Love letters to the future: REP, Radical America, and new left history

Radical History Review

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages

  McMillian, John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 2942636675     PISSN: 01636545     EISSN: 15341453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/01636545-2000-77-20     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Elinor Langer, "Notes for Next Time: A Memoir of the 1960s," Working Papers for a New Society (Fall 1973);
2. re-printed in David R. Myers, ed., Toward a History of the New Left: Essays from Within the Movement (New York: Carlson Publishing, 1989), 75-76, 83, 97.
3. See Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987);
4. Allen Matusow, Tlie Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper & Row, 1984);
5. James Miller, "Democracy is in the Streets": From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
6. Robert Kelley, The Sliaping of the American Past, 5th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 775-78;
7. Bernard Bailyn, et al., The Great Republic: A History of the American People, 4th ed. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath & Co., 1992), 549-50.
8. Cited in Bruce J. Schulman, "Out of the Streets and into the Classroom? The New Left and the Counterculture in United States History Textbooks," Journal of American History 85 (March 1999): 1529.
9. Maurice Isserman, "The Not-So-Dark and Bloody Ground: New Works on the 1960s," American Historical Revieiv 94 (October 1989): 991-92.
10. This essay responds to Isserman's illuminating discussion of the possibilities for further research on the New Left. By and large, scholars who have treated this subject were involved in the movement themselves, and too often they have written partisan accounts or polemical critiques. Moreover, much of the existing literature on the New Left focuses on the experiences of a few powerful personalities and key movement leaders. While these figures were undoubtedly important, Isserman notes the irony in the fact that the idea of writing "history from below" seems to have eluded many of those who investigate the era from whence this ethos actually came. Specialized scholars will have plenty of work to do in the years ahead, foraging their way through a large body of sorely neglected source material, including oral and documentary histories, memoirs, FBI files, underground newspapers, and a number of exciting local and
11. comparative studies that are beginning to emerge. Among these are Jennifer Frost, Before "Identity Politics": Community Organizing, Gender, and the New Left in the 1960s (New York: New York University Press, Forthcoming);
12. David M. Gerwin, "The End of Coalition: The Failure of Community Organizing In Newark in the 1960s." (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1998);
13. Andrew Hunt, The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (New York: New York University Press, 1999);
14. David McBride, "On the Fault Lines of Mass Culture and Counterculture: A Social History of the Hippie Counterculture in 1960s Los Angeles" (Ph.D. diss. University of California at Los Angeles, 1995);
15. Gregg Michel, "'We'll Take Our Stand': The Southern Student Organizing Committee and the Radicalization of White Southern Students, 1964-1969" (Ph.D. diss. University of Virginia, May, 1999);
16. Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the Nezv Left in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998);
17. Jeremy P. Varon, "Shadowboxing the Apocalypse: New Left Violence in the United States and West Germany" (Ph.D. diss.; Cornell University, 1998);
18. Jeff Janowick, a Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University, is presently writing a dissertation on 1960s student activism in East Lansing, Michigan.
19. Radical Education Project, "Manifesto," (1966). SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 43.
20. Paul Buhle, "The Reminiscences of Paul Buhle," Student Movements of the 1960s, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, Butler Library, 51.
21. Radical America 2, no. 1, (1967), unpaginated first page.
22. Buhle, "Reminiscences;" letter to author, 9 March 1998. I might add here, if it does not become obvious, that the subtitle to this paper represents something of a double-entendre. While this work is a contribution to a neglected area in the history of the New Left, I hope it will also hold some interest for scholars who are interested in New Left history (i.e., the historiographical movement of the 1960s that undermined consensus theories, exposed transparent claims of "objectivity," demanded "relevance" in academic work, and brought intellectual currency to various fields of social history).
23. Paul Buhle, ed., History and the New Left: Madison, Wisconsin, 1950-1970 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 230.
24. As Bruce Schulman argues, the "alleged radical edge to United States history scholarship, critics and champions agree, owes to the profession's dominance by veterans of 1960s social movements .." See Schulman "Out of the Streets and into the Classroom?" 1527. Likewise, Maurice Isserman has quipped, whilst reviewing Ronald Fraser, et al.'s oral history, 1968: A Student Generation in Revolt (New York: Pantheon, 1988), that "If one were to propose a theory as to the post-1960s careers of movement activists based on this book alone, one would have to conclude that most veterans of the American New Left became historians.." See Isserman, "The- Not-So-Dark and Bloody Ground," 1006.
