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See the preceding paper in this journal.
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29844458226
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note
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At the time there was only a single example of successful intramolecular Heck cyclization of a tetrasubstituted double bond.9a Even today, despite the recent intense investigations in this area, there are only a few examples of intramolecular Heck cyclizations of tetrasubstituted olefins, most from various investigations in our laboratories.25a
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29844456954
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note
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The analogous iodo amide can be prepared by a two step sequence, involving initial palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of 8 in methanol27 followed by aminolysis of the resulting methyl ester with the dimethyl-aluminum amide of 2-iodoaniline.
-
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-
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57
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29844449734
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note
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Similar success in this Heck cyclization was observed when the amide protecting group was a benzyl or methoxymethyl group. The iodide analogue of 1Oa cyclized with similar low stereoselectivity.
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58
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29844458354
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note
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1H NMR spectrum of the oxindole isomer that places the carbonyl group proximal to C19 than in its epimer. For example, for epimers 11a/11b this signal is seen at 6.7 ppm, whereas it is seen at 6.2 ppm in isomers 12a/12b.
-
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59
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29844454156
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note
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In a preliminary description of these studies,9d these conditions were inappropriately described as "ligandless"; however, dba is likely bound to palladium during the Heck insertion sequence.32
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60
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0030743672
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29844452971
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note
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These conditions were employed by Speckamp and Hiemstra for construction of the spirooxindole in their early synthesis of (±)-gelsemine.18
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67
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0000573166
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Wiley: New York; Collect.
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29844452824
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note
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4 resulted in unidentifiable products.
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29844456468
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note
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The configuration of the nitrile substituent of 18 and 30 was determined by correlating the coupling constants predicted by the Karplus-Conroy equation with the observed coupling constants. In 18 the dihedral angle between the hydrogens at C16 and C5 is ∼90° and that between the hydrogens at C16 and C15 is ∼15°, so a doublet with a 7 Hz coupling constant is predicted; the observed coupling is 7.2 Hz. Likewise for 30, the dihedral angle between the hydrogens at C16 and C5 is ∼30° and that between the hydrogens on C16 and C15 is approximately 90°, so a doublet with a 4 Hz coupling constant is predicted; the observed coupling is 4.2 Hz.
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74
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29844433179
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note
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A related epimerization was employed by Fukuyama and Liu in their synthesis of (±)-gelsemine.20
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75
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Several examples of electrophile-promoted cyclization of the oxindole and vinyl groups of gelsemine were encountered during early degradation studies.3a
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The Hart total synthesis of (±)-21-oxogelsemine also features a base-promoted epimerization of a spirocyclic oxindole intermediate.
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101
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We examined also, without success, opening the methyl aziridinium ion derived from 46 with a variety of one-carbon nucleophiles.
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117
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29844439182
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note
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Trapping the resulting enolate with N-phenyl- bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) was successful but gave inconsistent yields.
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118
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29844453995
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note
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At this point, it is unclear why stereoselection in the Heck cyclization varies with the nature of the β-substituent.
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120
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0003520774
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John Wiley & Sons: New York, Chapter 5
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127
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29844445366
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note
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In product 73, an NOE is observed between the cyclohexyl proton at C3, the vinyl proton at C19, and the aromatic proton at C9. These NOEs are consistent with the cyclohexyl ring of 73 existing in a twist boat conformation.
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129
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note
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The yield of the largest scale reaction we conducted of each step was used in this calculation. For the intramolecular Heck reaction of 68 an average yield of 69% was used as this reaction was only carried out on one scale.
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130
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29844437585
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note
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The first step of our gelsemine synthesis is a Diels-Alder reaction of a 1,3-cyclohexadiene with methyl acrylate.24 As chiral auxiliaries for acrylate dienophiles have been developed and much progress in asymmetric catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions has been recorded, it would appear likely that an enantioselective version of the opening moves of our gelsemine synthesis could be developed.85
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131
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0342360660
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For selected reviews of asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions, see: (a) Oh, T.; Reilly, M. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1994, 26, 129-158.
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For a review of the use of the Diels-Alder reaction in natural products total synthesis, see: (d) Nicolaou, K. C.; Snyder, S. A.; Montagnon, T.; Vassilikogiannakis, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1668-1698.
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Nicolaou, K.C.1
Snyder, S.A.2
Montagnon, T.3
Vassilikogiannakis, G.4
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