The air/surface adsorption equilibrium of organic compounds under ambient conditions

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 339-389

  Goss, Kai Uwe ^a,b  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Fate modeling; Gas particle partitioning; Mineral surfaces; Relative humidity; Volatilization; Water surface

Indexed keywords

ADSORBENTS; ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; CORRELATION METHODS; DATA ACQUISITION; IMPURITIES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SOILS;

INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS; ORGANIC MATTER; SOIL SURFACES;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

ACETIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; ALUMINUM OXIDE; ALUMINUM SILICATE; ANISOLE; BENZALDEHYDE; BROMOBENZENE; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CHLOROBENZENE; CYCLOOCTANE; DIISOPROPYL ETHER; ICE; INDAN DERIVATIVE; MINERAL; NAPHTHALENE; OCTANOL; ORGANIC MATTER; RAIN; SILICON DIOXIDE; SNOW; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TETRAHYDROFURAN; TOLUENE; TRIFLUOROETHANOL; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; WATER;

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; PHASE EQUILIBRIUM; POLLUTANT; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; VOLATILIZATION;

ADSORPTION; AEROSOL; EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT; EXHAUST GAS; FALLOW; FOG; HUMIDITY; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; ORGANIC POLLUTION; REVIEW; SOIL; SURFACE PROPERTY; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; VAPOR PRESSURE; VEGETATION; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 2942700052     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643380490443263     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Storey, J.M.E., and Pankow, J.F. Gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to model atmospheric particulate materials-I. Sorption to graphite, sodium chloride, alumina, and silica particles under low humidity conditions. Atmos. Environ. 26, 435-443, 1992.
2. Liang, C., Pankow, J.F., Odum, J.R., and Seinfeld, J.S. Gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to model inorganic, organic, and ambient smog aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 3086-3092, 1997.
3. Pankow, J.F. Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 21, 2275-2283, 1987.
4. Pennell, K.D., Rhue, R.D., Rao, P.S.C., and Johnston, C.T. Vapor-phase sorption of p-xylene and water on soils and clay minerals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 756-763, 1992.
5. Hoff, J.T., Gillham, R., Mackay, D., and Shiu, W.Y. Sorption of organic vapors at the air-water interface in a sandy aquifer material. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2789-2794, 1993.
6. Chiou, C.T., and Shoup, T.D. Soil sorption of organic vapors and effects of humidity on sorptive mechanism and capacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 1196-1200, 1985.
7. Kim, H., Annable, M.D., and Rao, P.S.C. Influence of air-water interfacial adsorption and gas phase partitioning on the transport of organic chemicals in unsaturated porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1253-1259, 1998.
8. Thibaud, C., Erkey, C., and Akgerman, A. Investigation of the effect of moisture on the sorption and desorption of chlorobenzene and toluene from soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2373-2380, 1993.
9. Ong, S.K., and Lion, L.W. Mechanism for trichloroethylene vapor sorption onto soil minerals. J. Environ. Qual. 20, 180-188, 1991.
10. Brusseau, M.L., Popovicova, J., and Silva, J.A.K. Characterizing gas-water interfacial and bulk-water partitioning for gas-phase transport of organic contaminants in unsaturated porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(6), 1645-1649, 1997.
11. Steinberg, S.M., and Kreamer, D.K. Evaluation of the sorption of volatile organic compounds by unsaturated calcareous soil from southern Nevada using inverse gas chromatography. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(5), 883-888, 1993.
12. Corley, T.L., Farrell, J., Hong, B., and Conklin, M.H. VOC accumulation and pore filling in unsaturated porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(10), 2884-2891, 1996.
13. Goss, K.-U. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on quartz sand. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 2287-2294, 1992.
14. Goss, K.-U. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on clay minerals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2127-2132, 1993.
15. Goss, K.-U. Adsorption of organic vapors on ice and quartz sand at temperatures below 0°C. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2826-2830, 1993.
16. Goss, K.-U., and Eisenreich, S.J. Adsorption of VOC's from the gas phase to different minerals and a mineral mixture. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2135-2142, 1996.