25. See Gary Putka, "Historians Propose Curriculum Tilted Away from the West," Wall Street Journal, 11 November 1994, B8, cited in Schulman, 1527.
26. Also, organizations like the History News Service (HNS) and the on-line publication TomPaine.com operate on the premise that historians have something meaningful to say about contemporary trends. HNS works somewhat like a literary agent, farming out op-eds to various newspapers across the country, whereas TomPaine.com publishes articles that provide a historical context to current events.
27. See "Students Hold 'Teach-Ins' to Protest Corporate Influence in Higher Education," Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 March 1998;
28. Julianne Basinger, "New Organization Hopes to Forge Ties Between Academics and Labor," Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 September 1997;
29. Jason Hughes and Liz McMillen, "Ivy League Students Join Anti-Sweatshop Protests," Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 February 1999;
30. Jeffrey Selingo, "Students Rally to Defend Affirmative Action," Chronicle of Higher Education, 30 October 1998.
31. Martin Van Der Werf, "'Sweatshop' Protests Raise Ethical and Practical Issues," Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 March 1999, A-38.
32. Ibid., A-38.
33. See Harvey C. Mansfield, "The Legacy of the Late Sixties," in Reassessing the Sixties: Debating the Political and Cultural Legacy, ed., Stephen Maccdo (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997), 21-45.
34. See data from the Harris Polling Company, which has been compiling an "alienation index" since 1966, and shows a clear increase in Americans' sense of alienation from those in power. In 1997, 78 percent of Americans felt that "The rich get richer and the poor get poorer," 69 percent believed that "Most people with power try to take advantage of people like [themselves]," and 57 percent held that "The people running the country don't really care what happens to [them]." (Cited in The Baffler, #11, unpaginated first page).
35. Steve Max, cited in Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 206.
36. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties, 178.
37. Robert J. Ross, "Primary Groups in Social Movements: A Memoir and Interpretation," Journal of Voluntary Action Research 6 (July 1977): 139-51, re-printed in Toward A History of the New Left, Myers, ed., 161.
38. Eric Chester, Contemporary History Project: The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, 7.
39. Frithjof Bergmann, Contemporary History Project: The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, 7-8.
40. Radical Education and Reform Project, unprocessed collection, Special Collections Library, Michigan State University.
41. Robert Alan Haber, interview by author, 27 February 1998.
42. "Free Universities at Ann Arbor: One Viewpoint," New Left Notes (29 April 1966).
43. Todd Gitlin, Contemporary History Project: The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
44. Robert Alan Haber, interview with author, 27 February 1998. 28. Ibid.
45. Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973), 289.
46. REP "Prospectus," SDS Papers, Reel 43.
47. Robert Alan Haber, interview with author, 27 February 1998.
48. Sale, SDS, 251.
49. James O'Brien, "Radical American Over Ten Years," Paul Buhle Papers, Box 6, Tamiment Library, New York University.
50. "Boston REP Proposal," New Left Notes (24 August 1966).
51. Ibid.
52. Sale, SDS, 289.
53. Barry Bluestone, "REP News Bulletin," 17 May 1966, SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 43. This letter was partly an appeal for funds, so it is possible that Bluestone was exaggerating. It is worth noting, however, that the following year, REP's budget proposal was downsized to $ 35, 190.
54. Nav Left Notes (3 December 1966), cited in Sale, SDS, 289.
55. "Ask Not What REP.." New Left Notes (24 August 1966).
56. Jesse Lemisch, "Towards A Democratic History," February 1966, A Radical Education Project Occasional Paper, in author's possession. For an account of this paper's influence on one radical graduate student, see Peter Linebaugh, "From the Upper West Side to Wick Episcopi," New Left Review 201 (September/October 1993): 18-25. This essay is notable as the occasion where Lemisch coined the phrase "history 'from the bottom up'" to describe an emerging current of social history that challenged popular conceptions of America's past by retrieving the voices and experiences of common, everyday people, as opposed to those of elites.
57. Stu Dowty and Janet Goldwasser, interview with author, 5 April 1998. Both Dowty and Goldwasser ran REP in the late 1960s/early 1970s, and remembered grumbling that even then, as they were struggling to raise enough money simply to pay their own meager salaries, they still had to contend with the printing bill for Lemisch's essay.
58. "Comments on REP," New Left Notes (3 June 1966).
