Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: Osmoregulation during early embryonic development in the marine little skate Raja erinacea; response to changes in external salinity

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 207, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 2021-2031

  Steele, S L ^a   Yancey, P H ^b   Wright, P A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b WHITMAN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Egg case; Elasmobranch; Embryo; Little skate; Osmolyte; Osmoregulation; Raja erinacea; Trimethylamine oxide; Urea excretion; Urea retention

Indexed keywords

ARGINASE; CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE (N ACETYLGLUTAMATE); CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE (N-ACETYLGLUTAMATE); GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; LIGASE; METHYLAMINE; ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE; SEA WATER; TRIMETHYLOXAMINE; UREA;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EMBRYO; ARTICLE; COLORIMETRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTRIC FISH; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; TIME;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ARGINASE; CARBON-NITROGEN LIGASES; COLORIMETRY; EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; METHYLAMINES; ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE; SEAWATER; SKATES (FISH); SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; TIME FACTORS; UREA; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

ANIMALIA; ELASMOBRANCHII; ELECTRIC FISH; ERINACEA; LEUCORAJA ERINACEA; RAJA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 3042615981     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00959     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Anderson, P. M. (1995). Urea cycle in fish: molecular and mitochondrial studies. In Fish Physiology, vol. 14. Ionoregulation: Cellular and Molecular Approaches (ed. W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall and A. P. Farrell), pp. 57-83. New York: Academic Press.
2. Bedford, J. J., Harper, J. L., Leader, J. P., Yancey, P. H. and Smith, R. A. J. (1998). Betaine is the principle counteracting osmolyte in tissues of the elephant fish Callorhincus millii (Elasmobranchii, Holocephali). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 119B, 521-526.
3. Boyd, T. A., Cha, C., Forster, R. P. and Goldstein, L. (1977). Free amino acids in tissues of the skate Raja erinacea and the stingray Dasyatis sabina: effects of environmental dilution. J. Exp. Zool. 199, 435-442.
4. Browning, J. (1978). Urea levels in plasma and erythrocytes of the southern fiddler skate, Tryogogorhina fasciata guanerius. J. Exp. Zool. 230, 325-330.
5. Cooper, A. R. and Morris, S. (1998). Osmotic, ionic and haematological response of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni and the common stingaree Trygonoptera testacea upon exposure to diluted seawater. Mar. Biol. 132, 29-42.
6. Evans, D. H. and Kormanik, G. A. (1985). Urea efflux from the Squalus acanthias pup: the effect of stress. J. Exp. Biol. 119, 375-379.
7. Forster, R. P. and Goldstein., L. (1976). Intracellular osmoregulatory role of amino acids and urea in marine elasmobranchs. Am. J. Physiol. 230, 925-931.
8. Goldstein, L. and Forster, R. P. (1971). Osmoregulation and urea metabolism in the little skate Raja erinacea. Am. J. Physiol. 220, 742-746.
9. Goldstein, L., Oppelt, W. W. and Maren, T. H. (1968). Osmotic regulation and urea metabolism in the lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris. Am. J. Physiol. 215, 1493-1497.
10. Holmes, W. M. and Donaldson, E. M. (1969). The body compartments and the distribution of electrolytes. In Fish Physiology (ed. W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall), pp. 1-89. New York: Academic Press.
11. Ivancic, L. and Deboggis, D. (1984). An optimal manual procedure for ammonia analysis in natural waters by the indophenol blue method. Water Res. 18, 1143-1147.
12. Julsrud, E. A., Walsh, P. J. and Anderson, P. M. (1998). N-acetyl-L-glutamate and the urea cycle in gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and other fish. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 350, 55-60.
13. King, P. and Goldstein, L. (1983). Organic osmolytes and cell volume regulation in fish. Mol. Physiol. 4, 53-66.
14. Kong, H., Edberg, D. D., Korte, J. J., Salo, W. L., Wright, P. A. and Anderson, P. M. (1998). Nitrogen excretion and expression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase III activity and mRNA in extrahepatic tissues of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 350, 157-168.
15. Koob, T. J. (1999). Elasmobranch reproduction. In Encyclopedia of Reproduction, vol. 1 (ed. E. Knobil and J. D. Neill), pp. 1009-1018. San Diego: Academic Press.
