Management of postpartum thyrotoxicosis

Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 471-476

  Azizi, Fereidoun ^a,c   Braverman, Lewis E ^b  

^a SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences   (Iran)

Author keywords

Breast feeding; Methimazole; Postpartum; Propylthiouracil; Thyrotoxicosis

Indexed keywords

ANTITHYROID AGENT; CARBIMAZOLE; LIOTHYRONINE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; THIAMAZOLE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BREAST FEEDING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG SAFETY; GRAVES DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LACTATION; MENTAL DEVELOPMENT; PREGNANCY; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROIDITIS; THYROTOXICOSIS;

EID: 29544435618     PISSN: 10683097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.med.0000184297.22693.2e     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Amino N, Tanizawa O, Mori H, et al. Aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy and after delivery in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55:108-112.
2. Amino N, Mori H, Iwarani Y, et al. High prevalence of transient postpartum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:849-852.
3. Lazarus JH, Lueate M. Prevention and treatment of postpartum Graves' disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 11:549-560.
4. Amino N, Tada H, Hidaka Y. Autoimmune thyroid disease and pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 1996; 19:59-70.
5. King A, Wai Loke Y, Chaouat G. NK cells and reproduction. Immunol Today 1997; 18:64-66.
6. Carosella ED, Dausset J, Kirszenbaum M. HL-A-G revisited. Immunol Today 1996; 17:407-409.
7. Powrie F, Menon S. Coffman: Interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 synderigize to inhinit cell mediated immunity in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:3043-3049.
8. Wagmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy of TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 1993; 14:353-356.
9. Stagnaro-Green A, Roman H, Cobin RH, et al. Prospective study of lymphocyte-initiated immunosuppression in normal pregnancy: evidence of a T-cell etiology for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74:645-653.
10. Ando T, Davis TF. Postpartum autoimmune thyroid disease. The potential role of fetal microchimerism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 83:2965-2971.
11. de los Santos ET, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL. Sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness of the sensitive thyrotropin assay in the diagnosis of thyroid disease in ambulatory patients. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:526-532.
12. Browne-Martin K, Emerson CH. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997; 40:90-101.
13. Lazarus JH, Hall R, Othman S, et al. The clinical spectrum of postpartum thyroid disease. QJM 1996; 89:429-435.
14. Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Ferandez-Soto ML, Escobar-Jimenez F, et al. Thyroid function parameters and TSH receptor antibodies in healthy subjects and Graves' disease patients: a sequential study before, during and after pregnancy. Thyroidology 1993; 5:13-20.
15. Tada H, Hidaka Y, Tsuruta E, et al. Prevalence of postpartum onset of disease within patients with Graves' disease of child-bearing age. Endocr J 1994; 41:325-327.
16. Glinoer D. Thyroid disease during pregnancy. In Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. Edn 8. Edited by Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:582-585.
17. Jansson R, Dahlberg PA, Winsa B, et al. The postpartum period constitutes an important risk for the development of clinical Graves' disease in young women. Acta Endocrinol 1987; 116:321-325.
18. Rajatanavin R, Chailurkit L, Tirarungsikul K, et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in Bangkok: a geographic variation in the prevalence. Acta Endocrinol 1990; 122:282-287.
19. Fung H, Kologlu M, Collison K, et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in Mid Glamorgan. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296:241-2444.
20. Roti E, Bianconi L, Gardini E, et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in an Italian population residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14:669-674.
21. Lucas A, Pizarro E, Granada ML, et al. Postpartum thyroiditis: epidemiology and clinical evaluation in a nonselected population. Thyroid 2000; 10:71-77.
22. Furlanetto TW, Premaor MO, Caramori MLA, et al. Postpartum thyroiditis in south Brazil presenting as thyrotoxicosis: prevalence and risk factors. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23:496-501.
23. Shahbazian HB, Sarvghadi F, Azizi F. Prevalence and characteristics of postpartum thyroiditis in Tehran. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 145:397-401.
