Plague and contagionism in eighteenth-century England: The role of Richard Mead

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

  Zuckerman, Arnold ^a,b  

^a TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Contagion; Marseilles plague of 1720; Mead; Plague; Richard

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042598787     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2004.0105     Document Type: Review

References (281)

1. Paul Slack introduction to The Plague Reconsidered:A New Look at Its Origins Effects in Sixteenth-And Seventeenth-Century England (Matlock: Local Population Studies 1977) p. 7.
2. Archibald W. Sloan, English Medicine in the Seventeenth Century (Durham: Durham Academic Press, 1996), p. 153.
3. Robert Steele, ed., Handlist of Proclamations Issued by Royal and Other Constitutional Authorities: 1714-1910, George I to Edward VII, 4 vols. (NewYork: Franklin, 1967), 4: 17-18.
4. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 327.
5. Biographia Britannica, vol. 5 (London: Meadows, 1760), p. 3082.
6. Emerson Crosby Kelly, Encyclopedia of Medical Sources (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1948), p. 282.
7. Mead's father, Matthew, was a Nonconformist minister. Mead went to Leiden for his medical studies, since as a Nonconformist student he did not have the option of obtaining a medical degree from Oxford or Cambridge. He received his M.D. from the University of Padua in 1695; it was confirmed by diploma by Oxford in 1707.
8. "An Abstract of Dr Mead's Mechanical Account of Poysons sent to the publisher, by Sam. Morland," Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1702-3, 23:1320-28.
9. With Mead's resignation from St. Thomas's, he became a governor of the hospital: "the first instance of a retired member of the staff receiving that honour" (Frederick Gymer Parsons, The History of St. Thomas's Hospital, 3 vols. [London: Methuen, 1932-36], 2: 160). I wish to thank Dr. Moira Rudolf, art historian, St. Thomas's Hospital, for providing me with materials on Mead at St. Thomas's.
10. William Coleman, "Mechanical Philosophy and Hypothetical Physiology," in The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton 1666-1966, ed. Robert Palter (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 322-32, at p. 331 n. 27.
11. Mead was elected president in 1744 but did not accept the office: Sir George Clark, A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964-72), 2: 536.
12. Dr. John Bliss, comp., The Remains of Thomas Hearne Reliquiae Hearnianae Being Extracts from His M S Diaries, new rev. by John Buchanan-Brown (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967), p. 192. Mead attended Queen Anne in her final illness. He predicted her early demise and advised that the physicians of the Elector of Hanover be notified of this: "It has always been considered that the prompt boldness of this political physician occasioned the peaceable proclamation of George I," and this may have contributed to his being appointed physician to George II in 1727 (Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest, 16 vols. [Philadelphia: Barrie, 1903], 16: 219-20).
13. John Bliss, comp., The Remains of Thomas Hearne Reliquiae Hearnianae Being Extracts from His M S Diaries, new rev. by John Buchanan-Brown (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967), p. 192. Mead attended Queen Anne in her final illness. He predicted her early demise and advised that the physicians of the Elector of Hanover be notified of this: "It has always been considered that the prompt boldness of this political physician occasioned the peaceable proclamation of George I," and this may have contributed to his being appointed physician to George II in 1727 (Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest, 16 vols. [Philadelphia: Barrie, 1903], 16: 219-20).
14. Marina Benjamin, "Medicine, Morality and the Politics of Berkeley's Tar-Water," in The Medical Enlightenment of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Andrew Cunningham and Roger French (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 165-93, on p. 173.
15. Margaret DeLacy, "Influenza Research and the Medical Profession in Eighteenth-Century Britain," Albion, 1993, 25:37-66, on p. 50.
16. Wesley W. Spink, Infectious Diseases: Prevention and Treatment in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1978), p. 6.
17. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 421 n. 34.
18. Thomas F. Sheppard, Lourmarin in the Eighteenth Century: A Study of a French Village (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), p. 117.
19. Andrew Wear, Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550-1680 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 320.
20. Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination, trans. Miriam L. Kochan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 103. Corbin is quoting Jean-Noël Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, 3 vols. (Paris: Mouton, 1975), 1: 235.
21. Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination, trans. Miriam L. Kochan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 103. Corbin is quoting Jean-Noël Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, 3 vols. (Paris: Mouton, 1975), 1: 235.
22. Jean-Baptiste Bertrand, a Marseilles physician, theorized that invisible living entities ("insects") caused the plague: J.-B. Bertrand, introduction to A Historical Relation of the Plague at Marseilles in the Year 1720, trans. Anne Plumptre (Westmead, England: Gregg International, 1973).
23. The story was circulating in Marseilles in 1720 that the idea that the plague is contagious had its origins in the sixteenth century, when Pope Paul III used a "plague scare" as a way to have the Council of Trent moved to Bologna. See Charles F. Mullett, "Politics, Economics and Medicine: Charles Maclean and Anticontagion in England," Osiris, 1952, 10:224-51, at p. 229 n. 5. The publications of Professor Mullett have been very helpful in preparing this paper.
24. Historical Mss. Commission, 15th Report, appendix, part 6, Carlisle Mss (London, 1897), p. 36.
25. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 333; Clark, History (n. 11), 2: 524.
26. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 333; Clark, History (n. 11), 2: 524.
27. Laurence Brockliss and Colin Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 354.
28. Richard Mead, "A Discourse on the Plague," in The Medical Works of Richard Mead, M.D. (Edinburgh, 1775; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1978), pp. 157-221, on pp. 175-76. This is the 1744 edition of the plague tract.
29. DeLacy, "Influenza Research" (n. 14), p. 50.
30. Vivian Nutton, "The Reception of Fracastoro's Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell among Thorns?" Osiris, 2d ser., 1990, 6:196-234, quotation on p. 229.
31. Dorothea W. Singer, "Some Plague Tractates (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)," Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Sect. Hist. Med.), 1916, 9:159-212, on p. 160.
32. Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, The Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980), pp. 98-100.
33. Margaret DeLacy, "Nosology, Mortality, and Disease Theory in the Eighteenth Century," J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci., 1999, 54:261-84, quotation on p. 268.
34. Vivian Nutton, "The Seeds of Disease: An Explanation of Contagion and Infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance," Med. Hist., 1983, 27:1-34, on pp. 28-29; Margaret Felling, "Contagion/Germ Theory/Specificity," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 2 vols., ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1993), 1:309-34, on p. 319.
