Crocodylian snouts in space and time: Phylogenetic approaches toward actaptive radiation

American Zoologist

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 564-585

  Brochu, Christopher A ^a  

^a FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 30344459647     PISSN: 00031569     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/41.3.564     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Abel, O. 1928. Allognathosiichus, ein an de chéloniphage Nahrungsweise angepaβter Krokodiltypus des nordamerikanischen Eozäns. Paläontol. Zeitschr. 9:367-374.
2. Antunes, M. T. 1975. Iberosiichus, crocodile sebecosuchien nouveau, l'Eocene ibérique au Nord de la chaîne centrale, et l'origine du canyon de Nazaré. Comun. Serv. Geol. Portugal 59:285-330.
3. Antunes, M. T. 1994. On western Europe Miocène gavials (Crocodylia), their paleogeography, migrations and climatic significance. Comun. Inst. Geol. Min. 80:57-69.
4. Antunes, M. T. and B. Cahuzac. 1999. Crocodilian faunal renewal in the Upper Oligocène of western Europe. C. R. Acad Sci. Paris, Sci. Terre Plan. 328:67-73.
5. Aoki, R. 1983. A new generic allocation of Tomistoma macliikanense, a fossil crocodilian from the Pleistocene of Japan. Copeia 1983:89-95.'
6. Aoki, R. 1988. Protruded toothed fossil crocodilian from the Is. Solomon-Gavialis papiianus (sic!). Aquabiology 10:160. ' ;
7. Aoki, R. 1989. The jaw mechanics in the heterodont crocodilians. Curr. Herpetol. East Asia 1:17-21.
8. Auffenberg, W. 1954. Additional specimens of Gavi-alosiidnis americanus (Sellards) from a new locality in Florida. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 17: 185-209.
9. Ayarzagüena, J. 1984. Variaciones en la dieta de Caiman sclerops. La relacion entre morfologia bucal y dieta. Mem. Soc. Cien. Nat. La Salle 122:123140.
10. Balouet, J. C. and E. Buffetaut. 1987. Mekosiicluis inexpectatus, n.g., n.sp., crocodilien nouveau de 1'HoIocene de Nouvelle Calédonie. ÇA R. Acad. Sci. Paris 304:853-856.
11. Banerjee, R., N. C. Nandi, and S. K. Raut. I988. Food and feeding habits of the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosiis Schneider in captivity. Acta Biol. Cracov. 30:95-98.
12. Bartels, W. S. 1980. Early Cenozoic reptiles and birds from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol. 24:73-80.
13. Berg, D. E. 1964. Krokodile als Klimazeugen. Geol. Rundschau 54:328-333.
14. Berg, D., E. 1966. Die Krokodile, insbesondere Asiatosuctius und äff. Sebectisl, aus dem Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt/Hessen. Abh. Hess. Landes. Bodenforsch. 52:1-105.
15. Benton, M. J. and J. M. Clark. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia. In M. J. Benton (ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Vol. 1, pp. 295-338. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
16. Bocquetin, J. C. 1984. Un nuevo Nettosuchidae (Crocodylia, Eusuchia) proveniente da la Formacion Urumaco (Mioceno Superior), Venezuela. Ameghiniana 21:3-8.
17. Bocquetin, J. C. and E. Buffetaut. 1981. Hesperogavialis cruxenti n. gen., n. sp., nouveau gavialide (Crocodylia, Eusuchia) du Miocene Supérieur (Huayquerien) d'Urumaco (Venezuela). Géobios 14:415-419.
18. Bocquetin, J. C., J. P. de Souza Filho, E. Buffetaut, and F. R. Negri. 1991. Nova interpretaçâo do ge' nero Fiirussaums (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). An. XI Congr. Bras. Paleontol., pp. 427-438.
19. Bramble, D. M. and J. H. Hutchison. 1971. Biogeography of continental Tertiary Chelonia and Crocodilia of far-western United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Abst. Prog. 3:86-87.
