Marian Breland Bailey: The mouse who reinforced

Arkansas Historical Quarterly

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 60-79

  Marr, John N ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b Behavior Therapy and Counseling Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29944447503     PISSN: 00041823     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40031038     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Burrhus F. Skinner founded a school of behaviorism considered radicalwithin psychology because he included thoughts and emotions as both causes andeffects of behavior. Among contemporary psychologists, he was second only toFreud in the frequency with which his work was cited, and he was ranked in 1970as the most important contemporary contributor to psychology. To date, he is theonly person to receive a Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution toPsychology from the American Psychological Association. Robert D. Nye, TheLegacy of B. F. Skinner: Concepts and Perspectives, Controversies andMisunderstandings (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1992)
2. Skinner was severely criticized by other psychologists for studyinglearning in his "black boxes" instead of traditional mazes orproblem-solving situations, but he would attribute some of his greatestdiscoveries to his use of the Skinner box. B. F. Skinner, Science and HumanBehavior (New York: Macmillan, 1953)
3. B. F. Skinner and Charles Ferster, Schedules of Reinforcement (New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957)
4. Marian Breland Bailey, e-mail correspondence with author, January 20,2001
5. Bob Bailey, e-mail correspondence with author, November 19, 2001
6. Marian Bailey, e-mail, January 20, 2001
7. Keller Breland and Marian Breland, "Training Animals with PositiveReinforcement" (unpublished manual, 1951). Covering many steps of trainingfundamentals, it was revised in 1955 for Marineland in Florida and expanded in1956 for Marineland of the Pacific. In 1963, another version was written forNavy trainers
8. Keller Breland and Marian Breland, "The New Animal Psychology,"National Humane Review (March 1954): 9-12, 26-67
9. "IQ Zoo," Time, February 28, 1954, 54
10. Life, December 26, 1960, 174
11. Bob Bailey, e-mail, November 19, 2001
12. For a more detailed comparison of Pavlovian or classical conditioning andoperant conditioning, see John Lutz, An Introduction to Learning and Memory(Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1996)
13. See also, B. F. Skinner, "Operant Behavior" AmericanPsychologist 18 (1963): 503-515
14. Keller Breland contributed the term "bridge," also calledbridging stimulus, to the lexicon. He said it bridged the time delay between theresponse and the primary reinforcer. Marian Bailey, e-mail, January 20, 2001
15. Keller Breland and Marian Breland, "A Field of AnimalPsychology, " American Psychologist 6 (1951): 202-204
16. Marian Breland Bailey, "Professional Experience and PersonalHistory" (unpublished manuscript, March 3, 1998, in possession of BobBailey, Hot Springs)
17. Keller Breland, "The 'Who's Teaching Whom?' Machine," AmericanPsychologist 18(1963): 18
18. K. Breland and M. Breland, "The Misbehavior of Organisms, "American Psychologist 16 (1961): 681-684
19. B. F. Skinner, Upon Further Reflection (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1987), 163
20. Breland and Breland, "The Misbehavior of Organisms," 683
21. WilIiam Verplanck, "Bravo to the Brelands" AmericanPsychologist 17 (1962): 503
22. Skinner, Upon Further Reflection, 163
23. Bob Bailey, comment during videotaped interview with Marian BrelandBailey
24. M. B. Bailey and R. E. Bailey, Behavioral Technology-Yesterday, Today,and Tomorrow: Videotape Documentation (videotape, 1996, held at Henderson StateUniversity, Arkadelphia, AR)
25. Ibid
26. Marian Breland Bailey, e-mail correspondence with author, September 23,2000
27. Marian Breland Bailey, e-mail, September 23, 2000
28. Marian Breland, "Foundation of Teaching by PositiveReinforcements" and "Application of Method," in Teaching theMentally Retarded, ed. Gerard Bensberg (Atlanta: Southern Regional EducationBoard, 1965)
29. M. Bailey, "Professional Experience and Personal History."
30. Bob and Marian Breland Bailey, e-mail correspondence with author,November 26, 2000
31. Marian Breland Bailey, "Avian Distance Acuity" (Ph.D. diss.,University of Arkansas, 1978). After congratulating her at a convention inChicago, B. F. Skinner remarked that he and I had supervised the work of thestudent who likely held the record for having more years between her M.A. thesisand Ph.D. dissertation than anybody else, 1944 to 1978. Actually, Marian hadnever completed a master's thesis, because Skinner had insisted that she enterthe Ph.D. program immediately after completing her bachelor's degree
32. Calvin Trillin, "The Chicken Vanishes," New Yorker, February 8,1999, 38-41
33. See also, Calvin Trillin, Travels with Alice (New York: Ticknor andFields, 1989), 118-128
34. Marian Breland Bailey and Robert E. Bailey, Behavioral Technology(videotape)
35. The Arkansas cases are described in the videotapes of W. Dierks and J. N.Marr and in published studies by W. Dierks and K. McNally, "An ArkansasBank is Putting B. F. Skinner's Theory into Practice with SurprisingSuccess" Personnel Administrator (March 1987): 61-65
36. J. N. Marr and R. T. Roessler, Supervision and Management: A Guide toModifying Work Behavior (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994),xv-xvi, 59-60
37. Bob Bailey, e-mail correspondence with author, January 15, 2001