An isoenzyme survey of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. from the Central African subregion: Population structure, taxonomic and epidemiological considerations

Parasitology

Volumn 128, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 645-653

  Njiokou, F ^a,b   Nkinin, S W ^a   Grebaut P ^c   Penchenier, L ^c   Barnabe C ^d   Tibayrenc, M ^d   Herder, S ^c  

^a Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale Cameroon   (Cameroon)

^b UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDÉ I   (Cameroon)

^c 34398 Cedex 5   (France)

^d CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Clonal population structure; Human African Trypanosomiasis; Multilocus isoenzyme electrophoresis; Trypanosoma brucei s.l.

Indexed keywords

ISOENZYME;

AFRICA; CLONE; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC DISTANCE; GENETIC STABILITY; ISOENZYME ANALYSIS; MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE ISOLATION; POPULATION STRUCTURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TAXONOMY; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANIMALS; ELECTROPHORESIS, CELLULOSE ACETATE; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; PHYLOGENY; SWINE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI; TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN; VARIATION (GENETICS);

PROTOZOA; SUS SCROFA; SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE;

EID: 2942717267     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182004004974     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. AERTS, D., TRUC, P., PENCHENIER, L., CLAES, Y. & LE RAY, D. (1992). A kit for in vitro isolation of trypanosomes in the field: first trial with sleeping sickness patients in the Congo Republic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, 394-395.
2. BARNABÉ, C., BRISSE, S. & TIBAYRENC, M. (2000). Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis approach. Parasitology 120, 1-14.
3. BUREAU, P., LUCAS, P. & NANGOUMA, A. (2000). La Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (THA) en Republique Centrafricaine: quelques données pour 1999. Bulletin de Liaison et de Documentation de l'OCEAC 33, 47-48.
4. BURRI, C., NKUNKU, S., MEROLLE, A., SMITH, T., BLUM, J. & BRUN, R. (2000). Efficacy of new, concise schedule for melarsoprol in treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a randomised trial. The Lancet 335, 1419-1425.
5. CATTAND, P. (1994). Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine. Situation épidémiologique actuelle, une recrudescence alarmante de la maladie. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 87, 307-310.
6. CIBULSKIS, R. E. (1992). Genetic variation in Trypanosoma brucei and the epidemiology of sleeping sickness in the Lambwe valley, Kenya. Parasitology 104, 15-34.
7. CUNNINGHAM, I. (1977). New culture medium for maintenance of tsetse tissues and growth of trypanosomatids. Journal of Protozoology 24, 325-329.
8. FELSENSTEIN, J. (1989). PHYLIP - Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 5, 164-166.
9. GIBSON, W. C. (1986). Will the real Trypanosoma brucei gambiense please stand up. Parasitology Today 2, 255-257.
10. GIBSON, W. C., MEHLITZ, D., LANHAM, S. & GODFREY, D. G. (1978). The identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Liberian pigs and dogs by isoenzymes and by resistance to human plasma. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 29, 335-345.
11. GIBSON, W. C. & STEVENS, J. (1999). Genetic exchange in the trypanosomatidae. Advances in Parasitology 43, 1-46.
12. GODFREY, D. G., BAKER, R. D., RICKMAN, L. R. & MEHLITZ, D. (1990). The distribution, relationships and identification of enzymatic variants within the subgenus Trypanozoon. Advances in Parasitology 29, 1-39.
13. HIDE, G., WELBURN, S. C., TAIT, A. & MAUDLIN, M. (1994). Epidemiological relationships of Trypanosoma brucei stocks from South East Uganda: evidence for different population structure in human infective and non-human infective isolates. Parasitology 109, 95-111.
14. JACCARD, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise de Sciences Naturelles 44, 223-270.
15. JAMONNEAU, V., N'GUESSAN, P., N'DRI, L., SIMARRO, P. & TRUC, P. (2000). Exploration of the distribution of Trypanosoma brucei ssp in West Africa, by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 94, 643-649.
16. JENNI, L., MARTI, S., SCHWEIZER, J., BETSCHART, B., LE PAGE, R. W. F., WELLS, J. M., TAIT, A., PAINDAVOINE, P., PAYS, E. & STEINERT, M. (1986). Hybrid formation between African trypanosomes during cyclical transmission. Nature, London 322, 173-175.
17. LE MARDELEY, P., CATTAND, P., LOUIS, F. J. & CHAMBON, R. (1995). Situation de la Trypanosomiase Humaine en Afrique Centrale en 1994. Interprétation pragmatique des données. Bulletin de Liaison et de Documentation de lOCEAC 28, 153-157.
18. MAYNARD SMITH, J., SMITH, N. H., O'ROURKE, M. & SPRATT, B. G. (1993). How clonal are bacteria? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 84-88.