20. .Brinkmànn, W. 1992. Die Krokodilier-Fauna aus der Unter-Kreide (Ober-Barremium) von Una (Provinz Cuenca, Spanien). Berlin, Geowissen. Ahb. E 5:1-143.
21. Brochu, C. A. 1997. Fossils, morphology, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Syst. Biol. 46:479-522.
22. Brochu, C. A. 1999. Phylogeny, systematics, and historical biogeography of AIHgatoroidea. Soc. Vert. Paleontol. Mem. 6:9-100.
23. Brochu, C. A. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record. Copeia 2000:657673.
24. Brochu, C. A. 2001. Congruence between physiology, phylogenetics, and the fossil record on crocodylian historical biogeography. In G. Grigg, E Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin (eds.), Crocodilian hi-ology and evolution, pp. 9-28. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. (In press)
25. Brochu, C. A. and L. D. Densmore. 2001. Crocodile phylogenetics: A review of current progress. In G. Grigg, F. Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin (eds.), Crocodilian biology and evolution, pp. 3-8. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. (In press)
26. Brochu, C. A. and P. D. Gingerich. 2000. New tomistomine crocodylian from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt. Cont. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich. 30:251268.
27. Buckley, G. A., C. A. Brochu, D. W. Krause, and D. N Pol. 2000. A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 405:941944.
28. Buffetaut, E. 1978. Crocodilian remains from the Eocene of Pakistan. N. J. Geol. PalaontoI. Abh. 156: 262-283.
29. Buffetaut, E. 1982. Systématique, origine et évolution des Gavialidae Sud-Américains. Geobios Mem. Spec. 6:127-140.
30. Buf/etaut, E. 1982k Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des crocodiliens mesosuchiens. Mem. Soc. Geol. France 60:1-88.
31. Buffetaut, E. 1982e. A ziphodont mesosuchian crocodile from the Eocene of Algeria and its implications for vertebrate dispersal. Nature 300:176178.
32. Buffetaut, E. 1988. The ziphodont mesosuchian crocodile from Messel: A reassessment. Cour. Forsch. Senckenberg 107:211-221.
33. Buffetaut, E. and R. L. E. Ford. I979. The crocodilian Bemissartia in the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontology 22:905-912.
34. Busbey, A. B. 1986. Pristichampsiis cf. P. vorax (Eusuchia, Pristichampsinae) from the Uintan of West Texas. J. Vert. Paleontol. 6:101-103.
35. Busbey, A. B. 1989. An Eocene caiman from the Texas Gulf Coast. J. Vert. Paleontol. 9:15A.
36. Busbey, A. B. 1994. The structural consequences of skull flattening in crocodilians. In J. J. Thomason (ed.), Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology, pp. 173-192. Cambridge University Press, New York.
37. Buscalioni, A. D., F. Onega, and D. Vasse. 1997. New crocodiles (Eusuchia: Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Europe. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sci., Terre Plan. 325:525-530.
38. Carpenter, K. 1983. Thoracosauriis ncocesariensis (De Kay, 1842) (Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) from the Late Cretaceous Ripley Formation of Mississippi. Miss. Geol. 4(1):1-10.
39. Carpenter, K. and D. Lindsey. 1980. The dentary of Brachychampsa montana Gilmore (Alligatorinae; Crocodylidae), a Late Cretaceous turtle-eating alligator. J. Paleontol. 54:1213-1217.
40. Clark, J. M. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of the crocodylomorph archosaurs. Uripub. Ph.D. Diss. Univ. of Chicago.
41. Clark, J. M. 1994. Patterns of evolution in Mesozoic Crocodyliformes. In N. C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues (eds.). In the shadow of the dinosaurs, pp. 84-97. Cambridge University Press, New York.
42. Clark, J. M. and M. A. Norell. 1992. The Early Cretaceous crocodylomorph Hylaeochampsa vectiana from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Amer. Mus. Novit. 3032:1-19.
