Section 2: The malvern seminar

International Journal of Lexicography

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 197-217

  Tognini Bonelli, Elena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042593966     PISSN: 09503846     EISSN: 14774577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijl/9.3.197     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. The term 'displaced situationality' is originally taken from Neubert (1985) but elaborated by Viaggio (1992).
2. This type of interaction is relevant to the written process of translation but not necessarily to the spoken process of interpreting.
3. In this respect Viaggio points out that while situationality is shared with the interpreter, it is displaced for the translator (1995:28).
4. The view of this second stage in the translation process I am proposing is based on Sinclair's position on the function of 'reporting structures' in discourse (1981).
5. Applied to translation, this strategy will account for the role the translator has in
6. assessing his bridging task between source language and target language, source audience (i.e. the audience of the original writer, in the source language) and target audience (his own audience, in the target language), as well as the specific genre and function of the text (narrative, technical; persuading, advertising, etc.);
7. taking into account the correspondences between function and formal realisations across different languages established in stage 1;
8. reporting the original message/1, as negotiated in the interaction between source writer/1 and target audience/1, to his/her (the translator's) own target audience/2.
9. Firth explains: "The habitual collocations in which words under study appear are quite simply the mere word accompaniment, the other word-material in which they are most commonly or most characteristically embedded.
10. It can safely be stated that part of the 'meaning' of cows can be indicated by such collocations as They are milking the cows, Cows give milk.
11. The words tigresses or lionesses are not so collocated and are already clearly separated in meaning at the collocational level" (in Palmer 1968:180).
12. In the approach I am adopting, a set of alphabetically-ordered concordances is understood to merge the two dimensions of language, the instance and the codified pattern, in a single set of axes.
13. The vertical axis yields the patterns, the 'repeated events' related to the node word, in other words its 'grammar'; the horizontal axis, on the other hand, represents the specific instance, in its own individual and unrepeatable context (see Tognini-Bonelli 1993b:209-210).
14. Traditionally, constraints at the syntagmatic level are seen as grammatical, while 'possibilities' at the paradigmatic level are seen as lexical; this is the so-called 'slot-andfiller' approach.
15. What corpus linguistics is proving incontrovertibly, though, is that lexical constraints operate very often at the syntagmatic level, governing both grammatical and other lexical choices (cf. Sinclair 1991a,b).
16. This view of language is put forward by Sinclair who proposes two, mutually exclusive, principles: the 'open choice principle' and the 'idiom principle' to account for language organisation.
17. According to the open choice principle words are treated as independent items of meaning and separate choices; the idiom principle
18. in contrast, points to the fact that "a language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they might appear to be analysable into segments" (1991a: 110).
19. Viaggio defines 'sense' as "the result of the interaction between the semantic meaning of the utterance and the communication situation"
20. and he goes on to state that "out of situation, and even within a linguistic context, any word, any clause, any sentence, any paragraph, and any speech have a myriad of possible senses; in the specific situation-only one" (1995:32).
21. The Corpus of Written Italian held by the Department of Italian Studies at the University of Birmingham was offered to the Department by kind permission of Prof. Zampolli of the Istituto.
22. dL Linguistica Computazionale of the University of Pisa.
23. It is a part of larger holdings created as a joint venture between CNR (Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche) and Mondadori Publishers.
24. It consists of 3.5 million words of contemporary written Italian.
25. This is unless a corpus is annotated manually, which of course limits the scope of the analysis on account of the size of the corpus.
26. Baker (1992:18) defines the segmentation of experience as "the divisions and subdivisions 'imposed' by a given linguistic community on the continuum of experience".
27. The asterisk preceeding the two examples here marks them as 'made up' in order to explain a point rather than derived from the corpus analysed in this paper.
28. The only exception is when the infinitive in question is a reflexive verb, which then consistently calls for the auxiliary essere.
29. This procedure is what Johns (1991:4) refers to as 'Identify-Classify- Generalise' and applies to concordance-based learning research (data-driven learning).
30. This point is important because when real is preceded by an indefinite article in English it changes completely its function (see the focusing use in section 3.2.4. below).
31. In Tognini-Bonelli 1993a I also describe three specific invalidating features that change the role of selective 'real' to focusing, as discussed in section 3.2.4. below.
32. In this context, it is interesting to go back and re-consider one of the examples I gave to illustrate the lexical use of real, namely when the adjective is modified by a grading adverb such as very
33. for example: a Middle-East peace settlement in the area at a time where there is very real danger of another major conflict. . .
34. Although the noun that collocates with real is in both cases danger, the lexical use entails a reference to a certain 'perception of reality', the fact that the danger is strongly perceived in the real world, while the same adjective with a focusing function appeals to the typicality of the notion and the consensus view that allows us to classify the feeling as danger.
35. In this respect the use of vero e proprio is very similar to the use of the adjective actual in English.
36. I have analysed in detail the different functions of actual with specific reference to discourse argumentation in Tognini-Bonelli 1993b.