Maximizing information in systematic revisions: A combined molecular and morphological analysis of a cryptic green pitviper complex (Trimeresurus stejnegeri)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 82, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 219-235

  Malhotra, Anita ^a   Thorpe, Roger S ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Cryptic species; Multivariate morphometrics; Phylogenetics; Trimeresurus gumprechti; Trimeresurus vogeli; Trimeresurus yunnanensis

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; TAXONOMY;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; THAILAND;

SERPENTES; TRIMERESURUS; TRIMERESURUS GUMPRECHTI; TRIMERESURUS STEJNEGERI; TRIMERESURUS VOGELI;

EID: 2942752342     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00354.x     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Adams JM, Faure H. 1997. Review and atlas of palaeovegetation: Preliminary land ecosystem maps of the world since the last glacial maximum. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/ adams1.html.
2. Allard MW, Carpenter JM. 1996. On weighting and congruence. Cladistics 12: 183-198.
3. Anonymous. 1981. Climatic atlas of Asia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Association.
4. Avise JC, Ball RM Jr. 1990. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Survey of Evolutionary Biology 7: 45-67.
5. Baker RH, Wilkinson GS, DeSalle R. 2001. Phylogenetic utility of different types of molecular data used to infer evolutionary relationships among stalk-eyed flies Diopsidae. Systematic Biology 50: 87-105.
6. Brown MB, Forsythe AB. 1974. Robust tests for the equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistics Association 69: 364-367.
7. Cadle JE. 1987. Geographic distribution: problems in phylogeny and zoogeography. In: Siegel RA, Collins JT, Novak SS, eds. Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology. New York: MacMillan, 77-105.
8. Chippaux J-P. 1998. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 76: 515-524.
9. Colborn J, Crabtree RE, Shaklee JB, Pfeiler E, Bowen BW. 2001. The evolutionary enigma of bonefishes Albula spp. Cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish. Evolution 55: 807-820.
10. Cracraft J. 1983. Species concepts and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Otte D, Endler JA, eds. Speciation and its consequences. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 28-35.
11. Creer S, Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. 2003. Assessing the phylogenetic utility of four mitochondrial genes and a nuclear intron in the Asian pitviper genus, Trimeresurus: separate simultaneous and conditional data combination analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20: 1240-1251.
12. David P, Vidal N, Pauwels OSG. 2001. A morphological study of Stejneger's pitviper Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with a description of a new species from Thailand. Russian Journal of Herpetology 8: 205-222.
13. David P, Vogel G, Pauwels OSG, Vidal N. 2002. Description of a new species of the genus Trimeresurus from Thailand, related to Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt, 1925 (Serpentes, Crotalidae) Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 2: 5-19.
14. De Queiroz K. 1998. The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. In: Howard DJ, Berlocher SH, eds. Endless forms: species and speciation. New York: Oxford University Press, 57-75.
15. Dowling HG. 1951. A proposed system for counting ventrals in snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 1: 97-99.
16. Elphick MJ, Shine R. 1998. Long term effects of incubation temperatures on the morphology and locomotor performance of hatchling lizards Bassiana duperreyi (Scincidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63: 429-447.
17. Fu Y-X, Li W-H. 1993. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 133: 693-709.
18. Giannasi NC, Thorpe RS, Malhotra A. 2001. The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP in determining species trees at fine taxonomic levels: Analysis of a medically important snake, Trimeresurus albolabris. Molecular Ecology 10: 419-426.
19. Greene HW. 1992. The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution. In: Campbell JA, Brodie ED, eds. Biology of the pitvipers. Tyler, Texas: Selva, 107-117.
20. Hall R. 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In: Hall R, Holloway JD, eds. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Leiden: Backhuys, 99-131.
21. Heaney LR. 1991. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in southeast Asia. Climate Change 19: 53-61.
22. Hillis DM, Huelsenbeck JP. 1992. Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Heredity 83: 189-195.
23. Huelsenbeck JP, Crandall KA. 1997. Phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 437-466.
24. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist FR. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
25. Hutton RA, Looareesuwan S, Ho M, Silamut K, Chanthavanich P, Karbwang J, Supanaranond W, Vejcho S, Viravan C, Phillips RE, Warrell DA. 1990. Arboreal green pitvipers, genus Trimeresurus of south-east Asia: bites by T. albolabris and T. macrops in Thailand and a review of the literature. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84: 866-874.
26. Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M. 2001. MEGA2: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Arizona: Arizona State University.
27. MacKinnon J. 1997. Protected areas: systems review of the Indo-Malayan realm. Canterbury: Asian Bureau for Conservation.
28. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. 2000a. A phylogeny of the Trimeresurus group of pitvipers: new evidence from a mitochondrial gene tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 199-211.
29. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. 2000b. The dynamics of natural selection and vicariance in the Dominican anole: patterns of within-island molecular and morphological divergence. Evolution 54: 245-258.
30. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. 2004. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (1): in press.
31. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS, Stuart BL. 2004. A, morphometric analysis of Trimeresurus vogeli David, Vidal and Pauwels, 2001, with additional data on distribution, natural history and diagnostic characteristics. Herpetological Journal in press.