35. Vivian Nutton, "The Seeds of Disease: An Explanation of Contagion and Infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance," Med. Hist., 1983, 27:1-34, on pp. 28-29; Margaret Felling, "Contagion/Germ Theory/Specificity," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 2 vols., ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1993), 1:309-34, on p. 319.
36. Hieronymi Fracastorii, De contagione et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione, libri III, trans. and notes by Wilmer Cave Wright, History of Medicine Series, no. 2 (New York: Putnam, 1930), p. 7.
37. Richard Mead, A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Methods to be used to Prevent it, 3rd ed. (London: Buckley and Smith, 1720), p. 2.
38. DeLacy, "Nosology" (n. 30), p. 268.
39. Robert P. Hudson, Disease and Its Control: The Shaping of Modern Thought (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983), p. 144.
40. John Swan, M.D., The Entire Works of Dr Thomas Sydenham, newly made English from the originals: wherein the History of Acute and Chronic Diseases, and the safest and most effectual methods of treating them, are faithfully, clearly, and accurately delivered, 3rd ed. (London: Cave, 1753), p. 75.
41. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 193.
42. C.-E. A. Winslow, "A Physician of Two Centuries Ago: Richard Mead and His Contributions to Epidemiology," Bull. Inst. Hist. Med., 1935, 3:509-44, on p. 537.
43. Lise Wilkinson, Animals and Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 47.
44. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), p. 16.
45. Richard Bradley, Precautions Against Infection; Containing many observations necessary to be consider'd, at this time, on account of the dreadful plague in France (London: Corbett, ?1722), p. 2.
46. Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, ed. Louis Landa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 270-71; Catherine Wilson, The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 168.
47. Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, ed. Louis Landa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 270-71; Catherine Wilson, The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 168.
48. "S. M.," A Treatise of the Plague. By a Physician in York (London: Osborn, 1721), pp. 9-10.
49. Richard Mead, "Medical Precepts and Cautions," in Medical Works (n. 25), p. 416.
50. Charles F. Mullett, "The English Plague Scare of 1720-23," Osiris, 1936, 11:224-51, on p. 485; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 329.
51. Charles F. Mullett, "The English Plague Scare of 1720-23," Osiris, 1936, 11:224-51, on p. 485; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 329.
52. Charles F. Mullett, The Bubonic Plague and England: An Essay in the History of Preventive Medicine (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 334.
53. John B. Blake, comp., A Short Title Catalogue of Eighteenth-Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 1979), p. 37; Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee, eds., Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917-), 2: 78. See also Samuel Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1897-98), 1: 152.
54. John B. Blake, comp., A Short Title Catalogue of Eighteenth-Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 1979), p. 37; Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee, eds., Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917-), 2: 78. See also Samuel Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1897-98), 1: 152.
55. John B. Blake, comp., A Short Title Catalogue of Eighteenth-Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 1979), p. 37; Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee, eds., Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917-), 2: 78. See also Samuel Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1897-98), 1: 152.
56. Nathaniel Hodges, Loimologia: or, an Historical Account of the Plague in London in 1665: With precautionary Directions against the like Contagion. To which is added, An Essay on the different Causes of Pestilential Diseases, and how they become Contagious by John Quincy (London: Bell and Osborn, 1720).
57. Mullett, "English Plague Scare" (n. 45), p. 504.
58. Wear, Knowledge and Practice (n. 18), pp. 309-11.
59. Preface to A Collection of very Valuable and Scarce Pieces relating to the last Plague in the Year 1665 (London: Roberts, 1721), n.p.
60. Mullett, "English Plague Scare" (n. 45), p. 506.
61. Isbrand de Diemerbroeck, A Treatise concerning the Pestilence: Describing its Particular causes, various Symptoms, and Method of Cure, trans. Thomas Stanton (London: Downing and Warner, 1722), p. 3.
62. Ole Peter Grell, "Plague, Prayer and Physic: Helmontian Medicine in Restoration England," in Religio Medici: Medicine and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 204-27, on pp. 210-11.
63. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 177.
64. Theodore M. Brown, "From Mechanism to Vitalism in Eighteenth-Century English Physiology," J. Hist. Biol., 1974, 7: 179-216, on p. 194. Iatromechanism is sometimes referred to as iatrophysics or iatromathematics. See idem, "The College of Physicians and the Acceptance of Iatromechanism in England, 1665-1695," Bull. Hist. Med., 1970, 44:12-30, on p. 12.
65. Theodore M. Brown, "From Mechanism to Vitalism in Eighteenth-Century English Physiology," J. Hist. Biol., 1974, 7: 179-216, on p. 194. Iatromechanism is sometimes referred to as iatrophysics or iatromathematics. See idem, "The College of Physicians and the Acceptance of Iatromechanism in England, 1665-1695," Bull. Hist. Med., 1970, 44:12-30, on p. 12.
66. Brown, "College of Physicians" (n. 56), pp. 20-22.; idem, "From Mechanism to Vitalism" (n. 56), p. 216.
67. Brown, "College of Physicians" (n. 56), pp. 20-22.; idem, "From Mechanism to Vitalism" (n. 56), p. 216.
68. G. S. Rousseau, "'Sowing the Wind, and Reaping the Whirlwind': Aspects of Change in Eighteenth-Century Medicine," in Studies in Change and Revolution: Aspects of English Intellectual History, 1640-1800, ed. Paul J. Korshin (Menston: Scolar Press, 1972), pp. 129-59, on p. 137.
69. Pitcairne taught at Leiden in 1692-93. See G. A. Lindeboom, Boerhaave and Great Britain: Three Lectures on Boerhaave with Particular Reference to His Relations with Great Britain (Leiden: Brill, 1974), p. 11; Richard H. Meade, In the Sunshine of Life: A Biography of Dr. Richard Mead, 1673-1754 (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974), pp. 32-35.
70. Pitcairne taught at Leiden in 1692-93. See G. A. Lindeboom, Boerhaave and Great Britain: Three Lectures on Boerhaave with Particular Reference to His Relations with Great Britain (Leiden: Brill, 1974), p. 11; Richard H. Meade, In the Sunshine of Life: A Biography of Dr. Richard Mead, 1673-1754 (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974), pp. 32-35.