43. Cope, E. D. 1896. The primary factors of organic evolution. Open Court Publishing, Chicago.
44. Cott, H. G. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Uganda and northem Rhodesia. Trans. Zool. Soe. London 29(4): 211-356. V
45. Densmore, L. D. 1983. Biochemical and immunological systematics of the order Crocodilia. In M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace, and G. H. Prance (eds.), Evolutionary biology, Vol. 16, pp. 397-465. Plenum Press, New York.
46. Densmore, L. D. and R. D. Owen. 1989. Molecular systematics of the order Crocodilia. Amer. Zool. 29:831-841.
47. Densmore, L. D. and P. S. White. 1991. The systematics and evolution of the Crocodilia as suggested by restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA. Copeia 199.1; 602-615.
48. D'Haese, C. 2000. Is psammophily an evolutionary dead end? A phylogenetic test in the genus Willemia (Collembola: Hypogastruridae). Cladistics 16:255-273.
49. Dodson, P. 1975. Functional and ecological significance of relative growth in Alligator. J. Zool. 175: 315-355.
50. Efimov, M. B. 1993. The Eocene crocodiles of the GUS-a history of development. Kaupia 3:23-25.
51. Erickson, B. R. and G. T. Sawyer. 1996. The estuarine crocodile Gavialosuchus carolinensis n.sp. (Crocodylia: Eusuchia) from the Late Oligocène of South Carolina, North America. Monogr. Sci. Mus. Minn. (Paleontol.) 3:1-47.
52. Frey, E. 1988. Das Tragsystem der Krokodile-eine biomechanische und phylogenetische Analyse. Stuttgart. Beitr. Nat. Ser. A 426:1-60.
53. Gasparini, Z. 1984. New Tertiary Sebecosuchia (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from Argentina. J. Vert. Paleontol. 4:85-95.
54. Gasparini, Z. 1996. Biogeographic evolution of the South American crocodilians. Münch. Geowissen. Abh. 30:159-184.
55. Gasparini, Z. and E. Buffetaut. 1980. Dolichochampsa minima, n.g. n.sp., a representative of a new family of eusuchian crocodiles from the Late Cretaceous of northern Argentina. N. J. Geol. Palaontol. Monat. 1980:257-271.
56. Gasparini, Z., L. M. Chiappe, and M. Fernandez. 1991. A new Senonian peirosaurid (Crocodylomorpha) from Argentina and a synopsis of the South American Cretaceous crocodilians. J. Vert. Paleontol. ll(3):316-333.
57. Gatesy, J. and G. D. Amato. 1992. Sequence similarity of 12S ribosomal segment of mitochondrial DNAs of gharial and false gharial. Copeia 1992:241244.
58. Gatesy, J., R. de Salle, and W. Wheeler. 1993. Alignment-ambiguous nucleotide sites and the exclu-sion of systematic data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 2:152157.
59. Gingerich, P. D. 1989. New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: Composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage. Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol. 28:1-97.
60. Ginsburg, L. and E. Buffetaut. 1978. Euthecodon arambourgii n.sp., et l'évolution du genre Euthecodon, crocodilïen du Néogène d'Afrique. Géol. Méditer. 5:291-302.
61. Gorzula, S. J. 1978. An ecological study of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus inhabiting savanna lagoons in the Venezuelan Guayana. Oecologia 35:21-34.
62. Gürich, G. 1912. Gryposuchus jessei, ein neues schmalsnauziges Krokodil aus den jüngeren Ablagerungen des oberen Amazonas-Gebietes. Jahr. Hamburg. Wissensch. Anst. 29:59-71 + 2 plates.
63. Guyer, C. and J. B. Slowinski. 1993. Actaptive radiation and the topology of large phylogenies. Evolution 47:253-263.
