Observations of spawning behaviour in Salmoninae: Salmo, Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 15, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 1-21

  Esteve, Manu ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Male reproductive strategies; Salmoninae; Spawning behaviour; Spawning tactics; Underwater video

Indexed keywords

MALE BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY; SALMONID; SPAWNING;

ONCORHYNCHUS; PISCES; SALMO; SALMONINAE; SALVELINUS;

EID: 29544449458     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11160-005-7434-7     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. J. Alcock 1993 Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach Fifth edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA 625
2. M. Andersson 1994 Sexual selection Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ 599
3. Armstrong, R.H. and Morrow, J.E. (1980) The Dolly Varden charr, Salvelinus malma. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr W Junk, The Hague, pp. 99-140.
4. R.A. Bachman 1991 The brown trout In: J. Stolz J. Schnell (eds.) Trout The Wildlife Series Stackpole Books Harrisburg, PA 208-229
5. B.T. Barlaup H. Lura H. Saegrov and R.C. Sundt 1994 Inter- and intra-specific variability in female salmonid spawning behaviour Can. J. Zool. 72 636-642
6. A.J. Bateman 1948 Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila Heredity 2 349-368
7. T.D. Beacham and C.B. Murray 1985 Variation in length and body depth of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) in southern British Columbia Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 312-319
8. E. Beall and B. Gaudemar de 1999 Plasticity of reproductive behaviour in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Salmonidae) in relation to environmental factors (in French) Cybium 23 1 9-28 suppl.
9. P. Bentzen J.B. Olsen J.E. McLean T.R. Seamons and T.P. Quinn 2001 Kinship analysis of Pacific salmon: Insights into mating, homing, and timing of reproduction J. Hered. 92 2 127-136 11396570 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fht1Wktg%3D%3D
10. B.A. Berejikian S.P. Tezak S.L. Schroder C.M. Knudsen and J.J. Hard 1997 Reproductive behavioral interactions between wild and captively reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54 1040-1050
11. B.A. Berejikian E.P. Tezak and L. LaRae 2000 Female mate choice and spawning behaviour of chinook salmon under experimental conditions J. Fish Biol. 57 647-661
12. E.P. Berghe van den and M.R. Gross 1984 Female size and nest depth in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 204-206
13. A. Berglund 1997 Mating systems and sex allocation In: J-G.J. Godin (ed.) Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes Oxford University Press UK 237-265
14. N.J. Bernier D.D. Heath D.J. Randall and G.K. Iwama 1993 Repeat sexual maturation of precocious male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transferred to seawater Can. J. Zool. 71 4 683-688
15. A. Berst A.R. Emery and G.R. Spangler 1981 Reproductive behavior of hybrid charr (Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38 432-440
16. P.J. Blanchfield and M.S. Ridgway 1999 The cost of peripheral males in a brook trout mating system Anim. Behav. 57 537-544 10196043
17. T. Bohlin C. Dellefors and U. Faremo 1990 Large or small at maturity-theories on the choice of alternative male strategies in anadromous Salmonids Ann. Zool. Fenn. 27 139-147
18. C.J. Burner 1951 Characteristics of spawning nests of Columbia River salmon Fish. Bull. 52 97-110
19. R.L. Buttler 1991 View from an observation tank In: J. Stolz J. Schnell (eds.) Trout The Wildlife Series Stackpole Books Harrisburg, PA 50-56
20. N.A. Chebanov 1980 Spawning behavior of the pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha J. Ichthyol. (Engl. Transl.) 20 64-73
21. N.A. Chebanov and B.E. Riddell 1998 The spawning behavior, selection of mates, and reproductive success of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawners of natural and hatchery origins under conditions of joint spawning J. Ichthyol. 38 517-526
