User authentication via adapted statistical models of face images

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 361-373

  Cardinaux, Fabien ^a   Sanderson, Conrad ^b   Bengio, Samy ^a  

^a IDIAP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Access control; Biometrics; Face localization; Face recognition; Gaussian mixture models (GMMs); Hidden Markov models (HMMs); Local features; Maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) training

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY; FEATURE EXTRACTION; MARKOV PROCESSES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION; PROBABILITY; STATISTICAL METHODS;

ADAPTED STATISTICAL MODELS; FACE IMAGES; FACE LOCALIZATION; GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL (GMM); HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS (HMMS); MAXIMUM A POSTERIORI PROBABILITY (MAP) TRAINING;

FACE RECOGNITION;

EID: 30344436680     PISSN: 1053587X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2005.861075     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. W. Atkins, "A testing time for face recognition technology," Biometr. Technol. Today, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 8-11, 2001.
2. E. Bailly-Baillière, S. Bengio, F. Bimbot, M. Hamouz, J. Kittler, J. Mariéthoz, J. Matas, K. Messer, V. Popovici, F. Porée, B. Ruiz, and J.-P Thiran, "The BANCA database and evaluation protocol," in Proc. Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Guildford. U.K., 2003, pp. 625-638.
3. S. Bengio, J. Madéthoz, and S. Marcel, "Evaluation of Biometric Technology on XM2VTS,", Martigny, Switzerland, IDIAP Res. Rep. 01-21, 2001.
4. S. Bengio and J. Mariéthoz, "The expected performance curve: A new assessment measure for person authentication," in Proc. Odyssey 2004: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, Toledo, OH, 2004, pp. 279-284.
5. F. Cardinaux, C. Sanderson, and S. Marcel, "Comparison of MLP and GMM classifiers for face verification on XM2VTS," in Proc. Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Guildford, U.K., 2003, pp. 911-920.
6. R. Chellappa, C. L. Wilson, and S. Sirohey, "Human and machine recognition of faces: A survey," Proc. IEEE, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 705-740, 1995.
7. R. Collobert, S. Bengio, and J. Mariéthoz, "Torch: A Modular Machine Learning Software Library,", Martigny, Switzerland, IDIAP Research Rep. 02-46, 2002.
8. A.P. Dempster, N. M. Laird, and D. B. Rubin, "Maximum-likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm," J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-38, 1977.
9. G. R. Doddington, M. A. Przybocki, A. F. Martin, and D. A. Reynolds, "The NIST speaker recognition evaluation - Overview, methodology, systems, results, perspective," Speech Commun., vol. 31, no. 2-3, pp. 225-254, 2000.
10. B. Duc, S. Fischer, and J. Bigün, "Face authentication with gabor information on deformable graphs," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 504-516, 1999.
11. R. Duda, P. Hart, and G. Stork, Pattern Classification. New York: Wiley, 2001.
12. J.-L. Dugelay, J.-C. Junqua, C. Kotropoulos, R. Kuhn, F. Perronnin, and I. Pitas, "Recent advances in biometric person authentication," in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing (ICASSP), vol. IV, Orlando, FL, 2002, pp. 4060-4062.
13. S. Eickeler, S. Müller, and R. Gerhard, "Recognition of JPEG compressed face images based on statistical methods," Image Vision Comput., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 279-287, 2000.
14. Y. Freund and R. E. Shapire, "A short introduction to boosting," J. Jpn. Soc. Artif. Intell., no. 14, pp. 771-780, 1999.
15. B. Fröba and A. Ernst, "Face detection with the modified census transform," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (AFGR), Seoul, Korea, 2004, pp. 91-96.
16. J.-L. Gauvain and C.-H, Lee, "Maximum a posteriori estimation for multivariate Gaussian mixture observations of Markov chains," IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 291-298, Feb. 1994.
17. R. C. Gonzales and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992.
18. M. A. Grudin, "On internal representations in face recognition systems," Pattern Recogn., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1161-1177, 2000.
19. B. Kamgar-Parsi, B. Kamgar-Parsi, A. Jain, and J. Dayhoff, "Aircraft detection: A case study in using human similarity measure," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1404-1414, Dec. 2001.
20. S.G. Kong, J. Heo, B. R. Abidi, J. Paik, and M. A. Abidi, "Recent advances in visual and infrared face recognition A review," Comput. Vision Image Understanding, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 103-135, 2005.