64. Hall, P. M. and K. M. Portier. 1994. Cranial morphometry of New Guinea crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae): Ontogenetic variation in relative growth of the skull and an assessment of its utility as a predictor of the sex and size of individuals. Herpetol. Monogr. 8:203-225.
65. Hanson, C. B. 1996. Stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas of the Bridgerian-Duchesnean Clarno Formation, north-central Oregon. In D. R. Prothero and R. J. Emry (eds.), The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America, pp. 206-239. Cambridge University Press, New York.
66. Hass, C. A., M. A. Hoffman, L. D. Densmore, and L. R. Maxson. 1992. Crocodilian evolution: Insights from immunological data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 1: 193-201.
67. Herron, J. C. 1994. Body size, spatial distribution, and microhabitat use in the caimans, Melanosuclnis niger and Caiman crocodilus, in a Peruvian lake. J. Herpetol. 28:508-513.
68. Hutchison, J. H. 1982. Turtle, crocodilian, and champsosaur diversity changes in the Cenozoic of the north-central region of western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 37:149164.
69. Hutchison, J. H. 1992. Western North American reptile and amphibian record across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and its climatic implications. In D. R. Prothero and W. A. Berggren (eds.), EoceneOligocene climatic and biotic evolution, pp. 451463. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
70. Jonet, S. and G. Wouters. 1977. Maroccosiichus zennaroi, crocodilien eusuchien nouveau des phosphates du Maroc. Notes Serv. Geol. Maroc. 38: 177-202.
71. Kälin, J. A. 1933. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Osteologie des Crocodilidenschädels. Zool. Jahrb. 57: 535-714.
72. Kälin, J. A. 1936. Hispanochampsa mülleri nov. gen. nov. sp., ein neuer Crocodilide aus dem unteren Oligocän von Tarrega (Catalonien). Abh. Schweitz. Paläontol. Ges. 58:1-40.
73. Kälin, J. A. 1955. Zur Stammesgeschichte der Crocodilia. Rev. Suisse Zool. 62:347-356.
74. Kofron, C. P. 1992. Status and habitats of the three African crocodiles in Liberia. J. Trop. Ecol. 8: 265-273.
75. Kraus, R. 1998. The cranium of Piscogavialis jugaliperforalus n. gen., n. sp. (Gavialidae, Crocodylia) from the Miocene of Peru. Palaeontol. Zeitschr. 72:389-406.
76. Kühn, O. 1938. Die Crocodilier aus dem mittleren Eozän des Geiseltales bei Halle. Nov. Act. Leopold. N.F. 39:313-328.
77. Längsten, W. 1965. Fossil crocodilians from Colombia and the Cenozoic history of the Crocodilia in South America. Univ. Cal. Pub. Geol. Sci. 52:1152.
78. Längsten, W. 1973. The crocodilian skull in historical perspective. In C. Gans and T. Parsons (eds.), Biology of the reptilia, Vol. 4, pp. 263-284. Academic Press, London.
79. Längsten, W. 1974. Nonmammalian Comanchean tetrapods/Geo'sci. Man. 8:77-102.
80. Langston, W. 1975. Ziphodont crocodiles: Pristichampsus vorax (Troxell), New Combination, from the Eocene of North America. Fieldiana: Geol. 33(16):291-314.
81. Langston, W. and Z. Gasparini. 1997. Crocodilians, Gryposuchus, and the South American gavials. In R. F. Kay, R. H. Madden, R. L. Cifelli, and J. J. Flynn (eds.). Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics: The miocène fauna of La Venta, Colombia, pp. 113-154. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
82. Larson, A. and J. B. Losos. 1996. Phylogenetic systematics of adaptation. In M. R. Rose and G. V. Lauder (eds.), Actaptation, pp. 187-220. Academic Press, New York.