19. MACLEOD, A., TWEEDIE, A., WELBURN, I., TURNER, C. M. R. & TAIT, A. (2000). Minisatellite marker analysis of Trypanosoma brucei: reconciliation of clonal, panmictic and epidemic population genetic structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97, 13442-13447.
20. MCNAMARA, J. J., BAILEY, J. W., SMITH, D. H., WAKHOOLI, S. & GODFREY, D. G. (1995). Isolation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from Northern Uganda: Evaluation of the Kit for in vitro isolation (KIVI) in an epidemic focus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, 388-389.
21. MEHLITZ, D., ZILLMANN, U., SCOTT, C. M. & GODFREY, D. G. (1982). Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. 3: Characterization of Trypanozoon stocks by isoenzyme and sensitivity to human serum. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 33, 113-118.
22. NEI, M. (1972). Genetic distances between populations. The American Naturalist 106, 283-292.
23. NKININ, S. W., NJIOKOU, F., GRÉBAUT, P., PENCHENIER, L., BUREAU, P., SIMO, G. & HERDER, S. (1999). Isoenzyme characterization of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. stocks from different foci in the Central African Region. Bulletin de Liaison et de Documentation de l'OCEAC 32, 9-16.
24. NKININ, S. W., NJIOKOU, F., PENCHENIER, L., GRÉBAUT, P., SIMO, G. & HERDER, S. (2002). Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. subspecies by isoenzymes in domestic pigs from the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of Cameroon. Acta Tropica 81, 225-232.
25. PAINDAVOINE, P., ZAMPETTI-BOSSELER, F., COQUELET, H., PAYS, E. & STEINERT, M. (1989). Different alleles frequencies in Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense populations. Molecular Biochemical and Parasitology 32, 61-72.
26. SMITH, D. H., PEPIN, J. & STICH, A. H. R. (1998). Human african trypanosomiasis: an emerging public health crisis. British Medical Bulletin 54, 341-355.
27. SNEATH, P. H. A. & SOKAL, R. R. (1973). The principle and practice of numerical classification. In Numerical Taxonomy (ed. Kennedy, D. & Park, R. B.), pp. 537. Freeman, San Francisco.
28. TAIT, A. (1980). Evidence for diploidy and mating in trypanosomes. Nature, London 237, 536-538.
29. TIBAYRENC, M. (1995). Population genetics of parasitic protozoa and other microorganisms. Advances in Parasitology 36, 47-115.
30. TIBAYRENC, M. (1999). Toward an integrated genetic epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and other pathogens. Annual Review of Genetics 33, 449-477.
31. TIBAYRENC, M. & AYALA, F. J. (1988). Isoenzyme variability in Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease: genetical, taxonomical and epidemiological significance. Evolution 42, 227-292.
32. TIBAYRENC, M. & AYALA, F. J. (1991). Towards a population genetics of microorganisms: the clonal theory of parasitic protozoa. Parasitology Today 7, 228-232.
33. TIBAYRENC, M., KJELLBERG, F. & AYALA, F. J. (1990). A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87, 2414-2418.
34. TIBAYRENC, M., KJELLBER, G. F., ARNAUD, J., OURY, B., BRENIERE, S. F., DARDE, M. & AYALA, F. J. (1991). Are eucaryotic microorganisms clonal or sexual? A population genetics vantage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 5129-5133.
35. TIBAYRENC, M., WARD, P., MOYA, A. & AYALA, F. J. (1986). Natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, have a complex multiclonal structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 115-119.
36. TRUC, P., MATHIAU-DAUDE, F. & TIBAYRENC, M. (1991). Multilocus isoenzyme identification of Trypanosoma brucei stocks isolated in Central Africa: evidence for an animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Congo. Acta Tropica 49, 127-135.
37. TRUC, P., AERTS, D., MCNAMARA, J. J., CLAES, Y., ALLINGHAM, R., LE RAY, D. & GODFREY, D. G. (1992). Direct isolation in vitro of Trypanosoma brucei from man and other animals, and its potential value for the diagnosis of gambian trypanosomiasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, 627-629.
38. TRUC, P. & TIBAYRENC, M. (1993). Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei in Central Africa: taxonomic and epidemiological significance. Parasitology 106, 137-149.
39. TRUC, P., FORMENTY, P., DIALLO, P. B., KOMOIN-OKA, C. & LAUGINIE, F. (1997a). Identification of trypanosomes isolated by KIVI from wild animals in Côte d'Ivoire: diagnostic, taxonomic and epidemiological considerations. Acta Tropica 67, 1-10.
40. TRUC, P., FORMENTY, P., DIALLO, P. B., KOMOIN-OKA, C. & LAUGINIE, F. (1997b). Confirmation of two distinct classes of zymodemes infecting man and wild animals in Côte d'Ivoire: suspected differences in pathogenicity. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91, 951-956.
41. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATON (1998). Control and Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis. WHO Technical Report Series No. 881, Geneva.