22. D.T. Crisp and P.A. Carling 1989 Observations on sitting, dimensions and structure of salmonid redds J. Fish. Biol. 34 119-134
23. Darwin C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. J. Murray, London. 698
24. K. Edo H. Kawamula and S. Higashi 2000 The structure and dimensions of redds and egg pockets of the endangered salmonid, Sakhalin taimen J. Fish Biol. 56 890-904
25. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and S. Kramer 1958 Ethology, the comparative study of animal behavior Quart. Rev. Biol. 33 3 181-211 13591511 1:STN:280:CyaD38%2FovFE%3D
26. Esteve, M. (2005). Spawning Behaviour of the Salmoninae Subfamily Members. A Phylogenetic Study. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Barcelona, 202 pp (http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0420105-161934/)
27. D.M. Evans 1994 Observations on the spawning behaviour of male and female adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., using radiotelemetry Fish. Manage. Ecol. 1 91-105
28. E. Fabricius 1953 Aquarium observations on the spawning behavior of the charr Salmo alpinus Rep. Inst. Freshwater. Res. (Drottingholm) 34 14-48
29. E. Fabricius K.J. Gustafson 1954 Further aquarium observations of the charr Salmo alpinus Rep. Inst. Freshwater. Res. (Drottingholm) 35 58-104
30. R.A. Fisher 1930 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Oxford University Press NY 272
31. R.A. Fisher 1958 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Second Edition. Dover New York
32. I.A. Fleming 1996 Reproductive strategies of Atlantic salmon: Ecology and evolution Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6 379-416
33. I.A. Fleming 1998 Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55 suppl. 59-76
34. I.A. Fleming and M.R. Gross 1993 Breeding success of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in competition Ecol. Applicat. 3 2 230-245
35. I.A. Fleming and M.R. Gross 1994 Breeding competition in a Pacific salmon (coho: OncMrhynchus kisutch): measures of natural and sexual selection Evolution 48 637-657
36. I.A. Fleming and E. Petersson 2001 The ability of released, hatchery Salmonids to breed and contribute to the natural productivity of wild populations Nordic J. Freshwater Res. 75 71-98
37. I.A. Fleming B. Jonsson M.R. Gross and A. Lamberg 1996 An experimental study of the reproductive behaviour and success of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) J. Appl. Ecol. 33 893-905
38. C.J. Foote 1987 An Experimental Examination of Behavioural Isolation Between Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee, the Anadromous and Nonanadromous Forms of Oncorhynchus nerka University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Ph.D. dissertation.
39. C.J. Foote 1988 Male mate choice dependent on male size in salmon Behaviour 106 63-80
40. C.J. Foote 1989 Female mate preference in Pacific salmon Anim. Behav. 37 721-723
41. C.J. Foote 1990 An experimental comparison of male and female spawning territoriality in a Pacific salmon Behaviour 115 283-314
42. C.J. Foote and P.A. Larkin 1988 The role of male choice in the assortative mating of anadromous and non-anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Behaviour 106 1-2 43-61
43. C.J. Foote W.C. Clarke and J. Blackburn 1991 Inhibition of smolting in precocious male chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Can. J. Zool. 69 1848-1852
44. C.J. Foote G.S. Brown and C.C. Wood 1997 Spawning success of males using alternative mating tactics in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54 1785-1795
45. J. Garant J. Dodson and L. Bernatchez 2001 A genetic evaluation of mating system and determinants of individual reproductive success in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) J. Hered. 92 137-145 11396571 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fht1Wktw%3D%3D
46. García de Leániz, C. (1990). Distribution, Growth, Movements and Homing Behaviour of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout in the Girnock Burn, Aberdeenshire. PhD dissertation. University of Aberdeen.