17. Goss, K.-U. Predicting the enrichment of organic compounds in fog caused by adsorption on the water surface. Atmos. Environ. 28(21), 3513-3517, 1994.
18. Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Empirical prediction of heats of vaporization and heats of adsorption of organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(19), 3390-3393, 1999.
19. Goss, K.-U. Considerations about the adsorption of organic molecules from the gas Phase to surfaces: Implications for inverse gas chromatography and the prediction of adsorption coefficients. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 190, 241-249, 1997.
20. Goss, K.-U. Conceptual model for the adsorption of organic compounds from the gas phase to liquid and solid surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(12), 3600-3605, 1997.
21. 3 at different relative humidities. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 252, 31-41, 2002.
22. Roth, C.M., Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Adsorption of a diverse set of organic vapors on a bulk water surface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 252, 21-30, 2002.
23. Goss, K.-U., Buschmann, J., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Determination of the surface sorption properties of talc, different salts and clay minerals at various relative humidities using adsorption data of a diverse set of organic vapors. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(11), 2667-2672, 2003.
24. Karger, B.L., Castells, R.C., Sewell, P.A., and Hartkopf, A. Study of adsorption of insoluble and sparingly soluble vapors at the gas-liquid interface of water by gas chromatography. J. Phys. Chem. 75, 3870-3879, 1971.
25. Dorris, G.M., and Gray, D.G. Adsorption of hydrocarbons on silica-supported water surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. 85, 3628-3635, 1981.
26. Raja, S., Yaccone, F.S., Ravikrishna, R., and Valsaraj, K.T. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbon vapors at the gas-water interface. J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1213-1219, 2002.
27. Hoff, J.T., Gillham, R., Mackay, D., and Shiu, W.Y. Partitioning of organic chemicals at the air-water interface in environmental systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2174-2180, 1993.
28. Peterson, M.S., Lion, L.W., and Shoemaker, C.A. Influence of vapor-phase sorption and diffusion on the fate of trichloroethylene in an unsaturated aquifer system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 571-578, 1988.
29. Pennell, K.D. Competitive adsorption of para-xylene and water vapors on calcium, sodium, and lithium-saturated kaolinite. J. Environ. Qual. 21, 419-426, 1992.
30. Hoff, J.T., Wania, F., Mackay, D., and Gillham, R. Sorption of nonpolar organic vapors by ice and snow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1982-1989, 1995.
31. Smith, J.A., Chiou, C.T., Kammer, J.A., and Kile, D.E. Effect of soil moisture on the sorption of trichloroethylene vapor to vadose-zone soil at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 676-683, 1990.
32. Ong, S.K., and Lion, L.W. Effects of soil properties and moisture on the sorption of trichloroethylene vapor. Water Res. 25, 29-36, 1991.
33. Hippelein, M., and McLachlan, M.S. Soil/air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. 1. Method development and influence of physical-chemical properties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 310-316, 1998.
34. Hippelein, M., and McLachlan M.S. Soil/air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. 2. influence of temperature and relative humidity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3521-3526, 2000.
35. Baker, J.E., and Eisenreich, S.J. Concentrations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls across the air-water interface of Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 342-352, 1990.
36. Simcik, M.F., Franz, T.P., Zhang, H., and Eisenreich, S.J. Gas-particle partitioning of PCS's in the chicago urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere: States of equilibrium. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 251-257, 1998.
37. Bidleman, T.F., Billings, W.N., and Foreman, W.T. Vapor-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds: Estimates from field collections. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1038-1043, 1986.
38. Foreman, W.T., and Bidleman, T.F. Semivolatile organic compounds in the ambient air of Denver, Colorado. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 2405-2416, 1990.
39. Ligocki, M.P., and Pankow, J.P. Measurements of the gas/particle distributions of atmospheric organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 75-83, 1989.
40. Yamasaki, H., Kuwata, K., and Miyamoto, H. Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 189-194, 1982.
41. Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Linear free energy relationships used to evaluate equilibrium partitioning of organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1-9, 2001.