83. Li, J.-L. 1975. [New material on Tomistoma petrolica of Maoming, Kwantung.] Vert. PalAsiat. 13:190191. (In Chinese)
84. Li, J.-L. 1984. A new species of Planocrania from Hengdong, Hunan. Vert. PalAsiat. 22:123-133.
85. Li, J.-L. and B. Wang. 1987. A new species of Alligator from Shanwang, Shandong. Vert. PalAsiat. 7:199-207.
86. Losos, J. B. and D. B. Miles. 1994. Actaptation, constraint, and the comparative method: Phylogenetic issues and methods. In P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds.), Ecological morphology: Integrafive organismal biology, pp. 60-98. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
87. Maccagno, A. M. 1948. Descrizione di una nuova specie di "Crocodilus" del giacimento di Sahabi (Sirtica). Atti R. Accad. Naz. Lincei Mem. Classe Sci. fis. Mathemat. Nat. Ser. 8 1:63-96.
88. Magnusson, W. E. 1985. Habitat selection, parasites and injuries in Amazonian crocodilians. Amazoniana 9:193-204.
89. Magnusson, W. E. and A. P. Lima. 1991. The ecology of a cryptic predator, Paleositchus trigonatus, in a tropical rainforest. J. Herpetol. 25:41-48.
90. Magnusson, W. E., E. Vieira da Suva, and A. P. Lima. 1987. Diets of Amazonian crocodilians. J. Herpetol. 21:85-95.
91. Markwick, P. J. 1998. Crocodilian diversity in space and time: the role of climate in paleoecology and its implication for understanding K/T extinctions. Paleobiology 24:470-497.
92. Medem, F. 1955. A new subspecies of Caiman sclerops from Colombia. Fieldiana: Zool. 37:339-344.
93. Medem, R 1958. The crocodilian genus Paleosuchits. Fieldiana: Zool. 39:227-247.
94. Megirian, D. 1994. A new species of Quinkana (Eusuchia: Crocodylidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds of northern Australia. The Beagle 11:145166.
95. Megirian, D., P. F. Murray, and P. Willis. 1991. A new crocodile of the gavial ecomorph morphology from the Miocene of northern Australia. The Beagle 8:135-158.
96. Meshaka, W. E., W. F. Loftus, and T. Steiner. 2000. The herpetofauna of Everglades National Park. Fla. Sci. 4-103.
97. Molnar, R. E. 1982. A longirostrine crocodilian from Murua (Woodlark), Solomon Sea. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20:675-685.
98. Mook-4C. C. 1921. Individual and age variations in the slculls of the recent Crocodilia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 44:51-66.
99. Mook, C. C. 1924. A new crocodilian from the Wasatch Beds. Amer. Mus. Novit. 137:1-4.
100. Nopcsa, E 1926. Neue Beobachtungen an Stomatosucliits. Centralbl. Min. Geol. Palaontol. B:212-215.
101. Norell, M. A. 1989. The higher level relationships of the extant Crocodylia. J. Herpetol. 23:325-335.
102. Norell, M. A. and J. M. Clark. 1990. A reanalysis of Bernissartia fagesii, with comments on its phylogenetic position and its bearing on the origin and diagnosis of the Eusuchia. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belgique 60:115-128.
103. Norell, M. A., J. M. Clark, and J. H. Hutchison. 1994. The Late Cretaceous alligatoroid Brachychampsa montana (Crocodylia): New material and putative relationships. Amer. Mus. Novit. 3116:1-26.
104. Norell, M. A. and G. W. Storrs. 1986. Catalogue and review of the type fossil crocodilians in the Yale Peabody Museum. Postula 203:1-28.
105. Ortega, E, A. D. Buscalioni, and Z. Gasparini. 1995. Reinterpretation and new denomination of Atacisaurus crassiproratus (Middle Eocene; Issel, France) as cf. Iberosuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Metasuchia). Geobios 29:353-364.
106. Osbom, H. F. 1902. The law of adaptive radiation. Am. Nat. 36:353-363.
107. Ouboter, P. E. 1996. Ecological studies on crocodilians in Suriname: Niche segregation and competition in three predators. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam and New York.
