Rheumatology and musculoskeletal medicine

British Journal of General Practice

Volumn 54, Issue 503, 2004, Pages 457-464

  Davenport, Graham ^a,b  

^a The Primary Care Rheumatology Soc   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALENDRONIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; CAPSAICIN; CELECOXIB; CHONDROITIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSAMINE; HORMONE; HYALURONIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IBUPROFEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PARACETAMOL; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RISEDRONIC ACID; ROFECOXIB; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; STEROID; STRONTIUM; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; BONE DISEASE; BREAST CANCER; BURNING SENSATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG FATALITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FALLING; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; JOB SATISFACTION; KINESIOTHERAPY; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NURSING HOME; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT REFERRAL; PEPTIC ULCER; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESIDENTIAL CARE; REVIEW; REWARD; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOLOGY; SELF CARE; SOCIOECONOMICS; STOMACH MUCOSA INJURY; STOMACH PERFORATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; WORKLOAD;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; RHEUMATOLOGY;

EID: 2942696118     PISSN: 09601643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. The Primary Care Rheumatology Society. http://www.pcrsociety.org.uk/ (accessed 17 May 2004).
2. Burge R, Worley D, Johansen A, et al. The cost of osteoporotic fractures in the UK: projection for 2000-2020. J Med Econ 2001; 4: 51-62.
3. International Osteoporosis Foundation. How fragile is her future? Lyon: International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2000. http://www.osteofound.org/publications/how_fragile_is_her_future.html (accessed 10 May 2004).
4. Ross PD. Clinical consequences of vertebral fractures. Am J Med 1997; 103(suppl): 30S-43S.
5. Nevitt MC, Thompson DE, Black DM, et al. Effect of alendronate on limited activity days and bed disability days caused by back pain in postmenopausal women with existing vertebral fractures. Arch Intern Med 2000: 160: 77-85.
6. Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, et al. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 1999: 159: 1215-1220.
7. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Malton LJ. Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. 1985-1989. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 221-227.
8. Melton LJ III, Lane AW, Cooper C, et al. Prevalence and incidence of vertebral deformities. Ost Int 1993; 3: 113-119.
9. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA 2001; 285(3): 320-323.
10. Melton LJ, Atkinson EJ, Cooper C, et al. Vertebral fractures predict subsequent fractures. Osteoporosis Int 1999; 10: 214-221.
11. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, et al. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Am Int Med 1998; 128: 793-800.
12. Oden A, Dawson A, Dere W, et al. Lifetime risk of hip fractures is underestimated. Osteoporosis Int 1998; 8: 599-603.
13. Lauritzen JB, Schwarz P, Lund B, et al. Changing incidence and residual lifetime risk of common osteoporatic-related fractures. Osteoporosis Int 1993; 3: 127-132.
14. Cooper C. The crippling consequences of fractures and their impact on quality of life. Am J Med 1997; 103(2A): 12S-17S.
15. Schurch MA, Rizzoli R, Mermillod B, et al. A prospective study on the socioeconomic aspects of fracture of the proximal femur. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1935-1942.
16. Koike Y, Imaizumi H, Takahashi E, et al. Determining factors of mortality in the elderly with hip fractures. Tohoku J Exp Med 1999; 188: 139-142.
17. Torgerson DJ, Dolan P. Prescribing by general practitioners after an osteoporotic fracture. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 378-379.
18. Primary Care Rheumatology Society. Osteoporosis: minimum standards guidelines for PCR members. North Yorkshire: Primary Care Rheumatology Society, 1999. http://www.pcrsociety.org.uk/guidelines_00_04.jsp (accessed 17 May 2004).
19. Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis: clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1999.
20. Hughes R. GP survey. American College of Rheumatology, 2000.
21. Department of Health working group. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: guidelines for prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2002.
22. National Osteoporosis Society: Position statement on the reporting of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density scans. Bath: National Osteoporosis Society, 2002. http://www.nos.org.uk/PDF/DualEnergystatement.pdf (accessed 11 May 2004).
23. Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996; 348: 511-514.
24. Bauer DC, Gluer CC, Cauley JA, et al. Broadband ultrasonic attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 629-634.
25. National Osteoporosis Society. Position statement on the use of quantitative ultrasound in the management of osteoporosis. Bath: National Osteoporosis Society, 2001. http://www.nos.org.uk/PDF/QUSstatement.pdf (accessed 11 May 2004).
26. Hodson J, Marsh J. Quantitative ultrasound and risk factor enquiry as predictors of postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparative study in primary care. BMJ 2003; 326: 1250-1251.
27. National Osteoporosis Society: Position statement on the use of peripheral x-ray absorptiometry in the management of osteoporosis. Bath: National Osteoporosis Society, 2001. http://www.nos.org.uk/PDF/PDXAstatement.pdf (accessed 11 May 2004).
28. Woolf AD, St John Dixon A. Osteoporosis: a clinical guide. London: Taylor & Francis, 1988.
29. Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
30. Van Schoor NM, Smit JH, Twisk JW, et al. Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289(15): 1957-1962.
31. Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Kurrle SE, et al. A randomised trial of hip protector use by frail older women living in their own homes. Inj Prev 2003; 9(2): 138-141.
32. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15(6): 1113-1118.