42. Zagorevskaya, E.V., Ishchenko, N.V., Kiselev, A.V., and Kovaleva, N.V. Studies of adsorption of polychlorocarbons on carbon blacks by gas chromatography. Ads. Sci. Technol. 2, 219-228, 1985.
43. Vitha, M.F., and Carr, P.W. The chemical meaning of the standard free energy of transfer: Use of van der Waals' equation of state to unravel the interplay between free volume, volume entropy, and the role of standard states. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 5343-5349, 2000.
44. de Boer, J.H. The dynamic character of adsorption. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 112, 1968.
45. Dorris, G.M., and Gray, D.G. Adsorption of n-alkanes at zero surface coverage on cellulose paper and wood fibers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 77, 353-362, 1980.
46. Abraham, M.H. Hydrogen bonding XXVII. Solvation parameters for functionally substituted aromatic compounds and heterocyclic compounds, from gas-liquid chromatographic data. J. Chromatogr. 644, 95-139, 1993.
47. Abraham, M.H., Andonian-Haftvan, J., Whiting, G.S., Leo, A., and Taft, R.S. Hydrogen bonding. Part 34. The factors that influence the solubility of gases and vapours in water at 298 K, and a new method for its determination. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2(7), 1777-1791, 1994.
48. Mutelet, F., and Rogalski, M. Experimental determination and prediction of the gas-liquid n-hexadecane partition coefficients. J. Chromatogr. A 923, 153-163, 2001.
49. 16 solute descriptor. Analyst 125, 2180-2188, 2000.
50. van Oss, C.J. Interfacial forces in aqueous media. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994.
51. Fowkes, F.M., Riddle, F.L., Pastore, W.E., and Weber, A.A. Interfacial interactions between self-associated polar liquids and squalane used to test equations for solid-liquid interfacial interactions. Colloids Surfaces 43, 367-387, 1990.
52. Eon, C., and Guiochon, G. Surface activity coefficients as studied by gas chromatography. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 45, 521-528, 1973.
53. Fowkes, F.M. Attractive forces at interfaces. Ind. Eng. Chem. 56(12), 40-52, 1964.
54. Kamdem, D.P., Bose, S.K., and Luner, P. Inverse gas chromatography characterization of birch wood meal. Langmuir 9, 3039-3044, 1993.
55. Vidal, A., Papirer, E., Jiao, W.M., and Donnet, J.B. Modification of silica surfaces by grafting of alkyl chains. I-Characterization of silica surfaces by inverse gas chromatography at zero surface coverage. Chromatographia 23(2), 121-128, 1987.
56. Boyd, G.E., and Livingston, H.K. Adsorption and the energy changes at crystalline solid surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 2383-2388, 1942.
57. Harkins, W.D., and Loeser, E.H. Surfaces of solids XIX. Molecular interaction between metals and hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys. 18(4), 556-560, 1950.
58. Papirer, E., and Balard, H. Chemical and morphological characteristics of inorganic sorbents with respect to gas adsorption. In Adsorption on new and modified inorganic sorbents. eds. A. Dabrowski and V.A. Tertykh, pp. 479-502, Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1996.
59. Nardin, M., Balard, H., and Papirer, E. Surface characteristics of commercial carbon fibres determined by inverse gas chromatography. Carbon 28(1), 43-48, 1990.
60. Abraham, M.H., Chadha, H.S., Whiting, G.S., and Mitchell, R.C. Hydrogen bonding. 32. An analysis of water-octanol and water-alkane partitioning and the Alog P parameter of Seiler. J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 1085-1100, 1994.
61. Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Quantification of the effect of humidity on the gas/mineral oxide and gas/salt adsorption of organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(22), 4073-4078, 1999.
62. Gustafsson, O., and Gschwend, P.M. Hydrophobic organic compound partitioning from bulk water to the water/air interface. Atmos. Environ. 33, 163-167, 1999.
63. Abraham, M.H., Whiting, G.S., Fuchs, R., and Chambers, E.J. Thermodynamics of solute transfer from water to hexadecane. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 291-300, 1990.