108. Persson, P. O. 1960. Reptiles from the Senonian (U. Cret.) of Scania (S. Sweden). Ark. Mineral. Geol. 2:431-478.
109. Pickford, M. 1994. Late Cenozoic crocodiles (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) from the Western Rift, Uganda. In Geology and palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire, Vol. II-Palaeobiology, pp. 137-155. CIFEG Occasional Publications, Orléans.
110. Pickford, M. 1996. Fossil crocodiles (Crocodylus Hoy-di) from the Lower and Middle Miocene of southern Africa. Ann. Paléontol. 82:235-250.
111. Piveteau, J. 1927. Etudes sur quelques amphibiens et reptiles fossiles, II: Reptile du Montien. Ann. Paléontol. 16:29-37.
112. Poe, S. 1996. Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of crocodilians. Syst. Biol. 45:393-414.
113. Pooley, A. C. 1989. Food and feeding habits. In C. A. Ross (éd.), Crocodiles and alligators, pp. 76-91. Facts on File, New York. \
114. Price, L. I. 1964. Sobre o cranio de'.'um grande crocodilideo extinto do Alto Rio Jurua, Estado do Acre. An. Acad. Brasil. Cien. 36:59-66.
115. Rauhe, M. 1995. Die Lebensweise und Ökoligie der Geiseltal-Krokodilier-Abschied von traditionellen Lehrmeinungen. Halles. Jahrb. Geowissen. 17:65.80.
116. Rauhe, M. and T. Rossmann. 1995. News about fossil crocodiles from the middle Eocene of Messel and Geiseltal, Germany. Halles. Jahrb. Geowissen. 17: . 81r92.
117. Reese, A. M. 1915. The alligator and its allies. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
118. Rossmann, T. 1998. Studien an känozoischen Krokodilen: 2. Taxonomische Revision der Familie Pristichampsidae Efimov (Crocodilia: Eusuchia). N. J. Geol. Palaontol. Abh. 210:85-128.
119. Rossmann, T. 1999. Studien an känozoischen Krokodilen: 1. Die paläoökologische Bedeutung des eusuchen Krokodils Pristichainpsiis rollinatii (Gray) für die Fossillagerstätte Grube Messel. Cour. Forschungs. Senckenberg 216:85-96.
120. Russell, A. P. and X.-C. Wu. 1997. The Crocodylomorpha at and between geological boundaries: The Baden-Powell approach to change? Zoology 100:164-198.
121. Sah, R. B. and H. H. Schleich. 1990. An Eocene crocodile record from Bhanskati Khola (Dumri area), South Nepal. Mitteil. Bayerisch. Staatsamml. Palaontol. Hist. Geol. 30:51-56.
122. Salisbury, S. W. and P. M. A. Willis. 1996. A new crocodylian from the Early Eocene of southeastern Queensland and a preliminary investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids. Alcheringa 20:179-227.
123. Schmidt, K. P. 1941. A new fossil alligator from Nebraska. Fieldiana: Geol. 8:27-32.
124. Schwimmer, D. R. 1986. Late Cretaceous fossils from the Blufftown Formation (Campanian) in western Georgia. The Mosasaur. 3:109-123.
125. Siddall, M. E., D. R. Brooks, and S. S. Desser. 1993. Phylogeny and the reversibility of parasitism. Evolution 47:308-313.
126. Sill, W. D. 1970. Nota preliminar sobre un nuevo gavial del Plioceno de Venezuela y una discusion de los gaviales sudamericanos. Ameghiniana 7:151159.
127. Stromer, E. 1925. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens, II: Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (Unterestes Cenoman), 7: Stomatosuchiis inermis Stromer, ein schwach bezahnter Krokodilier. Abh. Bayerisch. Akad. Wissensch. Math.-naturwissensch. Abt. 30: 1-9.
