A critical review of street lighting, crime and fear of crime in the british city

Crime Prevention and Community Safety

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 7-24

  Cozens, P M ^a   Neale, R H ^a   Whitaker, J ^b   Hillier, D ^a   Graham, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN   (United Kingdom)

^b Department of Marketing of Valley Lines ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

crime; fear of crime; policy implications; Street lighting; the British city

Indexed keywords

EID: 29544440803     PISSN: 14603780     EISSN: 17434629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140143     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Angel, S. (1968) Discouraging Crime Through City Planning. Working Paper No. 75. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
2. Armitage, R (2002) To CCTV or Not to CCTV: A Review of Current Research into the Effectiveness of CCTV in Reducing Crime. Community Safety Practice Briefing. London: Crime and Social Policy Section, National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders.
3. Atkins, S., Husain, S. and Storey, A. (1991) The Influence of Street Lighting on Crime and Fear of Crime. Crime Prevention Unit Paper No. 28. London: Home Office.
4. Atlas, R. (1991) The Other Side of Defensible Space. Security Management. March, pp 63-6.
5. Bainbridge, D.I. and Painter, K. (1993) The Impact of Public Lighting on Crime, Fear of Crime and Quality of Life: A Study in the Moseley and Showell Green Areas of Birmingham. Birmingham: Aston Business School and University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology.
6. Ballintyne, S., Pease, K. and McLaren, V. (2000) Introduction. In Ballintyne, S., Pease, K. and McLaren, V. (eds) Secure Foundations: Key Issues in Crime Prevention, Crime Reduction and Community Safety. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
7. Bennett, R. (2000) White Light Reduces Fears. The Philips Lamp and Gear Magazine. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 14-17.
8. Bennett, T. and Wright, R. (1984). Burglars on Burglary. Farnborough: Gower.
9. Berla, N. (1995) The Impact of Street Lighting on Crime and Traffic Accidents. Washington, DC: Education and Public Welfare Division, Library of Congress.
10. Brantingham, P.J. and Brantingham, P.L. (1993) Nodes, Paths and Edges: Considerations on the Complexity of Crime and the Physical Environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Vol. 13, pp 3-28.
11. Brantingham, P.J., Brantingham, P.L. and Molumby, T. (1977) Perceptions of Crime in a Dreadful Enclosure. Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. 77, Part 6, pp 256-61.
12. British Standards Institute (1992a) Road Lighting. Part 1: Guide to the General Principles. BS5489-1. 5th edn. London: BSI.
13. British Standards Institute (1992b) Road Lighting. Part 3: Code of Practice for Lighting for Subsidiary Roads and Associated Pedestrian Areas. BS5489-3. 5th edn. London: BSI.
14. British Standards Institute (1996) Road Lighting. Part 9: Code of Practice for Lighting Urban Centres and Public Amenity Areas. BS5489-9. 4th edn. London: BSI.
15. Burden, T. and Murphy, L. (1991) Street Lighting, Community Safety and the Local Environment. The Leeds Project. Leeds: Leeds Polytechnic.
16. Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (1996) Car Park Lighting: Dilemma Solved. Factfile No. 2, pp 1-3.
17. Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (1998) Environmental Considerations for Exterior Lighting. Factfile No. 7. At http://www.cibse.org/ pdfs/factf7.pdf. Accessed 25th February 2003.
18. Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review. Vol. 44, pp 588-608.
19. Cozens, P.M., Hillier, D. and Prescott, G. (2001) Crime and the Design of Residential Property: Exploring the Perceptions of Planning Professionals, Burglars and Other Users. Property Management. Paper 2, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp 222-48.
20. Cozens, P.M., Neale, R.H., Whitaker, J. and Hillier, D. (2002) Investigating Perceptions of Personal Security on the Valley Lines Rail Network in South Wales (UK). World Transport Policy and Practice. Vol. 8, Part 1, pp 19-29.
21. Crawford, D.L and Wilson, R.R. (2001) Security Lighting: Real Security Means Good Night-time Lighting. Proceedings of the 6th International CPTED Conference, Brisbane, Qld, 24-27th September, pp 77-80.
22. Crowe, T. (2000) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts. 2nd edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
23. Davidson, N. and Goodey, J. (1991) Street Lighting and Crime. The Hull Project. Hull: Hull University.
24. Department of the Environment (1996) Planning Policy Guidance: Town Centres and Retail Developments. PPG No. 6. London: HMSO.
25. Department of the Environment and Welsh Office (1994) Planning Out Crime. Circular No. 5/94. London: HMSO.
26. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998) Places, Streets and Movement. Companion Guide to Design Bulletin 32: Residential Roads and Footpaths. London: HMSO.