64. Lide, D.R., ed. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 76th ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
65. Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2025-2032, 1998.
66. Pecsok, R.L., de Yllana, A., and Abdul-Karim, A. Liquid surface effects in gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 36, 452-457, 1964.
67. Castells, R.C., Arancibia, E.L., and Nardillo, A.M. Solution and adsorption of hydrocarbons in glycerol as studied by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Phys. Chem. 86, 4456-4460, 1982.
68. Castells, R.C., Romero, L.M., and Nardillo, A.M. Concurrent solution and adsorption of hydrocarbons in gas chromatographic columns packed with different loadings of 3-methylsydnone on chromosorb P. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 192, 142-148, 1997.
69. Arancibia, E.L., and Catoggio, J.A. Gas chromatographic study of solution and adsorption of hydrocarbons on glycols. J. Chromatogr. 238, 281-290, 1982.
70. Arancibia, E.L., and Catoggio, J.A. Gas chromatographic study of solution and adsorption of hydrocarbons on glycols. I. Diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol. J. Chromatogr. 197, 135-145, 1980.
71. Abraham, M.S., Whiting, G.S., Doherty, R.M., Shuely, W.J., and Panos, S. An analysis of polymer-probe interactions in some hydrocarbon polymers using a new solvation equation. Polymer 33(10), 2162-2167, 1992.
72. Abraham, M.H., Whiting, G.S., Doherty, R.M., and Shuely, W.J. Hydrogen bonding XVII. The characterisation of 24 gas-liquid chromatographic stationary phases studied by poole and co-workers, including molten salts, and evaluation of solute-stationary phase interactions. J. Chromatogr. 587, 229-236, 1991.
73. Abraham, M.H., Poole, C.F., and Poole, S.K. Classification of stationary phases and other materials by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 842, 79-114, 1999.
74. Abraham, M.H., and Roses, M. Hydrogen bonding. 38. Effect of solute structure and mobile phase composition on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic capacity factors. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 7, 672-684, 1994.
75. Martin, S.D., Poole, C.F., and Abraham, M.H. Synthesis and gas chromatographic evaluation of a high-temperature hydrogen-bond acid stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A 805, 217-235, 1998.
76. Chessick, J.J., Zettlemoyer, A.C., Healey, F.H., and Young, G.J. Interaction energies of organic molecules with rutile and graphon surfaces from heats of immersion. Can. J. Chem. 33, 251-258, 1955.
77. Malandrini, H., Sarraf, R., Faucompre, B., Partyka, S., and Douillard, J.M. Characterization of quartz particle surfaces by immersion calorimetry. Langmuir, 13, 1337-1341, 1997.
78. 3. Disc. Faraday Soc. 239-263, 1971,
79. Raoof, A., Guilbaud, J.-P., Van Damme, H., Porion, P., and Levitz, P. Analysis of the multilayer thickness relationship for water vapor and nitrogen adsorption. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 206, 1-9, 1998.
80. Furlong, D.N., Sing, K.S.W., and Parfitt, G.D. Adsorption of water vapour on rutile and silica-coated rutile. Ads. Sci. Technol. 3, 25-32, 1986.
81. Gammage, R.B., and Gregg, S.J. The sorption of water vapor by ball-milled calcite. J. Coloid Interface Sci. 38, 118-124, 1972.
82. Orchiston, H.D. Adsorption of water vapor: II. Clays at 25°C. Soil Sci. 78, 463-480, 1954.
83. Storey, J.M., Luo, W., Isabelle, L.M., and Pankow, J.F. Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to model atmospheric solid surfaces as a function of relative humidity. 1. Clean quartz. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2420-2428, 1995.
84. Rao, P.S.C., Ogwada, R.A., and Rhue, R.D. Adsorption of volatile organic compounds on anhydrous and hydrated sorbents: Equilibrium adsorption and energetics. Chemosphere 18, 2177-2191, 1989.
