Desiccated storage of chloride-contaminated archaeological iron objects

Studies in Conservation

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 241-252

  Watkinson, David ^a   Lewis, Mark T ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; CORROSION PREVENTION; DEHYDRATION; ELECTROLYTES; RESTORATION;

CHLORIDE CONTAMINATED IRON; DESICCATION; FERROUS CHLORIDE; IRON CHLORIDE;

IRON;

EID: 30344437853     PISSN: 00393630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/sic.2005.50.4.241     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Keene, S.V., 'Real-time survival rates for treatments of archaeological iron', in Ancient and Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research, Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Getty Conservation Institute November 1991, ed. D.A. Scott, J. Podany and B. Consadine, Getty Conservation Institute, Marina Del Rey (1994) 249-264.
2. Selwyn, L.S., and Logan, J.A., 'Stability of treated iron: a comparison of treatment methods', in International Council for Museums Committee for Conservation 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington DC, 22-27 August 1993, ed. J. Bridgland, ICOM, Washington DC (1993) 803-807.
3. Knight, B., 'The stabilisation of archaeological iron: past present and future', in Metal 95, Proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation, Semur en Auxois, France, 25-28 September 1995, ed. I.D. Macleod, James and James, London (1997) 36-42.
4. North, N., and Pearson, C., 'Washing methods for chloride removal from marine iron artifacts', Studies in Conservation 23 (1978) 174-186.
5. Turgoose, S., 'The corrosion of archaeological iron during burial and treatment', Studies in Conservation 30 (1985) 13-18.
6. Watkinson, D., 'Degree of mineralization: its significance for the stability and treatment of excavated ironwork', Studies in Conservation 28 (1983) 85-90.
7. Watkinson, D., 'Chloride extraction from archaeological iron: comparative treatment efficiencies', in Archaeological Conservation and its Consequences, Preprints of the Contributions to the Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996, ed. A. Roy and P. Smith, International Institute for Conservation, London (1996) 208-212.
8. Keene, S., 'The performance of coatings and consolidants used for archaeological iron', in Adhesives Consolidants and Coatings, Preprints of the Contributions to the Paris Congress, 2-8 September 1984, ed. N. Bromelle, E.M. Pye, P. Smith and G. Thomson, International Institute for Conservation, (1984) 104-107.
9. Turgoose, S., 'Post excavation changes in iron antiquities', Studies in Conservation 27 (1982) 92-101.
10. Knight, B., 'A review of the corrosion of iron from terrestrial sites and the problem of post-excavation corrosion', The Conservator 14 (1990) 37-43.
11. Selwyn, L.S., Sirois, P.J., and Argyropoulos, V., 'The corrosion of excavated archaeological iron with details on weeping and akaganéite', Studies in Conservation 44 (1999) 217-232.
12. Turgoose, S., 'The nature of surviving iron objects', in Conservation of Iron, Symposium at the National Maritime Museum London, 4 July 1980, ed. R. Clarke and S. Bradshaw, National Maritime Museum Monographs and Reports 53, National Maritime Museum, London (1982) 1-7.
13. North, N.A., 'Corrosion products on marine iron', Studies in Conservation 27 (1982) 75-83.
14. Zucci, F., Morigi, G., and Bertolasi, V., 'Beta iron oxide hydroxide formation in localised active corrosion of iron artifacts', in Corrosion and Metal Artifacts, ed. B.F. Brown, H.C. Burnett, W.T. Chase, M. Godway, J. Kruger and M. Pourbaix, NBS Special publication 479, Washington DC (1977) 103-109.
15. Cornell, R.M., and Schwertmann, U., The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reaction, Occurrence and Uses, VCH, New York (1996).
16. Askey, A., Lyon, S.B., Thompson, G.E., Johnson, J.B., Cooke, M., and Sage, P., 'The corrosion of iron and zinc by atmospheric hydrogen chloride', Corrosion Science 34 (1993) 233-247.