27. Ditton, J., Nair, G. and Phillips, S. (1993) Crime in the Dark: A Case Study of the Relationship Between Street Lighting and Crime. In Jones, H. (ed.) Crime and the Urban Environment. Aldershot: Avebury.
28. DuBow, F., McCabe, E. and Kaplan, G. (1979) Reactions to Crime: A Critical Review of the Literature. London: HMSO.
29. Ekblom, P. (2000) The Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity: A Tool for Clear, 'Joined-up' Thinking about Community Safety. In Ballintyne et al, op cit.
30. Ellingworth, D.M. and Pease, K. (1998) Movers and Breakers: Household Property Crime Against Those Moving Home. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention. Vol. 3, pp 35-42.
31. Farrington, D.P. and Dowds, E.A. (1985) Disentangling Criminal Behaviour and Police Reaction. In Farrington, D.P. and Gunn, J. (eds) Reaction to Crime: The Public, The Police, Courts and Prisons. Chichester: Wiley.
32. Farrington, D.P. and Welsh, C. (2002) Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime: A Systematic Review. Home Office Research Study No. 251. London: Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office.
33. Fleming, R. and Burrows, J. (1986) The Case for Lighting as a Means of Preventing Crime. Home Office Research Bulletin No. 22. London: Home Office.
34. Gardner, C. (1999) Mastercolour: A Designer's View. Lamps and Gear Magazine. Vol. 2, No. 2. At http://www.eur.lighting.philips.com/int-en/oem/ general/aboutus/lamsgear/backissues/issue2-2/outdoor.htm. Accessed 11th December 2002.
35. Hale, C. (1996) Fear of Crime: A Review of the Literature. International Review of Victimology. Vol. 4, pp 79-150.
36. Hanyu, K. (1995) Visual Properties and Affective Appraisals in Residential Areas. Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol. 56, No. 12, 4978A, University Microfilms No. AAI19612190.
37. Harries, K. (2000) Filters, Fears, and Photos: Speculations and Explorations in the Geography of Crime. In Goldsmith, V. , McGuire, P.G., Mollenkopf, J.H. and Ross, T.A. (eds) Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers of Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Hartley, J.E. (1974) Lighting Reinforces Crime. Pittsfield, MA: Buttenheim.
39. Herbert, D. and Moore, L. (1991) Street Lighting and Crime. The Cardiff Project. Cardiff: Cardiff University.
40. Home Office (2000) Criminal Statistics, England and Wales. London: Government Statistical Service.
41. Ian Haywood Partnership (1997) Somerstown Community Safety Project. London and Sydney, NSW: unpublished.
42. Institute of Lighting Engineers (2002a) Minister Announces Funding Boost to Modernise England's Street Lights. At http://www.ile.co.uk/news/shownews.php? refnum=31. Accessed 28th November 2002.
43. Institute of Lighting Engineers (2002b) Frequently Asked Questions. At http://www.ile.co.uk/documents/frequently-asked-questions.htm. Accessed 28th November 2002.
44. Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. London: Jonathan Cape.
45. Kershaw, C., Chivite Mathews, N., Thomas, C. and Aust, R. (2001) The 2001 British Crime Survey: First Results, England and Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulletin No. 18/01. London: Home Office.
46. La Vigne, N.G. (1994) Rational Choice and Innate Disputes over Phone Use on Rickers Island. In Clarke, R.V. (ed.) Preventing Mass Transit Crime. Vol. 6, Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
47. Lynch, K. (1976) Managing the Sense of Region. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. Maguire, M. (1997) Crime Statistics, Patterns and Trends: Changing Perceptions and Their Implications. In Maguire, M, Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Clarendon.
49. Mayhew, P. (1979) Defensible Space: The Current Status of Crime Prevention Theory. Howard Journal. Volume XVIII, pp 150-9.
50. Mayhew, P., Clarke, R.V., Sturman, A. and Hough, J.M. (1976) Crime as Opportunity. London: HMSO.
51. Mirrlees-Black, C., Budd, T., Partridge, S. and Mayhew, P. (1998) The 1998 British Crime Survey. London: HMSO.
52. Nasar, J.L. (1998) The Evaluative Image of the City. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
53. Newman, O. (1973) Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. London: Architectural Press.
54. Painter, K.A (1991a) An Evaluation of Public Lighting as a Crime Prevention Strategy with Special Focus on Women and Elderly People. Manchester: University of Manchester.
55. Painter, K.A (1991b) The West Park Estate Survey: An Evaluation of Public Lighting as a Crime Prevention Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Painter, K.A. (1994) The Impact of Street Lighting on Crime, Fear, and Pedestrian Street Use. Security Journal. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp 116-24.
57. Painter, K.A. (1996) Street Lighting, Crime and Fear of Crime: A Summary of Research. In Bennett, T.H. (ed.) Preventing Crime and Disorder: Targeting Strategies and Responsibilities. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge.