85. Rhue, R.D., Pennell, K.D., Rao, P.S.C., and Reve, W.H. Competetive adsorption of alkylbenzene and water vapors on predominantly mineral surfaces. Chemosphere 18, 1971-1986, 1989.
86. Okamura, J.P., and Sawyer, D.T. Gas chromatographic studies of sorptive interactions of normal and halogenated hydrocarbons with water-modified soil, silica, and chromosorb W. Anal. Chem. 45, 80-84, 1973.
87. Kim, H., Annable, M.D., and Rao, P.S.C. Gaseous transport of volatile organic chemicals in unsaturated porous media: Effect of water-partitioning and air-water interfacial adsorption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4457-4462, 2001.
88. Israelachvili, J.N. Intermolecular and surface forces. London: Academic Press, 1992.
89. Drost-Hansen, W. Structure of water near solid interfaces. Ind. Eng. Chem. 61, 10-47, 1969.
90. Sposito, G., and Prost, R. Structure of water adsorbed on smectites. Chem. Rev. 82, 553-573, 1982.
91. Wilson, M.A., Pohorille, A., and Pratt, L.R. Molecular dynamics of the water liquid-vapor interface. J. Phys. Chem. 91, 4873-4878, 1987.
92. Hoekstra, P., and Doyle, W.T. Dielectric relaxation of surface adsorbed water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 36, 513-521, 1971.
93. Attard, P. Patterns of hydrogen bonding in water and ice. Physica A 233, 742-753, 1996.
94. Atkinson, D., and Curthoys, G. The determination of heats of adsorption by gas-solid chromatography. J. Chem. Educ. 55, 564-566, 1978.
95. Vukov, A., and Gray, D.G. Properties of carbon fiber surfaces. In Inverse gas chromatography. Toronto, Canada: American Chemical Society, 1988.
96. Dorris, G.M., and Gray, D.G. Adsorption of hydrocarbons on water-swollen cellulose. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 77, 725-740, 1981.
97. Goss, K.-U., and Eisenreich, S.J. Sorption of volatile organic compounds to particles from a combustion source at different temperatures and relative humidities. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2827-2834, 1997.
98. Balard, H., Aouadj, O., and Papirer, E. Monitoring, by inverse gas chromatography, of the variation of the surface energetic heterogeneity of ground muscovite Samples. Langmuir 13, 1251-1255, 1997.
99. Katsanos, N., Iliopoulou, E., Plagianakos, V., and Mangou, H. Interrelations between adsorption energies and local isotherms, local monolayer capacities, and energy distribution functions, as determined for heterogeneous surfaces by inverse gas chromatography. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 239, 10-19, 2001.
100. Balard, H., Saada, A., Papirer, E., and Siffert, B. Energetic surface heterogeneity of illites and kaolinites. Langmuir 13, 1256-1259, 1997.
101. Rhue, R.D., Rao, P.S.C., and Smith, R.E. Vapor-phase adsorption of alkylbenzenes and water on soils and clays. Chemosphere 17(4), 727-741, 1988.
102. Call, F. The mechanisms of Sorption of ethylene dibromide on moist soils. J. Agric. Food Sci. 8, 630-639, 1957.
103. Kömp, P., and McLachlan, M.S. Influence of temperature on the plant/air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(3), 886-890, 1997.
104. Gmehling, J., Menke, J., and Schiller, M. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution. Vol. IX, Part 3. Frankfurt: DECHEMA, 1994.
105. Petersen, L.W., Moldrup, P., El-Farhan, Y.H., Jacobsen, O.H., Yamaguchi, T., and Rolston, D.E. The effect of moisture and soil texture on the adsorption of organic vapors. J. Environ. Qual. 24, 752-759, 1995.
106. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C. Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Boca Raton: Lewis, 1992.
107. Glotfelty, D.E., Seiber, J.N., and Liljedahl, L.A. Pesticides in fog. Nature 325, 602-605, 1987.
108. Glotfelty, D.E., Majewski, M.S., and Seiber, J.N. Distribution of several organophosphorus insecticides and their oxygen analogues in a foggy atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 353-357, 1990.