71. Richard Mead, preface to "A Mechanical Account of Poisons, in Several Essays," 1st ed., in Medical Works (n. 25), p. 7. In his later years, Mead had an opportunity to perform a service for his professor: Pitcairne's son was sent to the Tower and he faced the death penalty for his part in the "Fifteen," a Jacobite uprising to restore the Stuarts. Mead brought about his release through the intercession of Robert Walpole.
72. Brown, "Mechanism to Vitalism" (n. 56), pp. 195-99. Mead had been "deeply immersed" in Robert Boyle's corpuscular philosophy (Theodore Brown, The Mechanical Philosophy and the "Animal Oeconomy" [NewYork: Arno Press, 1981], p. 255).
73. Brown, "Mechanism to Vitalism" (n. 56), pp. 195-99. Mead had been "deeply immersed" in Robert Boyle's corpuscular philosophy (Theodore Brown, The Mechanical Philosophy and the "Animal Oeconomy" [NewYork: Arno Press, 1981], p. 255).
74. Brown, "Mechanism to Vitalism" (n. 56), pp. 200-204.
75. Brown, Mechanical Philosophy (n. 61), p. 303.
76. Mead, "Medical Precepts and Cautions" (n. 44), p. 345.
77. Richard Mead, "A Discourse on the Small-Pox and Measles," in Medical Works (n. 25), p. 231.
78. Richard Mead, A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Methods to be used to Prevent it, 8th ed. (London: Buckley, 1722), pp. 137-38.
79. Ibid., p. ii.
80. Paul Slack, "Metropolitan Government in Crisis: The Response to Plague," in London 1500-1700: The Making of a Metropolis, ed. A. L. Beier and Roger Finlay (London: Longman, 1986), pp. 60-81, on p. 71; idem, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 219, 327; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 97.
81. Paul Slack, "Metropolitan Government in Crisis: The Response to Plague," in London 1500-1700: The Making of a Metropolis, ed. A. L. Beier and Roger Finlay (London: Longman, 1986), pp. 60-81, on p. 71; idem, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 219, 327; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 97.
82. Paul Slack, "Metropolitan Government in Crisis: The Response to Plague," in London 1500-1700: The Making of a Metropolis, ed. A. L. Beier and Roger Finlay (London: Longman, 1986), pp. 60-81, on p. 71; idem, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 219, 327; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 97.
83. William Macmichael, "A Brief Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Subject of Contagion; with Some Remarks on Quarantine," Pamphleteer, 1825, 25:519-31, at pp. 527-28.
84. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), pp. 216-17.
85. William Macmichael, in The Gold-Headed Cane, tells the story of how Dr. John Radcliffe observes Mead in his library reading Hippocrates and says, "Whatl My young friend, do you read Hippocrates in the original language? Well, take my word for it, when I am dead you will occupy the throne of physic in this great town" (William MacMichael, The Gold-Headed Cane [Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1953], p. 23).
86. William Macmichael, in The Gold-Headed Cane, tells the story of how Dr. John Radcliffe observes Mead in his library reading Hippocrates and says, "Whatl My young friend, do you read Hippocrates in the original language? Well, take my word for it, when I am dead you will occupy the throne of physic in this great town" (William MacMichael, The Gold-Headed Cane [Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1953], p. 23).
87. Joan Campbell, "The Library of Dr. Richard Mead, 1673-1754, with Emphasis on the Titles Related to Medicine" (thesis, University of Chicago Graduate Library School, 1962), pp. 3, 23.
88. Coleman, "Mechanical Philosophy" (n. 10), p. 325.
89. DeLacy, "Influenza Research" (n. 14), p. 50. In the early years of the eighteenth century, there were medical writers who did not distinguish between a corruption of the atmosphere by matter harmful to health, and contagion: the air or the exhalations of an infected person could be the source of a disease. See Margaret DeLacy, "The Conceptualization of Influenza in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Specificity and Contagion," Bull. Hist. Med., 1993, 67:74-118, at p. 82.
90. DeLacy, "Influenza Research" (n. 14), p. 50. In the early years of the eighteenth century, there were medical writers who did not distinguish between a corruption of the atmosphere by matter harmful to health, and contagion: the air or the exhalations of an infected person could be the source of a disease. See Margaret DeLacy, "The Conceptualization of Influenza in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Specificity and Contagion," Bull. Hist. Med., 1993, 67:74-118, at p. 82.
91. Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chron., 1754, 24:510-15, quotation on p. 513. The article, written the year of Mead's death, concludes with an acknowledgment "to the learned Dr Mattley, author of the Journal Britannique, from whose French it is translated"; this is a reference to Matthew Maty's life of Mead in the Journal Britannique, 1754, 14: 215-48 ("Éloge du Docteur Richard Mead"), for which Maty used materials provided by Mead's friend Thomas Birch, secretary of the Royal Society, 1752-65. See John Lawrence Abbott, "Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,'" John Rylands Lib. Bull., 1971, 54:12-27; A. E. Gunther, "Matthew Maty MD, FRS (1718-76) and Science at the Foundation of the British Museum, 1753-80," Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1987, 15:1-58, at p. 14. "Mattley" may have been a misprint; see Valerie Anne Ferguson, "A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Mead, M.D., F.R.S. (1673-1754)" (submitted as a partial requirement for the University of London diploma in Librarianship, 1959), p. 42.
92. Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chron., 1754, 24:510-15, quotation on p. 513. The article, written the year of Mead's death, concludes with an acknowledgment "to the learned Dr Mattley, author of the Journal Britannique, from whose French it is translated"; this is a reference to Matthew Maty's life of Mead in the Journal Britannique, 1754, 14: 215-48 ("Éloge du Docteur Richard Mead"), for which Maty used materials provided by Mead's friend Thomas Birch, secretary of the Royal Society, 1752-65. See John Lawrence Abbott, "Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,'" John Rylands Lib. Bull., 1971, 54:12-27; A. E. Gunther, "Matthew Maty MD, FRS (1718-76) and Science at the Foundation of the British Museum, 1753-80," Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1987, 15:1-58, at p. 14. "Mattley" may have been a misprint; see Valerie Anne Ferguson, "A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Mead, M.D., F.R.S. (1673-1754)" (submitted as a partial requirement for the University of London diploma in Librarianship, 1959), p. 42.
93. Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chron., 1754, 24:510-15, quotation on p. 513. The article, written the year of Mead's death, concludes with an acknowledgment "to the learned Dr Mattley, author of the Journal Britannique, from whose French it is translated"; this is a reference to Matthew Maty's life of Mead in the Journal Britannique, 1754, 14: 215-48 ("Éloge du Docteur Richard Mead"), for which Maty used materials provided by Mead's friend Thomas Birch, secretary of the Royal Society, 1752-65. See John Lawrence Abbott, "Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,'" John Rylands Lib. Bull., 1971, 54:12-27; A. E. Gunther, "Matthew Maty MD, FRS (1718-76) and Science at the Foundation of the British Museum, 1753-80," Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1987, 15:1-58, at p. 14. "Mattley" may have been a misprint; see Valerie Anne Ferguson, "A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Mead, M.D., F.R.S. (1673-1754)" (submitted as a partial requirement for the University of London diploma in Librarianship, 1959), p. 42.
94. Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chron., 1754, 24:510-15, quotation on p. 513. The article, written the year of Mead's death, concludes with an acknowledgment "to the learned Dr Mattley, author of the Journal Britannique, from whose French it is translated"; this is a reference to Matthew Maty's life of Mead in the Journal Britannique, 1754, 14: 215-48 ("Éloge du Docteur Richard Mead"), for which Maty used materials provided by Mead's friend Thomas Birch, secretary of the Royal Society, 1752-65. See John Lawrence Abbott, "Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,'" John Rylands Lib. Bull., 1971, 54:12-27; A. E. Gunther, "Matthew Maty MD, FRS (1718-76) and Science at the Foundation of the British Museum, 1753-80," Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1987, 15:1-58, at p. 14. "Mattley" may have been a misprint; see Valerie Anne Ferguson, "A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Mead, M.D., F.R.S. (1673-1754)" (submitted as a partial requirement for the University of London diploma in Librarianship, 1959), p. 42.
95. Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chron., 1754, 24:510-15, quotation on p. 513. The article, written the year of Mead's death, concludes with an acknowledgment "to the learned Dr Mattley, author of the Journal Britannique, from whose French it is translated"; this is a reference to Matthew Maty's life of Mead in the Journal Britannique, 1754, 14: 215-48 ("Éloge du Docteur Richard Mead"), for which Maty used materials provided by Mead's friend Thomas Birch, secretary of the Royal Society, 1752-65. See John Lawrence Abbott, "Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,'" John Rylands Lib. Bull., 1971, 54:12-27; A. E. Gunther, "Matthew Maty MD, FRS (1718-76) and Science at the Foundation of the British Museum, 1753-80," Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1987, 15:1-58, at p. 14. "Mattley" may have been a misprint; see Valerie Anne Ferguson, "A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Mead, M.D., F.R.S. (1673-1754)" (submitted as a partial requirement for the University of London diploma in Librarianship, 1959), p. 42.
96. Richard H. Shryock, The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), p. 83 n. 14.
97. There is also a septicemic type of bubonic plague in which the bacilli enter the bloodstream and death can ensue without the usual symptoms (such as buboes) of the disease. Some medical historians have considered the possibility that plague epidemics of the past may have involved a combination of diseases, including typhus and smallpox. See Mary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 40-43.
98. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), quotation on p. 340; see also p. 9.
99. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 11, 17, quotation on p. 11. It was long accepted that the plague "poison," whether viewed as an occult but penetrating quality or as particles or corpuscles, caused putrefaction in a body: Wear, Knowledge and Practice (n. 18), p. 303.
100. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 11, 17, quotation on p. 11. It was long accepted that the plague "poison," whether viewed as an occult but penetrating quality or as particles or corpuscles, caused putrefaction in a body: Wear, Knowledge and Practice (n. 18), p. 303.
101. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 12-13.
102. Sir Richard Manningham, A Discourse concerning the Plague and Pestilential Fevers (London: Robinson, 1758), p. 14. For Richard Boulton, a physician, the air impregnated with emanations from within the earth harmful to health and a predisposition of the humors were the primary cause of the disease; its conveyance by persons and goods from infected places was a secondary cause (Richard Boulton, An Essay on the Plague Containing a Discourse of the Reasons of It, and What May Be Proper to Prevent It (Dublin: Harding, 1721), pp. 6-8. Philip Rose, M.D., was among a number of writers who attributed the plague to both local and foreign causes (Philip Rose, A Theorico-Practical, Miscellaneous, and Succinct Treatise of the Plague (London: Jauncy, 1721), pp. 9, 12, 13, 18, 19). Only Rose, observes Paul Slack, "was as lucid on the subject as Mead" (Slack, Impact of Plague [n. 4], quotation on p. 423 n. 62).
103. Sir Richard Manningham, A Discourse concerning the Plague and Pestilential Fevers (London: Robinson, 1758), p. 14. For Richard Boulton, a physician, the air impregnated with emanations from within the earth harmful to health and a predisposition of the humors were the primary cause of the disease; its conveyance by persons and goods from infected places was a secondary cause (Richard Boulton, An Essay on the Plague Containing a Discourse of the Reasons of It, and What May Be Proper to Prevent It (Dublin: Harding, 1721), pp. 6-8. Philip Rose, M.D., was among a number of writers who attributed the plague to both local and foreign causes (Philip Rose, A Theorico-Practical, Miscellaneous, and Succinct Treatise of the Plague (London: Jauncy, 1721), pp. 9, 12, 13, 18, 19). Only Rose, observes Paul Slack, "was as lucid on the subject as Mead" (Slack, Impact of Plague [n. 4], quotation on p. 423 n. 62).
104. Sir Richard Manningham, A Discourse concerning the Plague and Pestilential Fevers (London: Robinson, 1758), p. 14. For Richard Boulton, a physician, the air impregnated with emanations from within the earth harmful to health and a predisposition of the humors were the primary cause of the disease; its conveyance by persons and goods from infected places was a secondary cause (Richard Boulton, An Essay on the Plague Containing a Discourse of the Reasons of It, and What May Be Proper to Prevent It (Dublin: Harding, 1721), pp. 6-8. Philip Rose, M.D., was among a number of writers who attributed the plague to both local and foreign causes (Philip Rose, A Theorico-Practical, Miscellaneous, and Succinct Treatise of the Plague (London: Jauncy, 1721), pp. 9, 12, 13, 18, 19). Only Rose, observes Paul Slack, "was as lucid on the subject as Mead" (Slack, Impact of Plague [n. 4], quotation on p. 423 n. 62).