47. E. García-Vázquez P. Morán J.L. Martínez J. Pérez B. Gaudemar de and E. Beall 2001 Alternative mating strategies in Atlantic salmon and brown trout J. Hered. 92 146-149 11396572
48. B. Gaudemar de 1998 Sexual selection and breeding patterns: Insights from salmonids (Salmonidae) Acta Biotheorica 46 235-251
49. B. Gaudemar de and E. Beall 1999 Reproductive behavioural sequences of single pairs of Atlantic salmon in an experimental stream Anim. Behav. 57 1207-1217
50. B. Gaudemar de S. Schroder and E. Beall 2000a Nest placement and egg distribution in Atlantic salmon redds Env. Biol. Fish. 57 37-47
51. B. Gaudemar de J.M. Bonzom and E. Beall 2000b Effects of courtship and relative mate size on sexual motivation in Atlantic salmon J. Fish Biol. 57 502-515
52. J.R. Greeley 1932 The spawning habits of brook, brown and rainbow trout, and the problem of egg predators Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 62 239-247
53. C. Groot 1996 Salmonid life histories In: W. Pennell A. Bruce (eds.) Principles of Salmonid Culture Elsevier Amsterdam 97-230
54. M.R. Gross 1984 Sunfish, salmon, and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fishes In: G.W. Potts R.J. Wootton (eds.) Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics Academic Press London 55-75
55. M.R. Gross 1985 Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon Nature 313 47-48
56. M.R. Gross 1996 Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within the sexes Trends Ecology Evol. 11 92-98
57. J.M. Gunn 1995 Spawning behavior of lake trout: Effects on colonization ability J. Great Lakes Res. 21 Suppl. 1 323-329
58. T.R. Hamon C.J. Foote and G.S. Brown 1999 Use of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon J. Fish Biol. 55 459-471
59. A.J. Hanson and H.D. Smith 1967 Mate selection in a population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of mixed age-groups J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 24 1955-1977
60. G.F. Hartman 1970 Nets digging behaviour of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Can. J. Zool. 48 1462
61. M.C. Healey 1991 Life history of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha In: C. Groot L. Margolis (eds.) Pacific Salmon Life Histories University of British Columbia Press Vancouver BC 311-394
62. M.C. Healey and A. Prince 1998 Alternatives tactics in the breeding behaviour of male coho salmon Behaviour 135 1099-1124
63. W.R. Heard 1972 Spawning behavior of pink salmon on an artificial redd Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101 2 276-283
64. S.A. Henson and R.R. Warner 1997 Male and female alternative reproductive behaviors in fishes: A new approach using intersexual dynamics Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28 571-592
65. D.J. Hoysak and N.R. Liley 2001 Fertilization dynamics in sockeye salmon and a comparison of sperm from alternative male phenotypes J. Fish Biol. 58 1286-1300
66. D.J. Hoysak N.R. Liley and E.B. Taylor 2004 Raffles, roles, and the outcome of sperm competition in sockeye salmon Can. J. Zool. 82 1017-126
67. J.A. Hutchings and R.A. Myers 1994 The evolution of alternative mating strategies in variable environments Evol. Ecol. 8 256-268
68. V.N. Ivankov S.N. Padetskiy V.S. Floryak N.I. Churikova and Yu.I. Gavrenkov 1981 Neotenic females of cherry salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, of the Krivaya River (Southern Primorye) J. Ichthyol. 21 118-123
69. James P.J., Sexauer H.M. (1997). Spawning behaviour, spawning habitat and alternative mating strategies in an adfluvial population of bull trout. In: Mackay W.C., Brewin M.K. and Monita M. (eds.), Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings, pp. 325-329
70. T. Järvi 1990 The effects of male dominance, secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice on the mating success of male Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Ethology 84 123-132
71. Johnson, L. (1980) The arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. In :BAlon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 15-98.
72. Jones J.W., Ball J.N. (1954). The spawning behaviour of brown trout and salmon. Brit. J. Anim. Behav., 103-114
73. J.W. Jones and G.M. King 1949 Experimental observations on the Spawning Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 119 33-48
74. J.W. Jones and G.M. King 1950 Further experimental observations on the Spawning Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 120 317-323
75. J.W. Jones and G.M. King 1952 The spawning of the male salmon parr (Salmo salar Linn Juv.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122 615-619
76. B. Jonsson N. Jonsson 2001 Polymorphism and speciation in Arctic charr J. Fish Biol. 58 605-638
77. N. Jonsson B. Jonsson and L.P. Hansen 1991 Energetic cost of spawning in male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L J. Fish Biol. 39 739-744
78. Keenleyside M.H.A. and Dupuis H.M.C. (1988a). Comparison of digging behavior by female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) before and after spawning. Copeia 1092-1095
79. M.H.A. Keenleyside and H.M.C. Dupuis 1988b Courtship and spawning competition in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Can. J. Zool. 66 262-265
80. S. Kitano 1996 Size-related factors causing individual variation in seasonal reproductive success of fluvial male Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) Ecol. Fresh. Fish. 5 59-67
81. S. Kitano K. Maekawa S. Nakano and K.D. Fausch 1994 Spawning behavior of bull trout in the upper Flathead drainage, Montana, with special reference to hybridization with brook trout Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123 6 988-992
82. R.A. Knapp and V.T. Vredenburg 1996 Spawning by California golden trout: characteristics of spawning fish, seasonal and daily timing, redd characteristics, and microhabitat preferences Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125 519-531
83. Y. Koseki and K. Maekawa 2000 Sexual selection on mature male parr of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou): Does sneaking behavior favor small body size and less-developed sexual characters? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48 211-217
84. J.H. L'Abeé-Lund A.J. Jensen and B.O. Johnsen 1990 Interpopulation variation in male parr maturation of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Norway Can. J. Zool. 68 1983-1987
85. Leggett, J.W. (1980) Reproductive ecology and behavior of Dolly Varden char in British Columbia. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 721-737.
