Toxicity assessment of thiodiglycol

International Journal of Toxicology

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 435-442

  Reddy, Gunda ^a   Major, Michael A ^a   Leach, Glenn J ^a  

^a U S ARMY CENTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biochemical Effects; Environmental Fate; Genotoxicity; Metabolism; RfD; Thiodiglycol; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

[(2 HYDROXYETHYL)THIO]ACETIC ACID; ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; IRRITANT AGENT; MUSTARD GAS; THIODIGLYCALIC ACID; THIODIGLYCOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE TOXICITY; AMES TEST; ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; ARTICLE; BIODEGRADATION; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; BRAIN WEIGHT; CALCULATION; CARCINOGENICITY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EYE IRRITATION; FETUS WEIGHT; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; GENE INDUCTION; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY MASS; LD 50; LETHARGY; LIVER INJURY; LYMPHOMA; MATERNAL DISEASE; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PRECURSOR; RAT STRAIN; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX; SKIN IRRITATION; SOIL; TERATOGENESIS; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS; ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; LETHAL DOSE 50; MUSTARD GAS; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN ABSORPTION; SOLVENTS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; TOXICITY TESTS, CHRONIC;

ANIMALIA; CRICETULUS GRISEUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS; SALMONELLA;

EID: 30344485668     PISSN: 10915818     EISSN: 1092874X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10915810500368878     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Angerhofer, R. A., M. W. Michie, and G. J. Leach. 1998. Subchronic oral toxicity of thiodiglycol in rats. Report Number: 6415-38-97-05-01. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
2. Angerhofer, R. A., M. W. Michie, and G. J. Leach. 1999. Subchronic oral toxicity of thiodiglycol in rats. Toxicologist 48(Suppl. 1):318.
3. Anslow, L. P., D. A. Karofsky, B. V. Jager, and H. W. Smith. 1948. The intravenous, subcutaneous and cutaneous toxicity of bis (beta-chloroethy10 sulfide (mustard gas) and of various derivatives. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 93: 1-9.
4. ATSDR. 1997. Toxicological profile for ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 1997.
5. BASF AG. 2004. Personal communication.
6. Bausum, H. T. 1998. Estimation of toxicity of chemical agents and their breakdown products using quantitative structure activity relationships. Report number 87-3767-97. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
7. Bausum, H. T., G. Reddy, and G. J. Leach. 1999. Suggested interim estimates of reference dose (RfD) for certain breakdown products of chemical agents. Toxicologist 48(Suppl. 1):399.
8. Black, R. M., K. Brewster, R. J. Clarke, J. L. Hambrook, J. M. Harrison, and D. J. Howells. 1992a. Biological fate of sulfur mustard, 1,1-thiobis (2-chloroethane): Isolation and identification of urinary metabolites following intraperitoneal administration to rats. Xenobiotica 22:405-418.
9. Black, R. M., K. Brewster, R. J. Clarke, J. L. Hambrook, J. M. Harrison, and D. J. Howells. 1993. Metabolism of thiodiglycol (2,2-thiobis-ethanol): Isolation and identification of urinary nmetabolites following intraperitoneal administration to rats. Xenobiotica 23:473-481.
10. Black, R. M., J. L. Hambrook, D. J. Howells, and R. W. Read, 1992b. Biological fate of sulfur mustard, 1,1-thiobis (2-chloroethane): Urinary excretion profiles of hydrolysis products and betalyase metabolites of sulphur mustard after cutaneous application in the rat. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16:79-84.
11. Black, R. M., and R. W. Read. 1988. Detection of trace levels of thiodiglycol in blood, plasma, and urine using gas chromatography-electron- capture negative-ion chemical spectrometry. J. Chromat. 449:261-270.
12. Black, R. M., and R. W. Read. 1995. Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1′-thiobis(2-chloroethane): identification of beta-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine. Xenobiotica 25:167-173.
13. Brimfield, A. A. 1995. Possible protein phosphatase inhibition by bis(beta hydroxyethyl) sulfide, a hydrolysis product of mustard gas. Toxicol. Lett. 78:43-48.
14. Budavari, S., M. J. O'Neill, A. Smith, and P. E. Heckelman 1996. An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals, 12th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co.
15. Carpenter, C. P., and H. F. Smyth. 1946. Chemical burns of the rabbit cornea. Amer. J. Opthamol. 19:1363-1372.