105. Sir Richard Manningham, A Discourse concerning the Plague and Pestilential Fevers (London: Robinson, 1758), p. 14. For Richard Boulton, a physician, the air impregnated with emanations from within the earth harmful to health and a predisposition of the humors were the primary cause of the disease; its conveyance by persons and goods from infected places was a secondary cause (Richard Boulton, An Essay on the Plague Containing a Discourse of the Reasons of It, and What May Be Proper to Prevent It (Dublin: Harding, 1721), pp. 6-8. Philip Rose, M.D., was among a number of writers who attributed the plague to both local and foreign causes (Philip Rose, A Theorico-Practical, Miscellaneous, and Succinct Treatise of the Plague (London: Jauncy, 1721), pp. 9, 12, 13, 18, 19). Only Rose, observes Paul Slack, "was as lucid on the subject as Mead" (Slack, Impact of Plague [n. 4], quotation on p. 423 n. 62).
106. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 35.
107. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 32-35, quotation on p. 35.
108. Defoe, Journal (n. 42), p. 267; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 250-51; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 32-35.
109. Defoe, Journal (n. 42), p. 267; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 250-51; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 32-35.
110. Defoe, Journal (n. 42), p. 267; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 250-51; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 32-35.
111. James H. Cassedy, "Medicine and the Rise of Statistics," in Medicine in Seventeenth-Century England: A Symposium Held at UCLA in Honor of C. D. O'Malley, ed. Allen G. Debus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), pp. 283-312, on p. 310.
112. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), p. 38.
113. Patrick Russell, A Treatise of the Plague: containing an Historical Journal, and Medical Account, of the Plague, at Aleppo, in the Years 1760, 1761, and 1762 (London: Robinson, 1791), p. 486.
114. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 98.
115. Wear, Knowledge and Practice (n. 18), p. 281.
116. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 53-54.
117. Ibid., p. 48.
118. Wear, Knowledge and Practice (n. 18), p. 280.
119. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), p. 48.
120. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 328.
121. Arnold Zuckerman, "Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754), a Biographical Study" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 1965), pp. 98-99; Adrian Wilson, "The Politics of Medical Improvement in Early Hanoverian London," in Cunningham and French, Medical Enlightenment (n. 13), pp. 4-39, on pp. 26-27.
122. Arnold Zuckerman, "Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754), a Biographical Study" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 1965), pp. 98-99; Adrian Wilson, "The Politics of Medical Improvement in Early Hanoverian London," in Cunningham and French, Medical Enlightenment (n. 13), pp. 4-39, on pp. 26-27.
123. Mead, "Discourse on the Small-Pox and Measles" (n. 66), p. 257; Isobel Grundy, Lady Mary Worthy Montagu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 213.
124. Mead, "Discourse on the Small-Pox and Measles" (n. 66), p. 257; Isobel Grundy, Lady Mary Worthy Montagu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 213.
125. Lindemann, Medicine and Society (n. 77), p. 53.
126. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 330.
127. William Boghurst, Loimographia: An Account of the Great Plague of London in the Year 1665, ed. Joseph Frank Payne (London: Shaw, 1894; first printed from the British Museum, Sloane MS. 349, for the Epidemiological Society of London), p. xiv. See also Wilson, Invisible World (n. 42), p. 152.
128. William Boghurst, Loimographia: An Account of the Great Plague of London in the Year 1665, ed. Joseph Frank Payne (London: Shaw, 1894; first printed from the British Museum, Sloane MS. 349, for the Epidemiological Society of London), p. xiv. See also Wilson, Invisible World (n. 42), p. 152.
129. Considerations on the Nature, Causes, Cure, and Prevention of Pestilences; being a Collection of Papers, Published on that Subject by "The Free-Thinker" (London: Wilkins, 1721), pp. 106-8.
130. George Pye, A Discourse of the Plague; Wherein Dr. Mead's Notions are Consider'd and Refuted (London: Darby, 1721), p. 51. See also ibid., pp. 3, 18, 19, 23, 26, 38, 43, 51; Doctor Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd. Or, His Account of Pestilential Contagion, and Preventing, Exploded, 2nd ed. (London: Peele, 1722), pp. 24, 25, 27, 34.
131. George Pye, A Discourse of the Plague; Wherein Dr. Mead's Notions are Consider'd and Refuted (London: Darby, 1721), p. 51. See also ibid., pp. 3, 18, 19, 23, 26, 38, 43, 51; Doctor Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd. Or, His Account of Pestilential Contagion, and Preventing, Exploded, 2nd ed. (London: Peele, 1722), pp. 24, 25, 27, 34.
132. George Pye, A Discourse of the Plague; Wherein Dr. Mead's Notions are Consider'd and Refuted (London: Darby, 1721), p. 51. See also ibid., pp. 3, 18, 19, 23, 26, 38, 43, 51; Doctor Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd. Or, His Account of Pestilential Contagion, and Preventing, Exploded, 2nd ed. (London: Peele, 1722), pp. 24, 25, 27, 34.
133. Distinct Notions of the Plague, with the Rise and Fall of Pestilential Contagion. By the Explainer (London: Peele, 1722), preface, n.p.
134. Ibid., p. 121; see also pp. 122-25. The "explainer" is the author of Doctor Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd (n. 101).
135. Ibid., p. 121; see also pp. 122-25. The "explainer" is the author of Doctor Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd (n. 101).
136. Distinct Notions of the Plague (n. 102), p. 122.
137. Some Remarks on Three Treatises of the Plague: viz. I. Dr. Mead's Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion. II. Dr. Mead's Short Discourse Explain'd, EC. III. Dr. Pye's Discourse of the Plague, & c. (London: Roberts, 1721), p. 5.