86. K. Maekawa 1983 Streaking behaviour of mature male parrs of the Myabe Charr, Salvelinus malma myabei, during spawning Jap. J. Ichthyol. 30 3 227-234
87. K. Maekawa and T. Hino 1986 Spawning behaviour of Dolly Varden in southeastern Alaska, with especial reference to the mature male parr Jap. J. Ichthyol. 32 454-458
88. Martin, N.V. and Olver, C.H. (1980) The lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 205-277.
89. P. McCart 1969 Digging behaviour of Oncorhynchus nerka spawning in streams at Babine Lake, British Columbia In: T.G. Nothcote (ed.) Salmon and Trout in Streams University of British Columbia Press Vancouver, BC 39-51
90. D.A. McLennan 1994 A phylogenetic approach to the evolution of fish behaviour Rev. Fish. Biol.Fish. 4 4 430-460
91. N.B. Metcalfe F.A. Huntingford W.D. Graham and J.E. Thorpe 1989 Early social status and the development of life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 236 1282 7-19 2565574 1:STN:280:BiaB387gsVU%3D
92. I.B. Mjølnerød I.A. Fleming U.H. Refseth and K. Hindar 1998 Mate and sperm competition during multiple-male spawnings of Atlantic salmon Can. J. Zool. 76 70-75
93. Y. Morbey 2000 Protandry in Pacific salmon Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57 1252-1257
94. Y. Morbey 2002 The mate-guarding behaviour of male kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka Behaviour 139 507-528
95. R.A. Myers and J.A. Hutchings 1987 Mating of anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with mature male parr J. Fish Biol. 31 143-146
96. P.R. Needham 1961 Observations on the natural spawning of eastern brook trout Cal. Fish and Game 47 27-40
97. P.R. Needham and A.C. Taft 1934 Observations on the spawning of steelhead trout Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 64 322-338
98. P.R. Needham and T.M. Vaughan 1952 Spawning of the Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in Twin Creek, Idaho Copeia 1952 197-199
99. C.P. Newcombe and G.F. Hartman 1980 Visual signals in the spawning behaviour of rainbow trout Can. J. Zool. 58 1751-1752
100. E. Petersson and T. Järvi 1997 Reproductive behaviour of sea trout (Salmo trutta): The consequences of sea-ranching Behaviour 134 1-22
101. E. Petersson and T. Järvi 2001 'False orgasm' in female brown trout: Trick or treat? Anim. Behav. 61 2 497-501
102. E. Petersson T. Järvi H. Olsen I. Mayer and M. Hedenskog 1999 Male-male competition and female choice in brown trout Anim. Behav. 57 777-783 10202086
103. Power, G. (1980) The brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. In :BAlon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 141-203.
104. T.P. Quinn 1999 Variation in Pacific salmon reproductive behaviour associated with species, sex and levels of competition Behaviour 136 179-204
105. T. P. Quinn 2005 The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout University of Washington Press Seattle, WA 328
106. T.P. Quinn and C.J. Foote 1994 The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Anim. Behav. 48 751-761
107. T.P. Quinn M.D. Adkison and M.B. Ward 1996 Behavioral tactics of male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under varying operational sex ratios Ethology 102 304-322
108. J.N. Rinne 1980 Spawning habitat and behavior of Gila trout, a rare salmonid of the Southwestern United States Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109 83-91
109. M. Satou H.A. Takeuchi K. Takei T. Hasegawa T. Matsushima and N. Okumoto 1994 Characterization of vibrational and visual signals which elicit spawning behavior in the male hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) J. Comp. Physiol. 174 5 527-537
110. S.L. Schroder 1973 Effects of Density on the Spawning Success of Chum Salmon in an Artificial Spawning Channel University of Washington Seattle, WA 78 Ph.D. dissertation.