17. Kaneko, K., and Inouye, K., 'Adsorption of water on FeOOH as studied by electrical conductivity measurements', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 52(2) (1979) 315-320.
18. Scott, D., and Seeley, N., 'The washing of fragile iron artifacts', Studies in Conservation 32 (1986) 73-76.
19. Kaneko, K., Serizawa, M., and Ishikawa, T., 'Dielectric behaviour of water molecules adsorbed onto iron (III) oxide hydroxides', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 86 (1975) 1764-1769.
20. Matijevic, E., and Scheiner, P., 'Ferric hydrous oxide sols III. Preparation of uniform particles by hydrolysis of Fe (III) - chloride - nitrate and perchlorate solutions', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 63 (1978) 509-524.
21. Regazzoni, A.E., Blesa, M.A., and Maroto, A.J.G., 'Electrophoteric behaviour of the hematite/complexing monovalent anion solution interface', Journal of Colloid Interface Science 91 (1983) 560-570.
22. Hingston, F.J., Posner, A.M., and Quirk, J.P., 'Anion adsorption by goethite and gibbsite: I. The role of the proton in determining adsorption', Journal of Soil Science 23(2) (1972) 177-192.
23. Kaneko, K., 'Surface chemistry of FeOOH micro crystals', in Current Problems in the Conservation of Metals Antiquities, Tokyo, 4-6 October 1989, National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Tokyo (1989) 42-62.
24. Mackay, A.L., 'β-Ferric Oxyhydroxide', Mineralogical Magazine 32 (1960) 545-557.
25. Childs, C.W., Goodman, B.A., Paterson, E., and Woodhams, F.W.D., 'The nature of iron in akaganeite (β-FeOOH)', Australian Journal of Chemistry 33 (1980) 15-26.
26. Ishikawa, T., and Inouye, K., 'The structural transformation of ferric oxyhydroxides and their activity to sulfur dioxide', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 45 (1972) 2350-2354.
27. Ishikawa, T., and Inouye, K., 'Role of chlorine in S-FeOOH on its thermal change and reactivity to sulfur dioxide', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 48(5) (1975) 1580-1584.
28. Buckwald, V.F., and Clark, R., 'Corrosion of Fe-Ni alloys containing akaganéite: the Antarctic Meteorite case', American Mineralogist 74 (1989) 656-676.
29. Blytholder, G., and Richardson, E.A., 'Infrared and volumetric data on the adsorption of ammonia, water and other gases on activated iron (III) oxide', Journal of Physical Chemistry 66 (1962) 2597.
30. Richardson, G.M., and Malthus, R.S., 'Salts for static control of humidity at relatively low levels', Journal of Applied Chemistry 5 (1955) 557-567.
31. Watkinson, D.E., and Neal, V., First Aid for Finds 3rd edn, RESCUE and UKIC, Hertford, UK (1998) 108.
32. Greenspan, L., 'Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions', Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 81A(1) (1977) 89-96.
33. Lide, D.R. (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (1996).
34. Lafontaine, R.H., Silica Gel, Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 10, Ottawa (1984).
35. Hickman, M.J., Measurement of Humidity, National Physical Laboratory Notes on Applied Science 4 (1970) 31.
36. Anon, 'Small enclosures for testing and conditioning using aqueous solutions' (in French), l'Association Française de Normalisation, AFNOR (1973), Tour Europe, NF X15-014 (November 1973).
37. BSI, 'RH of air over saturated solutions of salts', British Standard 3718 Specification for Laboratory Humidity Ovens (non-injection type), (1964) 19.
38. Wink, W.A., and Sears, G.R., 'TAPPI 33', Chemical Abstracts 44 (1950).
39. Stokes, R.H., and Robinson, R.A., 'Standard solutions for humidity control at 25°C', Industrial Engineering Chemistry 41 (1949) 2013.
40. Spencer, H.M., International Critical Tables 1, McGraw-Hill, New York (1926) 67.
41. Watkinson, D.E., 'Degree of mineralization: its significance for the stability and treatment of excavated ironwork', Studies in Conservation 28 (1983) 85-90.