128. Swinton, W. E. 1937. The crocodile of Maransart (Dollosuchus ilixoni [Owen]). Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belgique 80:1-46.
129. Taplin, L. E. 1984. Evolution and zoogeography of crocodilians: A new look at an ancient order. In M. Archer and G. Clayton (eds.), Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia, pp. 361 370. Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, Western Australia.
130. Tchernov, E. 1986. Evolution of the crocodiles in East and North Africa. CNRS, Paris.
131. Tchernov, E. and J. Van Couvering. 1978. New crocodiles from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Palaeontology 21:857-867.
132. Thorbjarnarson, J. 1992. Crocodiles: An action plan for their conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
133. Troedsson, G. T. 1924. On crocodilian remains from the Danian of Sweden. Lunds Univ. Arsskrift N.F., 20(2): 1-75 + 8 plates.
134. Troxell, E. L. 1925. Thoracosaurus, a Cretaceous crocodile. Amer. J. Sci. 5th Ser. 10:219-233.
135. Vasse, D. 1995. Ischyrochampsa meridionalis n. g. n. sp., un crocodilien d'affinité gondwanienne dans le Crétacé supérieur du Sud de la France. N. J. Geol. Palaontol. Monat. 8:501-512.
136. Vasse, D. and S. Hua. 1998. Diversité des crocodiliens du Crétacé Supérieur et du Paléogène. Influneces et limites de la crise Maastrichtien-Paléocène et des "Terminal Eocene Events." Oryctos 1:65-77.
137. Webb, G. J. W. and H. Messel. 1978. Morphometric analysis of Crocodylus porosus from the north coast of Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Aust. J. Zool. 26:1-27.
138. Webb, G. J. W., S. C. Manolis, and R. Buckworth. 1983. Crocodylus Johnstoni in the McKinlay river area, N.T. I. Variation in the diet, and a new method of assessing the relative importance of prey. Aust. J. Zool. 30:877-899.
139. Webb, G. J. W., P. J. Whitehead, and S. C. Manolis. 1987. Crocodile management in the Northern Territory of Australia. In G. J. W. Webb, S. C. Manolis, and P. J. Whitehead (eds.), Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators, pp. 107-124. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia.
140. Weitzel, K. 1935. Hassiacosuchus haupti n.g n.s. ein durophages Krokodil aus dem Mitteleozän von Messel. Notiz. Ver. Erdk. hessisch, geol. Landesanst. Darmstadt 16:40-49.
141. White, P. S. and L. D. Densmore. 2001. A comparison of DNA sequence data analysis methods and their effect on the recovery of crocodylian relationships. In G. Grigg, F. Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin (eds.). Crocodilian biology and evolution. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. (In press)
142. Willis, P. M. A. 1993. Trilophosuchus rackhami gen et sp. nov., a new crocodilian from the early Miocene limestones of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. J. Vert. Paleohtol. 13(l):90-98.
143. Willis, P. M. A. 1997. New crocodilians from the Late Oligocène White Hunter Site, Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 41: 423-438.
144. Willis, P. M. A., R. E. Molnar, and J. D. Scanion. 1993. An early Eocene crocodilian from Murgon, southeastern Queensland. Kaupia 3:27-33.
145. Willis, P. M. A. and B. S. Mackness. 1996. Quinkana babarra, a new species of ziphodont mekosuchine crocodile from the Early Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna, northern Australia with a revision of the genus. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 116:143-151. \
146. Yeh, H.-K. 1958. A new crocodile from Maoming, Kvvangtung. Vert. PalAsiat. 2:237-242. Young, C. C. 1954. New fossil crocodiles from China.
147. Vert. PalAsiat. 8:189-210. Zigno, A. de. 1880. Sopra un cranio di coccodrillo scoperto nel terreno eoceno del Veronese. Atti R.
148. Accad. Naz. Lincei Mem. Classe Sci. fis. Mathe-mat. Nat. Sen 3 5:65-72.