Non-invasively assessing disturbance and stress in laboratory rats by scoring chromodacryorrhoea

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 32, Issue SUPPL. 1A, 2004, Pages 153-159

  Mason, Georgia ^a   Wilson, David ^a   Hampton, Charlotte ^a   Würbel, Hanno ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bloody tears; Chromodacryorrhoea; Dominance; Non invasive; Rat; Red tears; Social status; Stress; Welfare

Indexed keywords

LIPID; PORPHYRIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; BLEEDING; CHROMODACRYORRHEA; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPERIMENTAL RAT; EXPERIMENTATION; HARDER GLAND; HOUSING; LACRIMAL FLUID; NONHUMAN; OBSERVER VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RELIABILITY; SCORING SYSTEM; STRESS;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 3042521353     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290403201s25     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (30)

1. Roughan, J.V. & Flecknell, P.A. (2003). Validation of a behaviour-based post-operative pain-scoring system in rats. Proceedings of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists Spring Meeting, Dublin, May 2002. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia 30, 54.
2. Wolfensohn, S. & Lloyd, M. (1998). Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management, second edition, 344pp. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific.
3. Anon. (date unspecified). Chromodacryorrhoea. Website http://www.labanimal.com/rel/rel.htm. Lab Animal: US (accessed 30.10.02).
4. Payne, A.P. (1994). The Harderian gland - a tercentennial review. Journal of Anatomy 185, 1-49.
5. Buzzell, G.R. (1996). The Harderian gland: perspectives. Microscopy Research and Technique 34, 2-5.
6. Espinola, E.B., Olieira, M.G.M. & Carlini, E.A. (1999). Differences in central and peripheral responses to oxotremorine in young and aged rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 62, 419-423.
7. Rubio, A., Guerrero, J.M., Gonzalez, M.A., Lopez-Gonzalez, M.A. & Osuna, C. (1991). Beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptors are involved in regulating type II thyroxine 5′-deiodinase activity in the rat Harderian gland. Life Sciences 49, 1523-1530.
8. Djeridane, Y. & Touitou, Y. (2001). Chronic diazepam administration differentially affects melatonin secretion in rat pineal and Harderian glands. Psycho-pharmacology 154, 403-407.
9. Shanas, U. & Terkel, J. (1995). Grooming expressed Harderian gland materials in the blind mole-rat. Aggressive Behavior 21, 137-146.
10. Coulson, J.O & Pinter, A.J. (1996). The Harderian gland of the northern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 1220-1228.
11. Shanas, U. & Terkel, J. (1996). Grooming secretions and seasonal adaptations in the blind mole-rat (Spalax ehrenbergi). Physiology and Behavior 60, 653-656.
12. Shanas, U. & Terkel, J. (1997). Mole rat Harderian gland secretions inhibit aggression. Animal Behaviour 54, 1255-1263.
13. Harkness, J.E. & Ridgeway, M.D. (1980). Chromodacryorrhoea in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus): etiologic considerations. Laboratory Animal Science 30, 841-844.
14. Animal Health Center (2002). Miscellaneous conditions. Website http://www.caringtogether.com/exotics/ micerats3.html Valdosta, US: Animal Health Center (accessed 30.10.02).
15. Porter, S.L. (2002). Rattus norvegicus. Website http:// www1.br.cc.va.us/porter/vet217/rattus/tsld001.htm. Weyers Cave, US: Blue Ridge Community College (accessed 22.01.02).
16. Harper, R.P., Kerins, C.A., McIntosh, J.E., Spears, R. & Bellinger, L.L. (2001). Modulation of the inflammatory response in the rat TMJ with increasing doses of complete Freund's adjuvant. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 9, 619-624.
17. Delle, M., Ricksten, S.E. & Thoren, P. (1988). Renal sympathetic activity during morphine abstinence in sino-aortic baro-receptor-denervated rats. Acta Physiologica Scandanavica 134, 479-491.
18. Hipolide, D.C. & Sergio, T. (1995). Paradoxial sleep deprivation in female rats alters drug-induced behaviors. Physiology and Behavior 57, 1139-1143.
19. Extonet (2001). Allethrin. Website http://pmep. cce.cornell.edu/profiles/ extonet/24d-captan/ allethrin-ext.html. New York, USA: Pesticide Management Education Programme, Cornell University (accessed 30.10.02).
20. Sashima, M., Hatakeyama, S., Satoh, M. & Suzuki, A. (1989). Harderianization is another sexual dimorphism of rat exorbital lacrimal gland. Acta Anatomica 135, 303-306.
21. Rodriguez, C., Mernendez, P.A., Howes, K.A. & Reiter, R.J. (1992). Age and food restriction alter the porphyrin concentration and nRNA levels for 5-aminolevulinate synthase in rat Harderian gland. Life Sciences 51, 1891-1897.
22. Lane-Petter, W. & Pearson, A.E.G. (1971). The Laboratory Animal - Principles and Practice, 293pp. London, UK: Academic Press.
23. Mendl, M. (2002). How do animals cope with social problems? In Coping with Challenge: Welfare in Animals including Humans (ed. D.M. Broom), pp. 211-218. Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin: Dahlem Workshop Reports.
24. Hurst, J.L., Barnard, C.J., Hare, R., Wheeldon, E.B. & West, C.D. (1996). Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: time-budgeting and pathophysiology in single-sex groups. Animal Behaviour 52, 335-360.
25. Von Holst, D. (1998). The concept of stress and its relevance for animal behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27, 1-131.
26. Militzer, K. (1995). Social dominance and bodily condition in small groups of male and female laboratory rats of known familiarity. Zeitschrift für Saugetier-kunde 60, 97-111.
27. Boreman, J. & Price, E.O. (1972). Social dominance in wild and domestic Norway rats. Animal Behaviour 20, 534-542.
28. Brown, R.E. (1985). The rodents II: Suborder Myomorpha. In Social Odours in Mammals, Volume 1 (ed. R.E. Brown & D.W. Macdonald), pp. 345-457. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
29. Williams, R. & Williams, C. (2002). Fluorescence photography. Website http://msp.rmit.edu.au/Article_02/. Melbourne, Australia: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (accessed 31.10.02).
30. Kamel, M.N. (1998). The Porphyrias. Website http:// www.geocities.com/ stantonios/mc/porphyria.html. Cairo, Egypt: MediCAD Multi media (accessed 31.10.02).