16. Clark, S. L., and M. E. Donner. 1998. Mouse lymphoma mammalian mutagenesis assay. Integrated Laboratory System, Durham, NC. Contract number DADO5-91-C-00018. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
17. D'Agostino, P. A., and L. R. Provost. 1988. Gas chromatographic retention indices of sulfur vesicants and related compounds. J. Chromat. 436:399-411.
18. Davison, C., R. S. Rozman, and P. K. Smith. 1961. Metabolism of bis-β-chloroethyl sulfide (sulfur mustard gas). Biochem. Pharmacol. 7:65-74.
19. DePass, L.R., M.D. Woodside, R.R. Maronpot, and C.S. Weil. 1986. Three generation reproduction and dominant mutagenesis studies of ethylene glycol in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7:566-572.
20. Detheux, M., H. Jijakli,, and D. Lison. 1997. Effect of sulphur mustard on the expression of urokinase in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Arch. Toxicol. 71:243-249.
21. Dudley, B. F., A. A. Brimfield, and G. W. Winston. 2000. Oxidation of thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiobis-ethanol) by alcohol dehydrogenase: Comparison of human isoenzymes. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 14:244-251.
22. Ember, L. R. 1993. Chemical arms treaty makes unprecedented demands of industry. C&E News (7 June):7-18.
23. Ember, L. R. 1996. Failure to ratify chemical arms pact would dampen US chemicals trade. C&E News (29 Jan):19-22.
24. Erexson, L. G. 2001. In vivo mouse micronucleus assay with 2,2′-thiodiethanol. Contract no. DAAD05-99-P-1522. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Report, Covance study no. 22283-0-455OECD. Covance Laboratories Inc. Vienna, VA.
25. Gulati, D. K., L. H. Barnes, and E. W. Welch. 1985. Propylene glycol: Reproductive and fertility assessment in CD-1 mice when administered in drinking water (revised September 1985) Report no. NTP-85-321. National Toxicology Program, Research triangle Park, NC.
26. Haley, M. V., C. W. Kurnas, S. T. Turley, and D. T. Burton. 1998. Federally owned treatment works (FOTW) demonstration test chronic aquatic toxicity of HD bioeffluents. ERDEC-TR-553. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, U.S. Army Soldier Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
27. Houpt, J. T., L. C. B. Crouse, and R. A. Angerhofer. 2001. Developmental toxicity of thiodiglycol in rats. Report no. 7796-52-99-04-05. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
28. Houpt, J. T., G. Reddy and L. C. B. Crouse. 2003. Developmental toxicity of thiodiglycol in rats Toxicologist 72(Suppl. 1):341.
29. INCI. 2004. Inventory of ingredients used in cosmetic products in the European Union. http://pharmacos.eudra.org/F3/incl/inciath.htm.
30. Inamori, Y., Y. Ohno, S. Nishihara, H. Tsujibo, and K. Baba. 1990. Phytogrowth inhibitory and anti-bacterial activities as 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4- dithiane and its derivatives. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38:243-245.
31. LaKind, J. S., E. A. McKenna, R. P. Hubner, and R. G. Tardiff. 1999. A review of the comparative mammalian toxicity of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 29:331-365.
32. Lamb, J. C., R. R. Maronpot, D. K. Gulati, V. S. Russell, L. Hommel-Barnes, and P. S. Sabharwal 985. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81:100-112.
33. Lee, K. P., and H. E. Allen. 1998. Environmental transformation mechanisms of thiodiglycol. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1720-1726.
34. Lee, T., M. Q. Pham, W. A. Weigand, S. P. Harvey, and W. E. Bentley. 1996. Bioreactor strategies for the treatment of growth-inhibitory waste: An analysis of thiodiglycol degradation, the main hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard. Biotechnol. Prog. 12:533-539.
35. Lewis, R. J. 1992. Sax dangerous properties of industrial chemical, 8th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
36. Magnusson, B., and A. M. Kligmanj 1969. The identification of contact allergens by anima; assay: The guinea pig maximization test. J. Invest. Dermatol. 52:268-276.
37. Manthei, J. H., D. H. Heitkamp, R. A. Way, and D. M. Bone. 1997. Toxicological evaluation/verification of decontamination procedures/products from alternative technologies for chemical demilitarization: Products of mustard (HD) neutralization and/or hydrolysis. Technical report. ERDEC-TR-419. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
38. Munro, N. B., S. S. Talmage, G. D. Griffin, L. C. Waters, A.P. Watson, J.F. King, and V. Hauschild. 1999. The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products Environ. Health Perspect. 107:933-974.
39. Muse, W. T., J. S. Anthony, S. A. Thompson, C. L. Crouse, and L. C. Crouse. 1997. Acute inhalation toxicity of chemically neutralized HD in rats. Final report ADA384252. ECBCTR-067. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