16. Kormanik, G. A. (1995). Maternal-fetal transfer of nitrogen in chondrichthyans. In Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion (ed. P. J. Walsh and P. A. Wright), pp. 243-258. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
17. Lechenault, H., Wrisez, F. and Mellinger, J. (1993). Yolk utilization in Scyliorhinus canicula, an oviparous dogfish. Env. Biol. Fishes 38, 241-252.
18. Leonard, J. B. K., Summers, A. P. and Koob, T. J. (1999). Metabolic rate of embryonic little skate, Raja erinaceci (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea): The cost of active pumping. J. Exp. Zool. 283, 13-18.
19. Lindley, T. E., Scheiderer, C. L., Walsh, P. J., Wood, C. M., Bergman, H. L., Bergman, A. L., Laurent, P., Wilson, P. and Anderson, P. M. (1999). Muscle as the primary site of urea cycle enzyme activity in an alkaline lake-adapted tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29858-29861.
20. Mommsen, T. P. and Walsh, P. J. (1992). Biochemical and environmental perspectives on nitrogen metabolism in fishes. Experientia 48, 583-593.
21. Payan, P., Goldstein, L. and Forster, R. P. (1973). Gills and kidneys in ureosmotic regulation in euryhaline skates. Am. J. Physiol. 224, 367-372.
22. Price, K. S., Jr. and Creaser, E. P., Jr. (1967). Fluctuations in two osmoregulatory components, urea and sodium chloride, of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria Bosc 1802 - 1. Upon laboratory modification of external salinities. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23, 65-76.
23. Rahmatullah, M. and Boyde, T. R. C. (1980). Improvements in the determination of urea using diacetyl monoxime; methods with and without deproteinisation. Clin. Chim. Acta 107, 3-9.
24. Read, L. J. (1968a). Urea and trimethylamine oxide levels in elasmobranch embryos. Biol. Bull. 135, 537-547.
25. Read, L. J. (1968b). Ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in early embryos of the dogfish Squalus suckleyi and the skate Raja binoculata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 24, 669-674.
26. Robertson, J. D. (1975). Osmotic constituents of the blood plasma and parietal muscle of Squalus acanthias L. Biol. Bull. 148, 303-319.
27. Rombough, P. J. (1988). Growth, aerobic metabolism, and dissolved oxygen requirements of embryos and alevins of steelhead, Salmo gairdneri. Can. J. Zool. 66, 651-660.
28. Smith, H. W. (1936). The retention and physiological role of urea in the elasmobranchii. Biol. Rev. 11, 49-82.
29. Spicer, J. I. and Gaston, K. J. (ed.) (1999). Physiological Diversity and Its Ecological Implications. Malden: Blackwell Science.
30. Steele, S. L., Chadwick, T. D. and Wright, P. A. (2001). Ammonia detoxification and localization of urea cycle enzyme activity in embryos of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to early tolerance to high environmental ammonia levels. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2145-2154.
31. Todgham, A. E., Anderson, P. M. and Wright, P. A. (2001). Effects of exercise on nitrogen excretion, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III activity and related urea cycle enzymes in muscle and liver tissues of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 129A, 527-539.
32. Wekell, J. C. and Barnett, H. (1991). New method for analysis of trimethylamine oxide using ferrous sulphate and EDTA. J. Food Sci. 56, 132-138.
33. Wolff, S., Yancey, P. H., Stanton, T. S. and Balaban, R. (1989). A simple HPLC method for quantitating the major organic solutes of the renal medulla. Amer. J. Physiol. 256, F954-956.
34. Wourms, J. P. (1977). Reproduction and development in chondrichthyan fishes. Amer. Zool. 17, 379-410.
35. Wright, P. A. and Wood, C. M. (1985). An analysis of branchial ammonia excretion in the freshwater rainbow trout: effects of environmental pH and sodium uptake blockade. J. Exp. Biol. 114, 329-353.
36. Yancey, P. H. (2001a). Nitrogen compounds as osmolytes. In Fish Physiology, vol 20. Nitrogen Excretion (ed. P. Wright and P. Anderson), pp. 309-341. San Diego: Academic Press.
37. Yancey, P. H. (2001b). Water stress, osmolytes and proteins. Amer. Zool. 41, 699-709.
38. Yancey, P. H. and Somero, G. N. (1979). Counteraction of urea destabilization of protein structure by methylamine osmoregulatory compounds of elasmobranch fishes. Biochem. J. 182, 317-323.
39. Yancey, P. H. and Somero, G. N. (1980). Methylamine osmoregulatory compounds in elasmobranch fishes reverse urea inhibition of enzymes. J. Exp. Zool. 212, 205-213.
40. Ying, M. and Craik, J. C. A. (1993). Biochemical changes during development of eggs and yolk-sac larvae of herring and plaice. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin./Haiyang Yu Huzhao 24, 157-165.