Affectemes and allaffects: A novel approach to coding user emotional expression during interactive experiences

Behaviour and Information Technology

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 159-173

  Axelrod, Lesley ^a   Hone, Kate S ^a  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMAGE CODING; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; PROBLEM SOLVING; RELIABILITY;

AMBIGUOUS INFORMATION; EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS;

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION;

EID: 30344469940     PISSN: 0144929X     EISSN: 13623001     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01449290500331164     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. ARGYLE, M., 1988, Bodily Communication, 2nd edition (New York: Methuen).
2. AXELROD, L. and HONE, K., 2005, E-motional Advantage: Performance and Satisfaction Gains with Affective Computing. Proceedings of CHI 2005 'Technology, Community, Safety' Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, Portland, USA.
3. BAKEMAN, R., 2000, Behavioral observation and coding. In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology, H.T. Reis and C.M. Judge (Eds), (pp. 138-159) (New York: Cambridge University Press).
4. BAKEMAN, R. and QUERA, V., 1995, Analyzing Interaction: Sequential analysis with SIDS and GSEQ (New York: Cambridge University Press).
5. BAKEMAN, R. and GOTTMAN, J.M., 1997, Observing Interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis (New York: Cambridge University Press).
6. Bavelas, J.B., 1996, Debunking Body Language: new research on non-verbal communications. Lecture given at University of Victoria. Available online at: http://novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/spd110td/interper/message/linksnonverbal.html (accessed 14 November 2005).
7. BLYTHE, M., MONK, A.F., OVERBEEKE, K. and WRIGHT, P.C. (Eds), 2003, Funology: From Usability to Enjoyment (Human Computer Interaction Series, 3) (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
8. BRADLEY, M.M. and LANG, P.J., 1994, Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 25, pp. 49-59.
9. BUNTING, M., 2004, Willing Slaves: How The Overwork Culture Is Ruling Our Lives (London: HarperCollins).
10. CORNELIUS, R.R., 1996, The Science of Emotion, pp. 208-219 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.).
11. CUTLER, S.E., LARSEN, R.J. and BUNCE, S.C., 1996, Repressive coping style and the experience and recall of emotion: a naturalistic study of daily affect. J Pers, Jun; 64, pp. 379-405.
12. DARWIN, C., 1872, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, pp. 176-195 (New York: D. Appleton & Company).
13. DUTTON, D. and ARON, A., 1974, Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, pp. 510-517.
14. EKMAN, P., 2003, Emotions Revealed: Recognising faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life (New York: Times Books).
15. EKMAN, P. and ROSENBERG, E. (Eds), 1998, What the Face reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (Series in Affective Science) (New York, US: Oxford University Press Inc.).
16. EKMAN, P., FRIESEN, W.V. and HAGER, J.C., 2002, Facial Action Coding System: Investigator's Guide, pp. 173-175 (Research Nexus).
17. ELFENBEIN, H., MARSH, A. and AMBADY, N., 2002 Emotional Intelligence and the Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expressions. In The Wisdom in Feeling:Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence, L.F. Barrett and P. Salovey (Eds), pp. 37-60 (New York: The Guilford Press).
18. FANG, X. and SALVENDY, G., 2001, A personal perspective on behaviour and information technology: a 20-year progress and future trend. Behaviour and Information Technology, 20, pp. 357-366.
19. GIMSON, A.C., 2001, Gimson's Pronunciation of English, A. Cruttenden (Ed.) (London: Hodder Arnold).
20. Goos, L. and SILVERMAN, I., 2002, Sex Related Factors in the Perception of Threatening Facial Expressions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 26, pp. 27-41.
21. HARWOOD, N.K., HALL, L.J. and SHINKFIELD, A.J., 1999, Recognition of Facial Emotional Expressions From Moving and Static Displays by Individuals with Mental Retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 104, pp. 270-278.
22. Hayes, A., 2005, An SPSS procedure for computing Krippendorff s alpha [Computer Software]. Available online at: www.comm.ohio-state.edu/ahayes/macros.htm (accessed 14 November 2005).
23. HOCHSCHILD, A.R., 1983, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