109. Capel, P.D., Gunde, R., Zürcher, F., and Giger, W. Carbon speciation and surface tension of fog. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 722-727, 1990.
110. Capel, P.D., Leuenberger, C., and Giger, W. Hydrophobic organic chemicals in urban fog. Atmos. Environ. 25, 1335-1346, 1991.
111. Sagebiel, J.C., and Seiber, J.N. Studies on the occurrence and distribution of wood smoke marker compounds in foggy atmospheres. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 813-822, 1993.
112. Drozd, J., Vejrosta, J., Novak, J., and Jönsson, J.A. Spurious adsorption effects in headspace-gas determination of hydrocarbons in water. J. Chromatogr. 245, 185-192, 1982.
113. Valsaraj, K.T., Porter, J.L., Liljenfeldt, E.K., and Springer, C. Solvent sublation for the removal of hydrophobic chlorinated compounds from aqueous solutions. Water Res. 20, 1161-1175, 1986.
114. Pankow, J.J. Partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds to the air/water interface. Atmos. Environ. 31(6), 927-929, 1997.
115. Valsaraj, K.T., Thoma, G.J., Reible, D.D., and Thibodeaux, L.J. On the enrichment of hydrophobic organic compounds in fog droplets. Atmos. Environ. 27, 203-210, 1993.
116. Perona, M.J. The solubility of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous droplets. Atmos. Environ. 26, 2549-2533, 1992.
117. Valsaraj, K.T. On the physico-chemical aspects of partitioning of non-polar hydrophobic organics at the air-water Interface. Chemosphere 17, 875-887, 1988.
118. Simcik, M.F. The importance of surface adsorption on the washout of semivolatile organic compounds by rain. Atmospher. Environ. 38, 491-501, 2004.
119. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M., and Imboden, D.M. Environmental organic chemistry. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
120. Barton, A.F.M. CRC handbook of solubility parameters and other cohesion parameters. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1983.
121. Poerschmann, J., and Kopinke, F.-D. Sorption of very hydrophobic organic compounds (VHOCs) on dissolved humic matter (DOM). 2. Measurement of sorption and application of a Flory-Huggins concept to interpret the data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1142-1148, 2001.
122. Gray, D.G. Gas chromatographic measurements of polymer structure and interactions. Prog. Polym. Sci. 5, 1-60, 1977.
123. Braun, J.-M., and Guillet, J.E. Study of polymers by inverse gas chromatography. Adv. Polym. Sci. 21, 107-145, 1976.
124. Xing, B., Pignatello, J.J., and Gigliotti, B. Competitive sorption between atrazine and other organic compounds in soils and model sorbents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2432-2440, 1996.
125. Xing, B., and Pignatello, J.J. Dual-mode sorption of low polarity compounds in glassy poly(vinyl chloride) and soil organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(3), 792-799, 1997.
126. Leboeuf, E.J., and Weber, W.J. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1697-1702, 1997.
127. Huang, W., Young, T.M., Schlautman, M.A., Yu, H., and Weber, W.J. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 9. General isotherm nonlinearity and applicability of the dual reactive domain model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1703-1710, 1997.
128. Rogers, C.E. Solubility and diffusivity. In Physics and chemistry of the organic solidstate, eds. D. Fox, M.M. Labes, and A. Weissberger, New York: Interscience, pp. 509-634, 1965.
129. Berens, A.R. Transport of organic vapors and liquids in poly(vinyl chloride). Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. 29, 95-108, 1989.
130. Pawlisch, C.A., Macris, A., and Laurence, R.L. Solute diffusion in polymers. 1. The use of capillary column inverse gas chromatography. Macromolecules 20, 1564-1578, 1987.
131. Schneider, N.S., Moseman, J.A., and Sung, N.-H. Toluene diffusion in butyl rubber. J. Polym. Sci. B 32, 491-499, 1994.
132. Akim, E.L., Cellulose-Bellwether or old hat. Chemtech. 676-682, 1978.
133. Perrier, S., Houdier, S, Domine, F., Cabanes, A., Legagneux, L., Sumner, A.L., and Shepson, P.B. Formaldehyde in Arctic snow. Incorporation into ice particles and evolution in the snowpack. Atmos. Environ. 36, 2695-2705, 2002.
