Entomol. 134: 269-279.
24. Weseloh, R. M. and T. G. Andreadis. 1992b. Epizootiology of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, and its impact on gypsy moth populations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 59: 133-141. 1997. Persistence of resting spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69: 195-196. 2002. Detecting the titer in forest soils of spores of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Can. Entomol. 134: 269-279.
25. Weseloh, R. M. and T. G. Andreadis. 1992b. Epizootiology of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, and its impact on gypsy moth populations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 59: 133-141. 1997. Persistence of resting spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69: 195-196. 2002. Detecting the titer in forest soils of spores of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Can. Entomol. 134: 269-279.
26. Weseloh, R. M., T. G. Andreadis and D. W. Onstad. 1993. Modeling the influence of rainfall and temperature on the phenology of infection of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, larvae by the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga. Biol. Contr. 3: 311-318.