59. Cited in Paul Buhle, "Clear Lake: New Answers or New Tactics," New Left Notes (23 September 1966).
60. Greg Calvert, "Reminiscences of Greg Calvert," Student Movements of the 1960s, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, Butler Library, 176.
61. Evi Goldfield, "The REP Question," New Left Notes (8 May 1967).
62. "Ask Not What REP." New Left Notes (24 August 1966). Some of the important thinkers who endorsed REP were Hal Draper, Phillip Foner, Paul Goodman, Gabriel Kolko, Staughton Lynd, Herbert Marcuse, and William Appleman Williams.
63. "REP Report," New Left Notes (3 February 1967).
64. Robert Analavage, "Labor and the South: Black Workers Set Against White - Strike Broker," REP pamphlet, SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 36. This article was originally printed in Southern Patriot.
65. David Arnold, "VIETNAM: Symptom of a World Malaise," SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 36. This article was originally printed in Fellowship.
66. Kathleen Gough Aberle, "Anthropology and Imperialism: New Proposals for Anthropologists," SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 36. Tellingly, Aberle also expresses some optimism that such publications as "Monthly Review Press, the National Guardian, and Studies on the Left, as well as other left-wing journals, have become a kind of underground literature for many graduate students and younger faculty in the social sciences."
67. Thomas F. Mayer, "The Position and Progress of Black America: Some Pertinent Statistics," SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 36. This article was reprinted from the Ann Arbor Bulletin.
68. Ken Waltzer, and Dennis Gregg, "A Seminar on Radicalism in U.S. History," REP pamphlet, in author's possession.
69. Jim Jacobs, to "Greg," 28 November 1966, SDS Papers on Microfilm, Reel 34.
70. "Ask Not What REP," New Left Notes (24 August 1966).
71. Shelly Blum, "SDS 1965 National Convention - Working Paper," SDS Papers on Microfilm.
72. Ken Waltzer, interview with author, 3 April 1998.
73. Linebaugh, p. 21. The students met to discuss E.P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class.
74. "Ask Not What REP.." New Left Notes (24 August 1966).
75. Jim Mellen, Contemporary History Project, The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
76. Stu Dowty and Janet Goldwasser, interview with author, 5 April 1998.
77. Ken Waltzer, interview with author, 3 April 1998.
78. Paul Buhle, "American Radical History: A Progress Report," New Left Notes (13 January 1967).
79. Paul Buhle, "Reminiscences," 76.
80. Carl Davidson "REP 'T-O's' and the Practice of SDS," New Left Notes (17 April 1967).
81. Gregory Calvert, "Reminiscences of Gregory Calvert," Student Movements of the 1960s, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, 176-77.
82. "Don" (probably Don McKelvey) to Paul Buhle, 8 May 1967, Radical America Papers, Box 3, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Jacobs suggested that he had heard a similar account, noting in an interview that "Mike Goldfield negotiated a lot of this, and all sorts of things came up, right down to the furniture," James Jacobs, interview with author, 2 February 1998. But in a very short and not-terribly-helpful interview, Goldfield denied that the dispute between SDS and REP was ever played out like this. In either case, all evidence suggests that the split between the two organizations was contentious.
83. Sale has written suggestively about the "T-O" [Teacher-Organizer] experiment. Much more than REP, this internal education project failed to meet its objectives: One group "disintegrated after a few weeks," while another "spent more time worrying about harassment from the police than Marxist seminars.." By another measure, however, "it turned out to be remarkably successful.. when it was over, several dozen people had gone through a communal experience that left its mark, and somehow their casual work for the Movement in the process committed them to the cause. The cadre-building notion suffered from the hippie-summer atmosphere - including a new indulgence in drugs, hallucinogenic and otherwise - so the seminars were seldom held, the books went unread, and the elaborate training never took place. Still, in the words of one California recruit, previously a hippie dropout for whom 'Movement people' were always a bummer, the T-O experience taught something: 'You become serious about the Movement if you're serious about your life, and the Movement becomes a healthy and meaningful thing.'"
84. See Sale, SDS, 346-47.
85. "Fundraising letter," Radical Education Project, 1970. Radical Education and Research Project, unprocessed collections. Special Collections Library, Michigan State University.
86. Calvert's speech is generally thought to mark a shift in the thinking of the movement. He characterized liberals as engaged in charitable efforts on behalf of others, while radicals struggled for their own "freedom" and "liberation" from an oppressive social structure. "Radical or revolutionary consciousness," Calvert said, "is the discovery of oneself as one of the oppressed who must unite to transform the objective conditions of their existence in order to resolve the contradiction between potentiality and actuality. Revolutionary consciousness leads to the struggle for one's own freedom in unity with others who share the burden of oppression.." Quoted in Sale,318.