21. M. Lades, J. C. Vorbrüggen, J. Buhmann, J. Lange, C. c. d. Malsburg, R. P. Würtz, and W. Konen, "Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture," IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 300-311, Mar. 1993.
22. T.S. Lee, "Image representation using 2D gabor wavelets," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 959-97l, Oct. 1996.
23. M. Lockie, Ed., "Facial verification bureau launched by police IT group" in Biometr. Technol. Today, 2002, vol. 10, pp. 3-4.
24. S. Lucey and T. Chen, "A GMM parts based face representation for improved verification through relevance adaptation," in Proc. Int. Conf. Computer Vision Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Washington DC, 2004, pp. 855-861.
25. J. Mariéthoz and S. Bengio, "A comparative study of adaptation methods for speaker verification," in Proc. Int. Conf. Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), Denver, CO, 2002, pp. 581-584.
26. A. Martin, G. Doddington, T. Kamm, M. Ordowski, and M. Przybocki, "The DET curve in assessment of detection task performance," in Proc. Eurospeech'97, Rhodes, Greece, 1997, pp. 1895-1898.
27. A. Nefian and M. Hayes, "Face recognition using an embedded HMM," in Proc. Audio Video-based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Washington, DC, 1999, pp. 19-24.
28. A. Nefian and M. Hayes, "Maximum likelihood training of the embedded HMM for face detection and recognition," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP), vol. 1, Canada, 2000, pp. 33-36.
29. J. Ortega-Garcia, J. Bigün, D. Reynolds, and J. Gonzales-Rodriguez, "Authentication gets personal with biometrics," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 50-62, 2004.
30. A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner, "View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition," in Proc. Int. Conf. Computer Vision Pattern Recognition, Seattle, WA, 1994, pp. 84-91.
31. J. Picone, "Signal modeling techniques in speech recognition," in Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, 1993, pp. 1215-1247.
32. L. R. Rabiner, "A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition," in Readings in Speech Recognition, A. Waibel and K.-F. Lee, Eds. San Mateo. CA: Kaufmann. 1990. pp. 267-296.
33. D. A. Reynolds, T. F. Quatieri, and R. B. Dunn, "Speaker verification using adapted Gaussian mixture models," Dig. Signal Process., vol. 10, no. 1-3, 2000.
34. M. Sadeghi, J. Kittler, A. Kostin, and K. Messer, "A comparative study of automatic face verification algorithms on the BANCA database," Proc. Audio- Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), pp. 35-43, 2003.
35. F. Samaria, "Face recognition using hidden Markov models," Ph.D. dissertation, Trinity College, Univ. Cambridge, U.K., 1994.
36. C. Sanderson and S. Bengio, "Extrapolating single view face models for multi-view recognition," in Proc. Int. Conf. Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks Information Processing (ISSNIP), Melbourne, Australia, 2004, pp. 581-586.
37. C. Sanderson and S. Bengio, "Statistical transformations of frontal models for non-frontal face verification," Pattern Recogn., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 288-302, 2006.
38. C. Sanderson and K. K. Paliwal, "Fast features for face authentication under illumination direction changes," Patt. Recogn. Lett., vol. 24, no. 14, pp. 2409-2419, 2003.
39. C. Sanderson and K. K. Paliwal, "Identity verification using speech and face information," Dig. Signal Process., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 449-480, 2004.
40. F. K. Soong and A. E. Rosenberg, "On the use of instantaneous and transitional spectral information in speaker recognition," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 871-879, 1988.
41. M. Turk and A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces for recognition," J. Cognitive Neurosci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 71-86, 1991.
42. P. Viola and M. Jones, "Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features," in Proc. Int. Conf. Computer Vision Pattern Recognition (CVPR), vol. 1, 2001, pp. 511-518.
43. J. L. Wayman, "Digital signal processing in biometric identification: A review," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP), vol. 1, Rochester, NY. 2002, pp. 37-40.
44. J. D. Woodward, "Biometrics: Privacy's foe or privacy's friend?," in Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, Sep. 1997, pp. 1480-1492.
45. M.-H. Yang, D. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja, "Detecting faces in images: A survey," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 34-58, 2002.
46. J. Zhang, Y. Yan, and M. Lades, "Face recognition: Eigenfaces, elastic matching, and neural nets," in Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, 1997, pp. 1422-1435.