111. S.L. Schroder 1981 The Role of Sexual Selection in Determining Overall Mating Patterns and Mate Choice in Chum Salmon University of Washington Seattle, WA 274 Ph.D. dissertation.
112. S.L. Schroder 1982 The influence of intrasexual competition on the distribution of chum salmon in a experimental stream In: E.L. Brannon E.O Salo (eds.) Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout migratory symposium. University of Washington Press Seattle 275-285
113. T.R. Seamons P. Bentzen and T.P. Quinn 2004 The mating system of steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, inferred by molecular analysis of parents and progeny Env. Biol. Fish. 69 1-4 333-334
114. H. Sigurjónsdóttir and K. Gunnarsson 1989 Alternative mating tactics of artic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, in Thingvallavatn, Iceland Env. Biol. Fish. 26 3 159-176
115. J.T. Silverstein H. Shimma and H. Ogata 1997 Early maturity in amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masu ishikawai): An association with energy storage Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54 444-451 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXivVGnsb4%3D
116. Stearley R.F. (1992). Historical ecology of Salmoninae, with special reference to Oncorhynchus. In: Mayden R.L. (ed.), Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes. Stanford University Press, pp. 622-658
117. M. Taborsky 1994 Sneakers, satellites, and helpers: Parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction Adv. Study Behav. 23 1-100
118. M. Taborsky 1998 Sperm competition in fish: 'bourgeois' males and parasitic spawning Trends Ecol Evol. 13 222-227
119. J.B. Taggart I.S. McLaren D.W. Hay J.H. Webb and A.F. Youngson 2001 Spawning success in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): A long-term DNA profiling-based study conducted in a natural stream Mol. Ecol. 10 4 1047-1060 11348510 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVentrg%3D
120. A.F. Tautz and C. Groot 1975 Spawning behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 5 633-642
121. E.B. Taylor 1989 Precocial male maturation in laboratory-reared populations of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Can J. Zool. 67 1665-1669
122. D. Thomaz E. Beall and T. Burke 1997 Alternative reproductive tactics in Atlantic salmon: Factors affecting mature parr success Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 264 219-226
123. J.E. Thorpe 1989 Developmental variation in salmonid populations J. Fish Biol. 35 A 295-303
124. J.E. Thorpe 1994 An alternative view of smolting in Salmonids Aquaculture 121 105-113
125. N. Tinbergen 1951 The study of instinct Oxford University Press London 228
126. N. Tinbergen 1952 Derived activities, their causation, biological significance, origin and emancipation during evolution Quart. Rev. Biol. 27 1-32 14930222 1:STN:280:Cy2D28%2FjtlY%3D
127. N. Tinbergen and J.J.A. Iersel Van 1947 Displacement reactions in the three-spined stickleback Behaviour 1 56-63
128. R.L. Trivers 1972 Parental investment and sexual selection In: B. Campbell (ed.) Sexual Selection and the Descendent of Man 1871-1971 Heineman London 136-179
129. V.V. Tsiger V.I. Skirin N.I. Krupyanko K.A. Kashkin and A.Yu. Semenchenko 1994 Life history forms of male masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in South Primor'e, Russia Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 197-208
130. H. Ueda Y. Nagahama F. Tashiro and L.W. Crim 1983 Some endocrine aspects of precocious sexual maturation in the amago salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. Nissuishi. 49 4 587-596 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXktVegt7s%3D
131. M.J. Unwin M.T. Kinnison and T.P. Quinn 1999 Exceptions to semelparity: postmaturation survival, morphology, and energetic costs of male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 1172-1181
132. E.O. Wilson 1975 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
133. Wilson, M. F. (1997). Variation in salmonid life histories: Patterns and perspectives. Res. Paper PNW-RP-498, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest research Station, Portland, OR
134. T. Yamamoto and K. Edo 2002 Reproductive behaviors related to life history forms in male masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou Breboort, in Lake Toya, Japan J. Fresh. Ecol. 17 2 275-281
135. A. Zahavi 1975 Mate selection: A selection for a handicap J. Theoret. Biol. 53 205-214 1:STN:280:CSmD2szotlQ%3D
136. Zahavi A., Zahavi A. (1997). The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford University Press. 268 pp