134. Beaglehole, D., and Nason, D. Transition layer on the surface on ice. Surf. Sci. 96, 357-363, 1980.
135. Jellinek, H.H.G. Liquid-like transition layer on ice. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 25, 192-205, 1967.
136. Orem, M.W., and Adamson, A.W. Physical adsorption of vapor on ice. 2. n-Alkanes. J. Colloid Interface Sci, 31, 278-286, 1969.
137. Roth, C., Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Sorption of diverse organic vapors to snow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003.
138. Hoff, J.T., Gregor, D., Mackay, D. Wania, F., and Jia, C.Q. Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Snow with the Nitrogen Adsorption Technique. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998. 32(1), 58-62.
139. Hanot, L., and Domine, F. Evolution of the surface area of a snow layer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 4250-4255, 1999.
140. Domine, F., Cabanes, A., Taillandier, A.-S., and Legagneux, L. Specific surface area of snow samples determined by CH4 adsorption at 77 K and estimated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 771-780, 2001.
141. Cabanes, A., Legagneux, L., and Domine, F. Rate of evolution of the specific surface area of surface snow layers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 661-666, 2003.
142. Wania, F. Modelling the fate of non-polar organic chemicals in an ageing snow pack. Chemosphere 35, 2345-2363, 1997.
143. Wania, F., Semkin, R., Hoff, J.T., and Mackay, D. Modelling the fate of non-polar organic chemicals during the melting of an arctic snowpack. Hydrol. Process. 13, 2245-2256, 1999.
144. Wania, F., Hoff, J.T., Jia, C.Q., and Mackay, D. The effects of snow and ice on the environmental behaviour of hydrophobic organic chemicals. Environ. Pollut. 102, 25-41, 1998.
145. Lei, Y.D., and Wania, F. Is rain or snow a more efficient scavenger of organic chemicals? Atmos. Environ. 2004.
146. Jang, M., and Kamens, R.M. A predictive model for adsorptive gas partitioning of SOCs on fine atmospheric inorganic dust particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1825-1831, 1999.
147. Penner, J.E., Hegg, D., and Leaitch, R. Unraveling the role of aerosols in climate change. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 332A-340A, 2001.
148. Cotham, W.E., and Bidleman, T.F. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2782-2789, 1995.
149. Lohmann, R., Harner, T., Thomas, G.O., and Jones, K.C. A comparative study of the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4943-4951, 2000.
150. Corn, M., Montgomery, T.L., and Esmen, N.A. Suspended particulate matter: Seasonal variation in specific surface areas and densities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 155-158, 1971.
151. Sheffield, A.E., and Pankow, J.F. Specific surface area of urban atmospheric particulate matter in Portland, Oregon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1759-1766, 1994.
152. Roth, C. Sorption behavior of organic vapors in the atmosphere. 2004, Department of Environmental Sciences. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich.
153. Bennett, D.H., Scheringer, M., McKone, T.E., and Hungerbühler, K. Predicting long-range transport: A systematic evaluation of two multimedia transport models. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1181-1189, 2001.
154. Junge, C.E. Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants, In Fate of pollutants in the air and water environments, ed. I.H. Suffet, Wiley: New York. pp. 7-25, 1977.
155. Shoeib, M., and Harner, T. Using measured octanol-air partition coefficients to explain environmental partitioning of organochlorine pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. SETAC 21(5), 984-990, 2002.
156. Harner, T., and Bidleman, T.F. Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1494-1502, 1998.
157. Finizio, A., Mackay, D., Bidleman, T., and Harner, T. Octanol-air partitioning coefficients as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 31(15), 2289-2296, 1997.
158. Murphy, E.M., Zachara, J.M., and Smith, S.C. Influence of mineral-bound humic substances on the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 1507-1516, 1990.
159. Schwarzenbach, R.P., and Westall, J. Transport of nonpolar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15, 1360-1367, 1981.