40. National Research Council (NRC). 1996. Review and evaluation of alternative chemical disposal technologies. Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Disposal Technologies. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.
41. Reddy, G., M. A. Major, and G. J. Leach. 2004. Toxicity evaluation of thiodiglycol. In Pharmacological perspectives of toxic chemicals and their antidotes, ed. S. J. S. Flora, J. A. Romano, S. I. Baskin, and K. Sekhar, 97-104. New Delhi. Narosa Publishing House.
42. 14C-thiodiglycol from soils. Final report, January 25, 1998. Stratacor Inc. Richmond, CA. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
43. Reifenrath, W. G., H. O. Kammen, W. G. Palmer, M. A. Major, and G. J. Leach. 2002. Percutaneous absorption of explosives and related compounds: An empirical model of bioavailability of organic nitro compounds from soil. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol. 182:160-168.
44. Reiss, K., Z. Pietrzykowski, J. Kajstura, and W. Korohoda. 1985. Stimulation of myogenesis by 2,2′-thiodiethanol in suboptimal tissue culture conditions. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 23:109-116.
45. Roberts, J. J., and G. P. Warwick. 1963. Study on the mode of action of alkylating agents VI. The metabolism of bis-2-chloroethylsulphide (mustard gas) and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol. 12:1329-1334.
46. Rosenblatt, D. H., M. J. Small, T. A. Kimmell, and A. W. Anderson. 1996. Background chemistry for chemical warfare agents and decontamination processes in support of delisting waste streams at the US Army Dugway Proving Ground, Utah (ANL/EAD/TM-56). Environmental Assessment Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL.
47. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, (RTECS). 1991. Ethanol, 2,2′ -thiodi. Washington, DC. U. S. Deptartment of Health and Human Services.
48. Sax N. I., and P. J. Lewis. 1989. Dangerous properties of industrial materials, 7th ed. vol. III, 3258. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
49. Sklyar, V., T. P. Mosolowa, I. A. Kucheren, N. N. Deytyarova, S. D. Varfolomeyev, and S. V. Kalyuzhmyi. 1999. Anaerobic toxicity and biodegradability of hydrolysis products of chemical warfare gents. Appl. Bichem. Biotech. 81:107-117.
50. Smyth, H. F., J. Seaton, and I. Fischer. 1941. The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 23:259-268.
51. Stankowski, L. F., Jr. 2001. Salmonella-Escherichia coli/mammalian- microsome reverse mutation assay with confirmatory assay with 2,2′-thidiethanol. Contract no. DAAD05-99-P-1522. Report, Covance study no. 22283-0409OECD. Covance Laboratories Inc. Vienna, VA.
52. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Union Carbide.
53. Union Carbide data sheet. 1971. (Cited in RTECS, 1992.)
54. Tice, R. R., M. Donner, A. Udumudi, and M. Vasquez 1997. In vitro chromosomal aberration study in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Integrated Laboratory System, Durham, NC. Contract No. DADO5-91-C-00018. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and reventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
55. University of Oxford. 2002. Physical and theoretical chemistry laboratory. Online. Accessed at http://phychem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/TH/thiodiphycol. html.
56. Vodela, J. K., R. A. Angerhofer, M. W. Michie, G. J. Leach, and G. Reddy. 1999a. Effect of thiodiglycol (2,2′-thidiethanol) on glutathione antioxidant system in rat erythrocytes. Environ. Nutri. Interact. 3:85-93.
57. Vodela, J. K., R. A. Angerhofer, M. W. Michie, G. J. Leach, and G. Reddy. 1999b. Effects of subchronic oral exposure of thiodiglycol on hepatic mixed-function oxidase and cytosolic glutathione antioxidant system in rats. Environ. Nutr. Interact. 3:207-216.
58. Von Bramer, P., and J. H. Davis. 1981. Glycols (ethylene and propylene). In Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 11, ed. H. F. Mark, D. F. Othmer, C. G. Overberger, and G. T. Seaborg, 948-949. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
59. Wils, E. R. J., A. G. Hulst, A. L.dejong, A.Verweij, and H. L. Boter. 1985. Analysis of thiodiglycol in urine of victims of an alleged attack with mustard gas. J. Anal. Toxicol. 9:254-257.
60. Wils, E. R. J., A. G. Hulst, and J. Van Laar. 1988. Analysis of thiodiglycol in urine of victims of an alleged attack with mustard gas, part II. J. Anal. Toxicol. 12:15-19.
61. Wiswesser, W., and J. R. Frank. 1975. Fort Detrick Screening Test for Herbicidal Activity. Fort Detrick, MD.
62. Cited in Rosenblatt, D. H., T. A. Miller, J. C. Dacre, I. Muul and D. R. Coley. 1975. Problem definition studies on potential environmental pollutants. II. Physical, chemical toxicological and biological properties of 16 substances. Technical Report 7509. U.S. Army Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD 21701. ADA030428.