58. Painter, K.A. and Farrington, D.P. (1997) The Crime Reducing Effect of Improved Street Lighting: The Dudley Project. In Clarke, R.V. (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. 2nd edn. Guilderland, NY: Harrow and Heston.
59. Painter, K.A. and Farrington, D.P. (1999a) Street Lighting and Crime: Diffusion of Benefits in the Stoke-on-Trent Project. In Painter, K.A. and Tilley, N. (eds) Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
60. Painter, K.A. and Farrington, D.P. (1999b) Improved Street Lighting: Crime Reducing Effects and Cost-benefit Analyses. Security Journal. Vol. 12, No. 4, pp 17-32.
61. Painter, K.A. and Farrington, D.P. (2001a) Evaluating Situational Crime Prevention Using a Young People's Survey. British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 41, pp 266-84.
62. Painter, K.A. and Farrington, D.P. (2001b) The Financial Benefits of Improved Street Lighting, Based on Crime Reduction. Lighting Research Technology. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp 3-12. (Pubitemid 33761056)
63. Parkes, D. and Thrift, N. (1980) Times, Spaces and Places: A Chronogeographic Perspective. New York: Wiley.
64. Pease, K. (1998) Lighting and Crime: Summary. At http://www.ile.co.uk/ documents/Lighting-and-crime-summary.htm.
65. Pease, K. (1999) A Review of Street Lighting Evaluation: Crime Reduction Effects. In Painter and Tilley, op cit.
66. Poyner, B. (1983) Designing Against Crime: Beyond Defensible Space. London: Butterworth.
67. Poyner, B. (1986) Model for Action. In Heal, K. and Laycock, G. (eds) Situational Crime Prevention: From Theory into Practice. London: HMSO.
68. Poyner, B. (1991) Situational Crime Prevention in Two Parking Facilities. Security Journal. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp 96-101.
69. Poyner, B. (1993) What Works in Crime Prevention: An Overview of Evaluations. In Clarke, R.V. (ed.) Vol. 1, Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
70. Poyner, B. and Webb, B. (1997) Reducing Theft from Shopping Bags in City Centre Markets. In Clarke, op cit.
71. Ramsay, M. (1991) The Effect of Better Street Lighting on Crime and Fear: A Review. Crime Prevention Unit Paper No. 29. London: Home Office.
72. Reppetto, T.A. (1974) Residential Crime. Boston, MA: Ballinger.
73. Samuel, R. (2001) The After Dark Paradigm and Temporal Mapping. Proceedings of the 6th International CPTED Conference, Brisbane, Qld, 24th-27th September, pp 95-106.
74. Scott, J. (1990) A Matter of Record. Cambridge: Polity Press and Blackwell.
75. Shaftoe, H. (1994) Easton/Ashley, Bristol: Lighting Improvements. In Osborn, S. (ed.) Housing Safe Communities: An Evaluation of Recent Initiatives. London: Safe Neighbourhoods Unit, Home Office.
76. Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., Mackenzie, D.C., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. (1997) Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't , What's Promising. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice.
77. Skogan, W.G. (1990) Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
78. Taub, R.P., Taylor, D.G. and Dunham, J.D. (1984) Paths of Neighborhood Change: Race and Crime in Urban America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
79. Taylor, R.B. and Gottfredson, S. (1986) Environmental Design, Crime and Prevention: An Examination of Community Dynamics. In Reiss, A.J. and Tonry, M. (eds) Communities and Crime. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
80. Tien, J.M., O'Donnell, V.F., Barnett, A. and Mirchandani, P.B. (1979) Street Lighting Projects: National Evaluation Program, Phase 1 Report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, US Department of Justice.
81. Tyrpak, S. (1975) Newark High-Impact Anti-Crime Program: Streetlighting Project Interim Evaluation Report. Newark, NJ: Office of Criminal Justice Planning.
82. Urbis Lighting Ltd (1995) Technical Topic. Switch On, August/September. Basingstoke: Urbis Lighting Ltd, pp 2-3.
83. Vrij, A. and Winkel, W. (1991) Characteristics of the Built Environment and Fear of Crime: A Research Note on Interventions in Unsafe Locations. Deviant Behavior. Vol. 12, pp 203-15.
84. Warr, M. (1985) Fear of Rape Among Urban Women. Social Problems. Vol. 32, pp 238-50.
85. Warr, M. (1990) Dangerous Situations: Social Context and Fear of Victimisation. Social Forces. Vol. 68, pp 891-907.
86. Wheeler, S. (1967) The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
87. Wilson, J.Q. and Kelling, G.L. (1982) The Police and Neighbourhood Safety: Broken Windows. Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 3, pp 29-38.
88. Wong, C. (1997) Crime Risk in Urban Neighbourhoods: The Use of Insurance Data to Analyse Changing Spatial Forms. AREA. Vol, 29, No. 3, pp 228-40.
89. Wright, R., Heilweil, M., Pelletier, P. and Dickinson, K. (1974) The Impact of Street Lighting on Crime. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.