160. Stauffer, T.B. and MacIntyre, W.G. Sorption of low-polarity organic compounds on oxide minerals and aquifer material. Environ. Tox. Chem. 5, 949-955, 1986.
161. Mader, B.T., Goss, K.-U., and Eisenreich, S.J. Sorption of nonionic, hydrophobic organic chemicals to mineral surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(4), 1079-1086, 1997.
162. Graber, E.R., and Borisover, M.D. Hydration-facilitated sorption of specifically interacting organic compounds by model soil organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 258-263, 1998.
163. Borisover, M., and Graber, E.R. Relationship between strength of organic sorbate interactions in NOM and hydration effect on sorption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 4570-4577, 2002.
164. Rutherford, D.W., and Chiou, C.T. Effect of water saturation in soil organic matter on the partitioning of organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 965-970, 1992.
165. Goss, K.-U., Buschmann, J., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Adsorption of organic vapors to air-dry soils: Model predictions and experimental validation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004.
166. Steinberg, S.M., Schmeltzer, J.S., and Kreamer, D.K. Sorption of benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE) on a Desert Soil: Effects of moisture and organic matter. Chemosphere 33(5), 961-980, 1996.
167. Lorden, S.W., Chen, W., and Lion, L.W. Experiments and modeling of the transport of trichloroethene vapor in unsaturated aquifer material. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2009-2017, 1998.
168. Chiou, C.T., Shoup, T.D., and Porter, P.E. Mechanistic roles of soil humus and minerals in the sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions. Org. Geochem. 8, 9-14, 1985.
169. Unger, D.R., Thientu, T.L., Schaefer, C.E., and Kosson, D.S. Predicting the effect of moisture on vapor-phase sorption of volatile organic compounds to soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1081-1091, 1996.
170. Costanza, M.S., and Brusseau, M.L. Contaminant vapor adsorption at the gas-water interface in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(1), 1-11, 2000.
171. Petersen, L.W., Rolston, D.E., Moldrup, P., and Yamaguchi, T. Volatile organic vapor diffusion and adsorption in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 23, 799-805, 1994.
172. Gerstl, Z. Estimation of organic chemical sorption by soils. J. Contam. Hydrol. 6, 357-375, 1990.
173. McLachlan, M.S., Welsch-Pausch, K., and Tolls, J. Field validation of a model of the uptake of gaseous SOC in lolium multifiorum (rye grass). Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1998-2004, 1995.
174. Göth, A., McLean, I.G., and Trevelyan, J. How do dogs detect landmines? In Mine detection dogs: Training, operations and odour detection, ed. I.G. McLean, Geneva: GICHD. pp. 195-208, 2003.
175. Wolters, A., Kromer, T., Linnemann, V., Schaffer, A., and Vereecken, H. A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(4), 791-797, 2003.
176. Spencer, W.F., and Cliath, M.M. Movement of pesticides from soil to the atmosphere. In Long range transport of pesticides, ed. D.A. Kurtz, Lewis MI: Chelsea, pp. 1-16, 1990.
177. Grass, B., Wenclawiak, B.W., and Rüdel, H. Influence of air velocity, air temperature and air humidity on the volatilisation of trifluralin from soil. chemosphere 28(3), 491-499, 1994.
178. Majewski, M., Desjardins, R., Rochette, P., Pattey, E., Seiber, J., and Glotfelty, D. Field comparison of an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 121-128, 1993.
179. Spencer, F.W. Volatilization of pesticide residues. In Fate of pesticides in the environment, eds. J.W. Bigger and J.N. Seiber, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. pp. 61-68, 1987.
180. Harris, C.R. Influence of soil type and soil moisture on the toxicity of insecticides in soils to insects. Nature 202, 724, 1964.
181. Wania, F., and McLachlan, M.S. Estimating the influence of forests on the overall fate of semivolatile organic compounds using a multimedia model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 582-590, 2001.
182. McLachlan, M.S., and Horstmann, M. Forests as filters of airborne organic pollutants: A Model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 413-420, 1998.