138. Ibid., p. 81. Apart from the immediate controversy, there were other writers who took issue with Mead. One, Joseph Browne, expresses disappointment upon reading Mead's "late piece" (Joseph Browne, A Practical Treatise of the Plague, and all Pestilential Infections that have happen'd in this Island for the last Century. With a Prefatory Epistle address'd to Dr. Mead, on Account of his short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion [London: Wilcox, 1720], p. 5). For Browne the air was the source of the plague (the "first cause in propagating contagion" [p. 6]). To Mead's causes for the propagation of contagion, he would add diet and diseases causing other diseases; he questioned the need to require the quarantine and airing of imported goods, which, he felt, hurt trade (pp. 6, 24-25). Browne is described in Rogal as an "accused charlatan" who "claimed" the title of doctor, though he never received the M.D. degree (Samuel J. Rogal, comp., Medicine in Great Britain from the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century, 1660-1800; An Annotated Bibliography [New York: Green-wood Press, 1992], pp. 40 n. 394, 91-92 n. 842).
139. Ibid., p. 81. Apart from the immediate controversy, there were other writers who took issue with Mead. One, Joseph Browne, expresses disappointment upon reading Mead's "late piece" (Joseph Browne, A Practical Treatise of the Plague, and all Pestilential Infections that have happen'd in this Island for the last Century. With a Prefatory Epistle address'd to Dr. Mead, on Account of his short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion [London: Wilcox, 1720], p. 5). For Browne the air was the source of the plague (the "first cause in propagating contagion" [p. 6]). To Mead's causes for the propagation of contagion, he would add diet and diseases causing other diseases; he questioned the need to require the quarantine and airing of imported goods, which, he felt, hurt trade (pp. 6, 24-25). Browne is described in Rogal as an "accused charlatan" who "claimed" the title of doctor, though he never received the M.D. degree (Samuel J. Rogal, comp., Medicine in Great Britain from the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century, 1660-1800; An Annotated Bibliography [New York: Green-wood Press, 1992], pp. 40 n. 394, 91-92 n. 842).
140. Ibid., p. 81. Apart from the immediate controversy, there were other writers who took issue with Mead. One, Joseph Browne, expresses disappointment upon reading Mead's "late piece" (Joseph Browne, A Practical Treatise of the Plague, and all Pestilential Infections that have happen'd in this Island for the last Century. With a Prefatory Epistle address'd to Dr. Mead, on Account of his short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion [London: Wilcox, 1720], p. 5). For Browne the air was the source of the plague (the "first cause in propagating contagion" [p. 6]). To Mead's causes for the propagation of contagion, he would add diet and diseases causing other diseases; he questioned the need to require the quarantine and airing of imported goods, which, he felt, hurt trade (pp. 6, 24-25). Browne is described in Rogal as an "accused charlatan" who "claimed" the title of doctor, though he never received the M.D. degree (Samuel J. Rogal, comp., Medicine in Great Britain from the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century, 1660-1800; An Annotated Bibliography [New York: Green-wood Press, 1992], pp. 40 n. 394, 91-92 n. 842).
141. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 159.
142. Danby Pickering, The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the end of the eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, anno 1761, continued to 1806, vol. 14, The Statutes at Large, from the Fifth to the Ninth Year of King George I (Cambridge: Bentham, 1762-1807), p. 301.
143. Ibid., pp. 301-2.
144. Wilson, "Politics of Medical Improvement" (n. 95), p. 32.
145. Alfred J. Henderson, London and the National Government, 1721-1742: A Study of City Politics and the Walpole Administration (Durham, N.C.: Duke Universiy Press, 1945), p. 45; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 327.
146. Alfred J. Henderson, London and the National Government, 1721-1742: A Study of City Politics and the Walpole Administration (Durham, N.C.: Duke Universiy Press, 1945), p. 45; Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), p. 327.
147. Applebee's Orig. Weekly J., 16 September 1721, p. 2061.
148. Ibid., 4 November 1721, p. 2203.
149. Henderson, London and the National Government (n. 111), pp. 43-44 n. 90.
150. Slack, Impact of Plague (n. 4), pp. 331-32.
151. Henderson, London and the National Government (n. 111), p. 35.
152. Pickering, Statutes at Large (n. 108), pp. 381-83.
153. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 170.
154. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 88.
155. Pickering, Statutes at Large (n. 108), pp. 380-81, 408-21.
156. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 170.
157. Biographia Britannica (n. 5), p. 30821.
158. Ibid., p. 3082.
159. This edition consists of 150 pages with a preface of 36 pages and a dedication; the earlier edition cited (n. 33) consists of 59 pages and a dedication.
160. Roger French, "The Anatomical Tradition," in Bynum and Porter, Companion Encyclopedia (n. 31), 1: 81-101, quotation on p. 94.
161. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 13-14.
162. Ibid., pp. 15-16.
163. Ibid., pp. ii-iii.
164. "An Account of some Experiments made with the Bile of Persons dead of the Plague at Marseilles...," Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1722-23, 32:20-32.
165. Raymond Williamson, "The Plague of Marseilles and the Experiments of Professor Anton Deidier on Its Transmission," Med. Hist., 1958, 2:237-52, on p. 237.
166. John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1960), p. 173.
167. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. vi-ix, quotation on p. ix.
168. Ibid., pp. xxx-xxxi.
169. Ibid., p. xiv.
170. I b i d.
171. Ibid., p. xxix.
172. Dorothy Porter, "Public Health," in Bynum and Porter, Companion Encyclopedia (n. 31), 2: 1231-61, on p. 1233.
173. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 23, 29.
174. Ibid., pp. 31-33, quotation on p. 32-33.
175. Ibid., p. 36.
176. Ibid., p. 38.
177. Ibid., pp. 38-39.
178. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), p. 2.
179. Russell, Treatise of the Plague (n. 87), pp. 202-3; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 41.
180. Russell, Treatise of the Plague (n. 87), pp. 202-3; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), p. 41.
181. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 96-97. See C. Fraser Brockington, A Short History of Public Health (London: Churchill, 1956), p. 4; Winslow, "Physician of Two Centuries Ago" (n. 38), pp. 541-43.
182. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 96-97. See C. Fraser Brockington, A Short History of Public Health (London: Churchill, 1956), p. 4; Winslow, "Physician of Two Centuries Ago" (n. 38), pp. 541-43.
183. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 96-97. See C. Fraser Brockington, A Short History of Public Health (London: Churchill, 1956), p. 4; Winslow, "Physician of Two Centuries Ago" (n. 38), pp. 541-43.
184. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 97-99; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 38-39.
185. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 97-99; Mead, Short Discourse (n. 33), pp. 38-39.