33. Heinonen A, Kannus P, Sievanen H, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 1996; 348: 1343-1347.
34. Gutin B, Kasper MJ. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 55-69.
35. Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, et al. Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123: 27-31.
36. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1637-1642.
37. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int 2002; 13: 257-264.
38. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(12): 1189-1199.
39. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4118-4124.
40. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 333-340.
41. Reginster JY, Minne HW, Sorenson OH, et al. Randomised trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporo Int 2000; 11: 83-89.
42. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333.
43. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Consensus conference on hormone replacement therapy. Final Consensus statement. Edinburgh: Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 2003. http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/esd/consensus/hrt_03.html (accessed 11 May 2004).
44. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 1999; 281: 2189-2197.
45. de Groen PC, Lubbe DF, Hirsch LJ, et al. Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1016-1021.
46. Schnitzer T, Bone HG, Crepaldi G. Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate once-weekly study group. Aging (Milano) 2000; 12(1): 1-12.
47. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1434-1441.
48. Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE. Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin in bone cell biology. J Mol Med 2001; 79(5-6): 243-253.
49. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 459-468.
50. Department of Health NHS Executive. Burdens of disease: a discussion document. London: Department of Health, 1996.
51. Belsey J. Primary care workload in the management of chronic pain. A retrospective cohort study using a GP database to identify resource implications for UK primary care. J Drug Assess 2002; 5: 153-164.
52. Arthritis Research Campaign. Arthritis: the big picture. http://www.arc.org.uk/about_arth/bigpic.htm (accessed 17 May 2004).
53. Moore RA, Tramer MR, Carroll D, et al. Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ 1998; 316: 333-338.
54. Grace D, Rogers J, Skeith K, Anderson K. Topical diclofenac versus placebo: a double blind randomised clinical trial in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2659-2663.
55. Towheed TE, Judd MJ, Hochberg MC, Wells G. Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
56. Tramer MR, Moore RA, Reynolds DJ, McQuay HJ. Quantitative estimation of rare adverse events which follow a biological progression: a new model applied to chronic NSAID use. Pain 2000; 85: 169-182.
57. Jones AC, Coulson L, Muir K, et al. A nurse-delivered advice intervention can reduce chronic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Rheumatology 2002; 41(1): 14-21.
58. Hawkey CJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peptic ulcers. BMJ 1990; 300: 278-284.
59. Hawkey CJ, Rampton DS. Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal mucosa: are they important in its function, disease, or treatment? Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1162-1188.
60. Barden J, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Single-dose rofecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults: a quantitative systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol 2002; 2(1): 4.
61. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR study group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(21): 1520-1528.
62. Lisse JR, Perlman M, Johansson G, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of rofecoxib versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. ADVANTAGE study group. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7): 539-546.
63. Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomised controlled trial. Celecoxib long-term arthritis safety study. JAMA 2000; 284(10): 1247-1255.
64. Whelton A, Fort JG, Puma JA, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors and cardiorenal function: a randomised controlled trial of celecoxib and rofecoxib in older hypertensive osteoarthritis patients. Am J Ther 2001 2: 85-95.
65. Anonymous. Coxibs in arthritis: update July 2002. Bandolier. http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/Arthritis/coxib702.html (accessed 11 May 2004).
66. Moore A. Arthritis: should we be prescribing coxibs? The New Generalist 2003; 1(1): 27-29.
67. Frishman WH. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy on blood pressure and peripheral edema. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89(6 suppl 1): 18S-25S.
68. Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure. Drugs 2003; 63(6): 525-534.
69. Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive cardiac failure in elderly pafients: an under-recognised public health problem. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(6): 777-784.
70. Miltner O, Schneider U, Siebert CH, et al. Efficacy of intraarticular hyaluronic acid in patients with osteoarthritis - a prospective clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10(9): 680-686.
71. Couceiro JM. Multicenter clinical trial on the efficacy of intra-articular hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis of the knee. Revista Espanola de Reumatologia Sabado 2003; 30(2): 57-65.
72. Huskisson EC, Donnelly S. Hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatology 1999; 38(7): 602-607.
73. Espallargues M, Pons JM. Efficacy and safety of viscosupplementation with Hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2003; 19(1): 41-56.
74. Raynauld J, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term intraarticular steroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(2): 370-377.
75. Cushnaghan J, McCarthy C, Dieppe P. Taping the patella medially: a new treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee joint? BMJ 1994; 308: 753-755.
76. Hinman RS, Crossley KM, McConnell J, Bennell KL. Efficacy of knee tape in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee: blinded randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003; 327: 135-138.