32. Manly BFJ. 1991. Randomization and Monte Carlo methods in biology. London: Chapman & Hall.
33. Mayden RL. 1997. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. In: Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR, eds. Species: the units of biodiversity. London: Chapman & Hall, 381-424.
34. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Toure TA. 1999. Snake species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference, 1. Washington, DC: Herpetologist's League.
35. McDonald JH, Kreitman M. 1991. Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. Nature 351: 652-654.
36. Milinkovitch MC, Lyons-Weiler J. 1998. Finding optimal ingroup topologies and convexities when the choice of outgroups is not obvious. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 348-357.
37. Moore WS. 1995. Inferring phylogenies from mtDNA variation: mitochondrial-gene trees versus nuclear-gene trees. Evolution 29: 718-726.
38. Morley RJ. 1998. Palynological evidence for Tertiary plant dispersals in the SE Asian region in relation to plate tectonics and climate. In: Hall R, Holloway JD, eds. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia. Leiden: Backhuys, 211-234.
39. Parkinson CL, Campbell JA, Chippindale PT. 2002. Multigene phylogenetic analysis of pitvipers, with comments on the biogeography of the group. In: Schuett GM, Höggren M, Douglas MD, Greene HW, eds. Biology of the vipers. Eagle Mountain, Utah: Eagle Mountain Publishing, 93-110.
40. Philippe H, Lecointre G, Van Le HL, Le Guyader H. 1996. A critical study of homoplasy in molecular data with the use of a morphologically based cladogram, and its consequences for character weighting. Molecular Biology 13: 1174-1186.
41. Posada DA, Crandall KA. 1998. ModelTest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-818.
42. Posada DA, Crandall KA. 2001. Selecting the best-fit model of micleotide substitution. Systematic Biology 50: 580-601.
43. Puerto G, Salomão MG, Theakston RDG, Thorpe RS, Warrell DA, Wüster W. 2001. Combining mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data to infer species boundaries: phylogeography of lanceheaded pitvipers in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and the status of Bothrops pradoi (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14: 527-538.
44. Qualls FJ, Shine R. 1998. Geographic variation in lizard phenotypes: importance of the incubation environment. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64: 477-491.
45. Queral Regil A, King RB. 1998. Evidence for phenotypic plasticity in snake body size and relative head dimensions in response to amount and size of prey. Copeia 1998: 423-429.
46. Regenass U, Kramer E. 1981. Zur Systematik der grunen Grubenottern der Gattung Trimeresurus (Serpentes, Crotalidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 88: 163-205.
47. Ritchie MG, Kidd DM, Gleason JM. 2001. MtDNA variation and GIS analysis confirm a secondary origin of geographic variation in the bushcricket Ephippiger ephippiger. Molecular Ecology 10: 603-611.
48. Rozas J, Rozas R. 1999. Dnasp, Version 3: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis. Bioinformatics 15: 174-175.
49. Sambrook J, Frisch EF, Maniatis TE. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. New York: Cold Spring Harbour.
50. Schneider CJ, Cunningham M, Moritz C. 1998. Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia. Molecular Ecology 7: 487-498.
51. Swofford DL. 2003. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony *(and other methods), Version 4.0. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
52. Tajima F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123: 585-595.
53. Takezaki N, Rzhetsky A, Nei M. 1995. Phylogenetic test of the molecular clock and linearized trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 823-833.
54. Templeton AR. 2001. Using phylogeographic analyses of gene trees to test species status and processes. Molecular Ecology 10: 779-791.
55. Thorpe RS. 1976. Biometrie analysis of geographic variation and racial affinities. Biological Review 51: 407-452.
56. Thorpe RS. 1996. The use of DNA divergence to help determine the correlates of evolution of morphological characters. Evolution 50: 524-531.
57. Thorpe RS, Brown RP, Day ML, Malhotra A, McGregor D, Wüster W. 1994. Testing ecological and phylogenetic hypotheses in microevolutionary studies: An overview. In: Eggleston P, Vane-Wright R, eds. Phylogenetics and ecology. London: Academic Press, 190-206.
58. Thorpe RS, Malhotra A. 1996. Molecular and morphological evolution within small islands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 351: 815-822.
59. Van Devender TR, Conant R. 1990. Pleistocene forests and copperheads in the eastern United States and the historical biogeography of New World Agkistrodon. In: Gloyd HK, Conant R, eds. Snakes of the Agkistrodon complex: a monographic review. Miami, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 601-614.
60. Vidal N, Lecointre G. 1998. Weighting and congruence: a case study based on three mitochondrial genes in pit-vipers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 366-374.
61. Voris H. 2000. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography 27: 1153-1167.
62. Wake DB. 1991. Homoplasy: the result of natural selection, or evidence of design limitations? American Naturalist 138: 543-567.
63. Wüster W, McCarthy CJ. 1996. Venomous snake systematics: implications for snakebite treatment and toxinology. In: Bon C, Goyffon M, eds. Envenomings and their treatments. Lyon: Fondation Mérieux, 13-23.
64. Wüster W, Salomão MG, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Thorpe RS, BBBSP. 2002. Origin and evolution of the South American pitviper fauna: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. In: Schuett GM, Höggren M, Douglas MD, Greene HW, eds. Biology of the vipers. Eagle Mountain, Utah: Eagle Mountain Publishing, 111-128.
65. Zhang DX, Hewitt G. 1996. Nuclear integrations - challenges for mitochondrial-DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 247-251.
66. Zhao E-M. 1997. Infraspecific classification of some Chinese snakes. Asiatic Herpetological Research 7: 170-172.
67. Zhao E-M, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.