186. Slack, "Metropolitan Government" (n. 68), p. 71.
187. C. Fraser Brockington, A Short History of Public Health, 2nd ed. (London: Churchill, 1966), p. 26.
188. Mead, Short Discourse (n. 66), pp. 99-100.
189. Ibid., p. 108.
190. Ibid., pp. xx-xxv, quotation on p. xx.
191. Ibid., p. xxiv.
192. Gent. Mag., 1743, 13:391.
193. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25).
194. Theophilus Lobb, Letters relating to the Plague, and other Contagious Diseases (London: Buckland, 1745), p. 128.
195. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 159.
196. Ibid., p. 161.
197. Ibid., p. 162.
198. Ibid., p. 163.
199. Ibid., p. 170.
200. Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), p. 3. See also Robert E. Schofield, Mechanism and Materialism: British Natural Philosophy in an Age of Reason (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970), p. 51.
201. Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), p. 3. See also Robert E. Schofield, Mechanism and Materialism: British Natural Philosophy in an Age of Reason (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970), p. 51.
202. Mead, "Medical Precepts and Cautions" (n. 44), p. 342.
203. Roderick W. Home, "Electricity and the Nervous Fluid," J. Hist. Biol., 1970, 3:235-51, on p. 242 n. 23; Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), pp. 3-4.
204. Roderick W. Home, "Electricity and the Nervous Fluid," J. Hist. Biol., 1970, 3:235-51, on p. 242 n. 23; Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), pp. 3-4.
205. Home, "Electricity" (n. 163), p. 236 n. 1.
206. Anita Guerrini, "Ether Madness: Newtonianism, Religion, and Insanity in Eighteenth-Century England," in Action and Reaction: Proceedings of a Symposium to Commemorate the Tercentenary of Newton's Principia, ed. Paul Theerman and Adele F. Seeff (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1993), p. 238.
207. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 187.
208. Ibid. See Stanley W. Jackson, "Melancholia and Mechanical Explanation in Eighteenth-Century Medicine," J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci., 1983, 38:298-319, on pp. 308-9.
209. Ibid. See Stanley W. Jackson, "Melancholia and Mechanical Explanation in Eighteenth-Century Medicine," J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci., 1983, 38:298-319, on pp. 308-9.
210. Andrew Wear, "Medicine in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1700," in The Western Medical Tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800, ed. Lawrence I. Conrad et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 215-361, on pp. 262-63; Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine (New York: Dekker, 1992), p. 90.
211. Andrew Wear, "Medicine in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1700," in The Western Medical Tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800, ed. Lawrence I. Conrad et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 215-361, on pp. 262-63; Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine (New York: Dekker, 1992), p. 90.
212. Guerrini, "Ether Madness" (n. 165), p. 243; Anita Guerrini, "Newtonianism, Medicine and Religion," in Grell and Cunningham, Religio Medici (n. 54), pp. 293-312, on p. 305.
213. Guerrini, "Ether Madness" (n. 165), p. 243; Anita Guerrini, "Newtonianism, Medicine and Religion," in Grell and Cunningham, Religio Medici (n. 54), pp. 293-312, on p. 305.
214. Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light (reprt. of 4th ed.; London: Bell, 1931), pp. 353-54.
215. I. Bernard Cohen, ed., assisted by Robert E. Schofield, Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 11.
216. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 186; Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), p. 13. And see Edwin Clarke, "The Doctrine of the Hollow Nerve in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Medicine, Science, and Culture: Historical Essays in Honor of Owsei Temkin, ed. Lloyd G. Stevenson and Robert P. Multhauf (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 123-41, at p. 134.
217. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 186; Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), p. 13. And see Edwin Clarke, "The Doctrine of the Hollow Nerve in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Medicine, Science, and Culture: Historical Essays in Honor of Owsei Temkin, ed. Lloyd G. Stevenson and Robert P. Multhauf (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 123-41, at p. 134.
218. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 186; Mead, "Mechanical Account of Poisons" (n. 60), p. 13. And see Edwin Clarke, "The Doctrine of the Hollow Nerve in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Medicine, Science, and Culture: Historical Essays in Honor of Owsei Temkin, ed. Lloyd G. Stevenson and Robert P. Multhauf (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 123-41, at p. 134.
219. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), pp. 186-87.
220. Ibid., p. 187.
221. I b i d.
222. MM. Chicoyneau, Verney, and Soullier, A Succinct Account of the Plague at Marseilles, its Symptoms, and the Methods and Medicines used for Curing it (Dublin: Grierson, 1721), pp. 6-7.
223. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 299 n. 40.
224. "P," Biographia Britannica (n. 5), p. 3080G.
225. Wear, "Medicine in Early Modern Europe" (n. 168), p. 357; Roy Porter, "The Eighteenth Century," in Conrad et al., Western Medical Tradition (n. 168), pp. 371-475, on p. 450.
226. Wear, "Medicine in Early Modern Europe" (n. 168), p. 357; Roy Porter, "The Eighteenth Century," in Conrad et al., Western Medical Tradition (n. 168), pp. 371-475, on p. 450.
227. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 203; and see "Orders drawn up and Published by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the city of London, to prevent the spreading of the infection," in Collection (n. 51), p. 6.
228. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 203; and see "Orders drawn up and Published by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the city of London, to prevent the spreading of the infection," in Collection (n. 51), p. 6.
229. Mead, "Discourse on the Plague" (n. 25), p. 204.
230. Ann Steinecke, "Medicine and the Arts," Academic Med., 1998, 73: 770-71, on pp. 770-71.
231. David Roberts, introduction to Defoe, Journal (n. 42), p. ix.
232. Spiro Peterson, Daniel Defoe: A Reference Guide, 1731-1924 (Boston: Hall, 1987), p. 8.
233. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 293.
234. William R. Le Fanu, "The Lost Half-Century in English Medicine, 1700-1750," Bull. Hist. Med., 1972, 46:319-48, quotation on pp. 327-28.
235. William Brownrigg, Considerations on the Means of Preventing the Communication of Pestilential Contagion, and of eradicating it in infected places (London: Lockyer Davis, 1771), p. 3 n. 2.
236. Ibid., p. 18 n. 12. In the Compleat Family Physician, Hugh Smythson, M.D., assures his readers that this work includes "the best and most approved preservatives against epidemick and contagious diseases" (Hugh Smythson, The Compleat Family Physician; or, Universal Medical Repository [London: Harrison, 1781], title page); chapter 19, on the plague, is taken largely from the last edition of Mead's plague tract, though his name is not mentioned.