77. Hinman RS, Bennell KL, Crossley KN, McConnell J. Immediate effects of adhesive tape on pain and disability in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology 2003; 42(7): 865-869.
78. Towheed TE, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, et al. Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. In: Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
79. McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT. Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis. JAMA 2000; 283: 1469-1475.
80. Pavelka K, Gatterova J, Olejarova M, et al. Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2113-2123.
81. Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, et al. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 251-256.
82. Anonymous. Is glucosamine worth taking for osteoarthritis? Drug Ther Bull 2002; 40(11): 81-83.
83. Fransen M, McConnell S, Bell M. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. In: Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
84. Brosseau L, MacLeay L, Robinson V, et al. Intensity of exercise for the treatment of osteoarthritis. In: Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
85. Heath JM, Stuart MR. Prescribing exercise for frail elders. J Am Board of Fam Pract 2002; 15(3): 218-228.
86. Martel-Pelletier J, Welsch DJ, Pelletier JP. Metalloproteases and inhibitors in arthritic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001; 15(5): 805-829.
87. Masuhara K, Nakai T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Significant increases in serum and plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 in patients with rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(10): 2625-2631.
88. Marder G, Greenwald RA. Potential applications of matrix metalloproteinases in geriatric practice. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5(5): 361-364.
89. Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology 2002; 39(1-2): 237-246.
90. Bandarage UK, Janero DR. Nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: novel gastrointestinal-sparing drugs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2001; 1(1): 57-70.
91. Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Huerta-Alvarez C. Reduced risk of colorectal cancer among long-term users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology 2001; 12(1): 88-93.
92. Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2003; 327: 128.
93. Primary Care Rheumatology Society. Rheumatoid arthritis: a protocol for early referral. North Yorkshire: Primary Care Rheumatology Society, 2000. http://www.pcrsociety.com/guidelines/arthritis_refereral.html (accessed 11 May 2004).
94. Emery P, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, et al. Early referral recommendation for newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis: evidence based development of a clinical guide. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 290-297.
95. American College of Rheumatology. Classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Atlanta, GA: American College of Rheumatology, 1987. http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/classification/index.asp?aud=mem (accessed 11 May 2004).
96. Fries JF, Williams CA, Morfeld D, et al. Reduction in long-term disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by diease-modifying antirheumatic drug-based treatment strategies. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 606-622.
97. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumour necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 253-259.
98. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 1932-1939.
99. Lipsky PE, Van der Heijde DM, St. Clair EW, et al. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-tumour necrosis factor trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy study group. N Engl J Med 2000: 343: 1594-1602.
100. Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1443-1450.
101. Moreland LW, Cohen SB, Baumgartner SW, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1238-1244.
102. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 36. Guidance on the use of etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. London: NICE, 2002. http://www.nice.org.uk/Docref.asp?d=29671 (accessed 12 May 2004).
103. Zatarain E, Chakravarty EF, Genovese MC. Rheumatoid arthritis, TNF inhibition, and the risks of lymphoma. Int J Adv Rheum 2003; 3: 91-96.
104. Haraoui B, Keystone EC. Anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: were the promises fulfilled? Int J Adv Rheum 2003, 1(3): 82-90.
105. Rubbert-Roth A, Perniok A. Der interleukin-1-rezeptorantagonist anakinra (Kineret®) in der behandlung mit rheumatoider arthritis [Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret®) for treatment of rheumatic arthritis]. Z Rheumatol 2003; 62(4): 367-377.
106. Bresnihan B, Cobby M. Clinical and radiological effects of anakinra in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2003; 42(suppl 2): 22-28.
107. Cohen SB, Rubbert A. Bringing the clinical experience with anakinra to the patient. Rheumatology 2003; 42(suppl 2): 36-40.
108. Braun J, Pham T, Sieper J, et al. International ASAS consensus statement for the use of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62(9): 817-824.
109. Dubin DB, Tanner W, Ellis R. Biologics for psoriasis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2(11): 855-856.
110. Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Guess HA. All-cause mortality and vascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or no arthritis in the UK general practice research database. J Rheumatol 2003; 30(6): 1196-1202.
111. Kitas GD, Erb N. Tackling ischaemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2003; 42: 607-613.
112. Bacon PA, Stevens RJ, Carruthers DM, et al. Accelerated atherogenesis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2002; 1(6): 338-347.
113. Adhiyaman V, Asghar M, Oke A, et al. Nephrotoxicity in the elderly due to co-prescription of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J R Soc Med 2001; 94(10): 512-514.
114. Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, Mach F. Statins as a newly recognised type of immunomodulator. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1399-1402.