24. HUTCHINSON, G., HUTCHINSON, A. and ANDERSON, D., 1987, Labanotation: The System of Analyzing and Recording Movement (Routledge, Inc.).
25. IPA website. Available online at: www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/index.html (accessed 14 November 2005).
26. ISLE, 2002, Survey of Multimodal Coding Schemes and Best Practice, Natural Interactivity and Multimodality Working Group Deliverable D9.1. Available online at: http://isle.nis.sdu.dk/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
27. KAISER, S. and WHERLE, T., 1992, Automated coding of facial behavior in human-computer interactions with FACS. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, pp. 67-83.
28. KAISER, S. and WHERLE, T., 1994, Emotion research and AI: some theoretical and technical issues. Geneva Studies in Emotion and Communication. Available online at: www.unige.ch/fapse/emotion/members/kaiser/rai4.htm
29. KAISER, S., WHERLE, T. and SCHMIDT, S., 1998, Emotional episodes, facial expressions, and reported feelings in human-computer interactions. In Proceedings of the Xth Conference of the International Society for Research on Emotions, A.H. Fischer (Ed.), pp. 82-86 (Würzburg: ISRE Publications).
30. KEATES, S. and ROBINSON, P., 1999, Gestures and multimodal input. Behaviour & Information Technology, 18, pp. 36-44.
31. KIPP, M., 2004, Gesture Generation by Imitation - From Human Behavior to Computer Character Animation, Boca Raton, Florida, Dissertation.com. Available online at: www.dfki.de/~kipp/anvil/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
32. KIRSCH, D., 1997, The Sentic Mouse: Developing a tool for Measuring Emotional Valence, MIT Technical Report TR-495. Available online at: http://vismod.media.mit.edu/tech-reports/TR-495/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
33. LOMBARD, M., SNYDER-DUCH, J. and BRACKEN, C., 2002, Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability. Hum Commun Res, 28, pp. 587-604.
34. LOMBARD, M., SNYDER-DUCH, J. and BRACKEN, C., 2005, Practical Resources for Assessing and Reporting Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis Research Projects. Available online at: www.temple.edu/mmc/reliability/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
35. MADDOCK, R.J., GARRETT, A.S. and BUONOCORE, M.H., 2003, Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activation by Emotional Words: fMRI Evidence From a Valence Decision Task. Human Brain Mapping, 18, pp. 30-41.
36. MAYNE, T.J. and BONANNO, G.A., 2001, Emotions: Current Issues and Future Directions, pp. 398-411 (New York: The Guilford Press).
37. METTE, T., POSAMENTIER, M.T. and ABDI, H., 2003, Processing Faces and Facial Expressions. Neuropsychology Review, 13, pp. 113-143.
38. MINSKY, M., 2004, The Emotion Machine (draft). Available online at www.media.mit.edu/~minsky/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
39. NORMAN, D.A., 2004, Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things, p. 11 (New York, NY: Basic Books).
40. PICARD, R.W., 1997, Affective Computing, pp. 21-25 (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press).
41. REEVES, B. and NASS, C., 1998, The Media Equation: How people treat computers, television and new media like real people and places (Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications).
42. SCHACHTER, S. and SINGER, J.E., 1962, Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional states. Psychological Review, 69, pp. 379-399.
43. SCHEIRER, J., FERNADEZ, R., KLEIN, J. and PICARD, R.W., 2002, Frustrating the user on purpose: a step toward building an affective computer. Interacting with Computers, 14, pp. 93-118.
44. SCOLLON, C.N., SHIGEHIRO, O. and BISWAS-DIENER, R., 2004, Emotions across cultures and methods. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, pp. 304-326.
45. ToBI website. Available online at: www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/ (accessed 14 November 2005).
46. WALLACE, P., 1999, The Psychology of the Internet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
47. WARD, R.D. and MARSDEN, P.H., 2003, Physiological responses to different web-page designs. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59, pp. 199-212.
48. WARD, R.D. and MARSDEN, P.H. (in press), Affective computing: problems, reactions and intentions. To appear in Interacting With Computers.
49. WOODS, D.K., and FASSNACHT, C, 2004, Wisconsin Centre for Education Research, Transana website. Available online at: www.transana.org/ (accessed 14 November 2005).