237. Ibid., p. 18 n. 12. In the Compleat Family Physician, Hugh Smythson, M.D., assures his readers that this work includes "the best and most approved preservatives against epidemick and contagious diseases" (Hugh Smythson, The Compleat Family Physician; or, Universal Medical Repository [London: Harrison, 1781], title page); chapter 19, on the plague, is taken largely from the last edition of Mead's plague tract, though his name is not mentioned.
238. Russell, Treatise of the Plague (n. 87), p. 483.
239. Ibid., preface, n.p.
240. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 322.
241. Macmichael, "Brief Sketch" (n. 69), pp. 520-21.
242. Macmichael, Gold-Headed Cane (n. 71), pp. 35, 37.
243. Campbell R. Hone, The Life of Dr. John Radcliffe, 1652-1714: Benefactor of the University of Oxford (London: Faber and Faber, 1950), p. 101.
244. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), pp. 347-49.
245. Thomas Hancock, Researches into the Laws and Phenomena of Pestilence; including a Medical Sketch and Review of the Plague of London, In 1665; and Remarks on Quarantine (London: Phillips, George Yard, 1821), p. 7.
246. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
247. Dale Ingram, An Historical Account of the Several Plagues that have appeared in the World since the Year 1346 (London: Baldwin and Clark, 1755), p. ii.
248. Ibid., p. 59.
249. Ibid., p. ii.
250. Ibid., pp. 39-40.
251. Russell, Treatise of the Plague (n. 87), p. 211. There is a critical review of Ingram's Historical Account in the Monthly Review or, Literary Journal, 1755, 12:129-40.
252. Russell, Treatise of the Plague (n. 87), p. 211. There is a critical review of Ingram's Historical Account in the Monthly Review or, Literary Journal, 1755, 12:129-40.
253. Winslow, Conquest of Epidemic Disease (n. 29), p. 216.
254. Noah Webster, A Brief History of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases, with the Principal Phenomena of the Physical World, which precede and accompany them, and Observations deduced from the facts stated. in two volumes (Hartford: Hudson & Goodwin, 1799), 1: 17.
255. Ibid., 2: 148-49.
256. Ibid., 1:16
257. Ibid., 2:140-41.
258. Ibid., 2: 208.
259. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 336.
260. Hancock, Researches (n. 196), p. 18.
261. Augustus B. Granville, "A Letter to the Right Hon. W. Huskisson, M.P. President of the Board of Trade, on the Quarantine Bill," Pamphleteer, 1825, 25:393-403, quotation on p. 399.
262. Mullett, "Politics" (n. 21), p. 230.
263. Charles Maclean, "Suggestions for the Prevention and Mitigation of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases, comprehending the Abolition of Quarantines and Lazarettos," Pamphleteer, 1817, 10:443-82, quotation on p. 461.
264. Parliamentary Debates, 1st ser., vol. 39 (1819), cols. 424-26.
265. Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 341.
266. "Report from the Select Committee Appointed to consider the validity of the doctrine of Contagion in the Plague," Philos. Mag. & J., 1820, 55:22 (concluded from 1819, 54: 417-39).
267. Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, A Treatise on the Plague, designed to prove it contagious, From Facts, collected during the Author's residence in Malta, when visited by the malady in 1813 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820), advertisement, pp. 193-94.
268. House of Commons, "Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider the Validity of the Doctrine of Contagion in the Plague," Sessional Papers, 1819, vol. 2 (doc. 449), pp. 537-638. See Norman Howard-Jones, "Fracastoro and Henle: A Re-Appraisal of Their Contribution to the Concept of Communicable Diseases," Med. Hist., 1977, 21:61-68, esp. p. 66; Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 340.
269. House of Commons, "Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider the Validity of the Doctrine of Contagion in the Plague," Sessional Papers, 1819, vol. 2 (doc. 449), pp. 537-638. See Norman Howard-Jones, "Fracastoro and Henle: A Re-Appraisal of Their Contribution to the Concept of Communicable Diseases," Med. Hist., 1977, 21:61-68, esp. p. 66; Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 340.
270. House of Commons, "Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider the Validity of the Doctrine of Contagion in the Plague," Sessional Papers, 1819, vol. 2 (doc. 449), pp. 537-638. See Norman Howard-Jones, "Fracastoro and Henle: A Re-Appraisal of Their Contribution to the Concept of Communicable Diseases," Med. Hist., 1977, 21:61-68, esp. p. 66; Mullett, Bubonic Plague (n. 46), p. 340.
271. House of Commons, "Second Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider of the Means of Improving and Maintaining the Foreign Trade of the Country," Sessional Papers, Quarantine, 14 June 1824, vol. 6 (doc. 417), pp. 165-369.
272. Porter, "Public Health" (n. 137), p. 1244.
273. "Quarantine," Fraser's Mag., 1853, 47: 74-83, quotation on p. 79. See also Great Britain, General Board of Health, "Report on Quarantine," Sessional Papers, 1849, [Cmd. 1070], vol. 24, pp. 137-308. I wish to thank Stephen J. Greenberg, reference/collection access librarian, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, for providing me with information on Dr. James Ranken.
274. "Quarantine," Fraser's Mag., 1853, 47: 74-83, quotation on p. 79. See also Great Britain, General Board of Health, "Report on Quarantine," Sessional Papers, 1849, [Cmd. 1070], vol. 24, pp. 137-308. I wish to thank Stephen J. Greenberg, reference/collection access librarian, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, for providing me with information on Dr. James Ranken.
275. Southwood Smith, A Treatise on Fever (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1831), pp. 211-13, quotation on p. 212.
276. Felling, "Contagionism/Germ Theory/Specificity" (n. 31), p. 322;John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), pp. 97-98.
277. Felling, "Contagionism/Germ Theory/Specificity" (n. 31), p. 322;John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), pp. 97-98.
278. Ruth Hodgkinson, Public Health in the Victorian Age: Debates on the Issue from Nineteenth-Century Critical Journals, 2 vols. (Westmead, England: Gregg International, 1973), vol. 1, introduction, n.p.
279. "Quarantine" (n. 221), p. 75.
280. Ibid., p. 79.
281. William H. Welch, Public Health in Theory and Practice: An Historical Review (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1925), pp. 17-18.