24. Pearce EN, Farwell AP,Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl JMed 2003; 348:2646-2655.
25. Momotani N, Noh J, Ishikawa N, et al. Relationship between silent thyroiditis and recurrent Graves' disease in the postpartum period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:285-289.
26. Yoshida S, Takamacsu K, Kuma K, et al. Thyroid-stimulating antibodies and thyroid stimulation-blocking antibodies during the pregnancy and postpartum period: a case report. Thyroid 1992; 2:27-30.
27. Ross DS. Syndromes of thyrotoxicosis with low radioactive iodine uptake. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998; 27:169-174.
28. Parkes AB, Black EG, Adams H, et al. Serum thyroglobulin: an early indicator of autoimmune post-partum thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41:9-14.
29. Emerson CH, Farwell AP. Sporadic silent thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, and subacute thyroititis. In Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. Edn 8. Edited by Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:582-585.
30. Ross DS. Syndromes of thyrotoxicosis with low radioactive iodine uptake. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998; 27:169-185.
31. Arem R, Munipalli B. Ipodate therapy in patients with severed destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:1752-1757.
32. Romney BM, Nickoloff EL. Diagnostic nuclear medicine and the nursing mother. Appl Radiol 1987.
33. Mountford PJ, Coakley AJ. A review of the secretion of radioactivity in human breast milk: data, quantitative analysis, and recommendations. Nucl Med Commun 1989; 10:15-27.
34. Azizi F, Khoshniat M, Bahrainian M, Hedayati M. Thyroid function and intellectual development of infants nursed by mothers taking methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:3233-3238.
35. Williams RH, Kay GA, Jandorf BJ. Thiouracil, its absorption, distribution, and excretion. J Clin Invest 1994; 23:613-627.
36. Larsen PR, Ingbar SH. The thyroid gland. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Edited by Wilson JD, Foster DW. Philadephia: WB Saunders; 1992: 444-445.
37. Low LC, Lang J, Alexander WD. Excretion of carbimazole and propylthiouracil in breast milk. Lancet 1979; 2:1011.
38. Kampmann JP, Johansen K, Hansen JM, Hewleg J. Propylthiouracil in human milk: revision of a dogma. Lancet 1980; 1:736-737.
39. McDougall IR, Bayer MF. Should a women taking propylthiouracil breast-feed? Clin Nucl Med 1986; 11:249-250.
40. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs: to breast-feed or not to breast-feed. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157:234-235.
41. Mamotani N, Tamashita R, Toshimoto M, et al. Recovery from foetal hypothyroidism: evidence for the safety of breast-feeding while taking propythouracil. Clin Endocrinol 1989; 31:591-595.
42. Momotani N, Yamashita R, Makino F, et al. Thyroid function in wholly breast-feeding infants whose mothers take high doses of propylthiouracil. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 53:177-181.
43. Tegler L, Lindstrom B. Antithyroid drugs in milk. Lancet 1980; 2:591.
44. Johansen K, Andersen AN, Kampman JP, et al. Excretion of methimazole in human milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 23:339-341.
45. Cooper DS, Bode HH, Nath B, et al. Methimazole pharmacology in many studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58:473-479.
46. Lamberg BA, Ikonen E, Osterlund K, et al. Antithyroid treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism during lactation. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 21:81-87.
47. Azizi F. Effect of methimazole treatment of maternal thyrotoxicosis on thyroid function in breast-feeding infants. J Pediatr 1996; 128:855-857.
48. Azizi F, Hedayati M. Thyroid function in breast-fed infants whose mothers take high doses of methimazole. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25:493-496.
49. Azizi F, Bahrainian M, Khamseh M, Khoshniat M. Intellectual development and thyroid function in children who were breast-fed by thyrotoxic mothers taking methimazole. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003; 16:1239-1243.
50. Azizi F. Thyroid function in breast-fed infants is not affected by methimazole-induced maternal hypothyroidism: results of a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26:301-304.
51. Abe Y, Sato H, Sakai H, Odyama N. Antithyroid treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism during lactation. Proc 11th International Thyroid Congress, Toronto, Canada. Thyroid 1995; 5:S108.
52. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:905-917. Most recent review on antithyroid drugs, with a good projection of the use of antithyroid drugs during pregnancy and lactation.