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Volumn 304, Issue 5677, 2004, Pages 1665-1669

Soils, agriculture, and society in precontact Hawai'i

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; PHOSPHORUS; SOCIAL ASPECTS; WETLANDS;

EID: 2942670847     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1099619     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (164)

References (46)
  • 3
    • 2942674077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning an area, cropping it for a short period, abandoning cropping for a several-to many-year fallow period (during which the success of useful species may be favored), and then repeating the cycle. Agricultural intensification uses inputs (of Labor or other factors) to sustain cropping and increase overall yield.
  • 14
    • 2942637110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Landesque capital intensification alters physical features of the land in ways that favor agricultural production-as with irrigation works, pondfield systems, and terraces. Cropping cycle intensification uses continuing inputs of labor and other factors to enhance productivity and shorten or eliminate fallow periods. The extensive earth and stone walls of the Kohala field system (fig. S1) suggest that it exhibits elements of both cropping cycle and landesque capital intensification.
  • 20
    • 2942674076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We focus on Large, intensive dryland systems here. Smaller-scale dryland agriculture was practiced more widely across the archipelago, in environments ranging from heavily mulched settlement gardens to terraces at the base of colluvial slopes.
  • 21
    • 2942652177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
  • 30
    • 2942674078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We believe that this area was not included in the Kohala field system because its surface topography is rougher and because sites with suitable rainfall and soil fertility are at higher elevation and farther from the coast than is most of the field system.
  • 32
    • 2942686822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Nitrogen also limits plant productivity in many areas, especially intensive agricultural systems. The greater mobility of N compared to P makes it difficult to relate current levels of N availability to past levels, and we know little of how Hawaiian cultivators managed N in dryland systems. However, spatial variation in the current ratio of C to N here suggests that N cycling slows and N availability declines above the upper boundary of the field system (fig. S5).
  • 37
    • 2942632552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While mulching by Polynesian cultivators was not responsible for the presence of enriched soils within the field system, it could have contributed to the sharpness of the transition in soil properties from within the field system to just outside it (Fig. 3).
  • 38
    • 2942661129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Although intensive agriculture expanded to the boundaries of suitable climates and soils in leeward Kohala, variation in the density of walls and trails suggests that the degree of agricultural intensification differed within the system (17).
  • 42
    • 2942674075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished data
    • O. A. Chadwick, unpublished data.
    • Chadwick, O.A.1
  • 46
    • 2942637109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supported by NSF grant BCS-0119819. We thank the State of Hawai'i for permission to carry out this research; Kahua, Parker, and Ponoholo Ranches and other Kohala Landowners for access to their lands; D. Turner, S. Robinson, J. P. Fay, M. Vitousek, N. Boes, and V. Bullard for assistance with graphics and laboratory analyses; and J. Diamond and G. C. Daily for comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.