87. Steve Halliwell, "REP Conference," New Left Notes (27 February 1967).
88. REP also sponsored a similar conference, on "vocations for radicals," in Cambridge, Massachusetts in early 1968. Sale, in SDS, seems to confuse the two.
89. This was the general perception of people associated with REP, though there were probably some exceptions. As the 1960s progressed, a crescendo of violence became connected with student protest, and increasing factionalism and ideological bickering made REP's work considerably more difficult. Accordingly, some of their literature reflected an almost apocalyptic vision. (Post-1969, for example, REP carried a "Defense Handbook," and a pamphlet called "Firearms for Self Defense," which were popular enough that it was difficult to keep them in print). One must recognize, however, that REP's income came almost entirely from literature sales, and so it would have been difficult for the organization to stay afloat if they had not catered to the needs and wants of SDS. Also, Stu Dowty and Janet Goldwasser, who took over REP in 1969, moved the organization towards becoming "more of a support group for the movement, rather than a political organization.. The think tank concept got overwhelmed by the politics of the day," Stu Dowty, interview with author, 5 April 1998. This is all to say that even though strident revolutionary rhetoric was sometimes found in REP literature, this did not define the organization, especially pre-1968.
90. Ken Waltzer, interview with author, 3 April 1998.
91. Chicago Daily, 17 May 1965, 1.
92. Robert Alan Haber, interview with author, 28 February 1998.
93. Janet Goldwasser, interview with author, 5 April 1998.
94. Bob Ross, Contemporary History Project, The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
95. James Jacobs, interview with author, 28 February 1998.
96. A publicity letter further described the RitP bulletin as "a service to the 'adult section' of the movement - people out of school seeking ways to work for basic social change in America. Communication, sharing and learning from experiences, assuagement of feelings of isolation. Find out who is organizing near you - all these are important functions which the Newsletter can perform." Fragment, 4 November 1967, Radical Education and Research Project, unprocessed collection, Special Collections Library, Michigan State University.
97. Irwin Unger, The Movement: A History of the American Neio Left, 1959-1972 (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1974), 123. It is also worth mentioning that in the aftermath of the REP conference, similar meetings took place in other venues. Staughton Lynd observed, at the founding of the New University Conference in the spring of 1968, "Conferences all over the country this past year have explored the possibilities of radical vocations and radicalism in the professions."
98. See Lynd, "Intellectuals, the University, and the Movement," reprinted in Journal of American History 76 [September, 19S9]: 479).
99. Barbara and Alan Haber, "Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends," re-printed in Priscilla Long, ed. The New Left: A Collection of Essays (Boston: Extending Horizon Books, 1969), 290.
100. Jim Buckley to Paul Buhle, 24 January 1967. Radical America Papers, Box 1, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
101. See Richard W. Evans, "In Quest of a Useable Past: Young Leftist Historians in the 1960s," (Case Western Reserve University, Ph.D. diss., 1979) and James Weinstein and David Eakins, eds. For a New America: Essays in History and Politics from Studies on the Left, 1959 - 1967 (New York: Random House, 1970).
102. "Statement of Purpose," New Left Notes (13 April 1967). In August, the editors of the PRAXIS supplement (who included John Fuerst, Bob Gottlieb, and Dave Gilbert) noted that their organ had come under staunch criticism at the June SDS convention for pushing an ideological line that had not been widely debated or accepted by much of the membership. "This concern would be a legitimate one," they replied, "were there a large number of articles coming into New Left Notes for consideration. .. Why do radicals not submit written work to a theoretical journal? If we all recognize the importance of new and creative thought, why are people so reticent?" Their own answer seemed a bit dubious: "radicals are still very careerist in orientation and think that it is more important to publish their thought in more established left journals." Additionally, the various educational mills that have passed for universities had promoted a highly-specialized, business-oriented curriculum that caused students to become "estranged from the wholebusiness of study, research, and theoretical thought." The editors then printed below an excessively pedantic, densely written essay by an obscure Economics professor on "Automation and the Abolition of Markets," that contained such phrases as "the intersectorate balance of product flows."
103. See Blaser, "What Happened to New Left History? Part One, An Institutional Approach," South Atlantic Quarterly (Fall 1986). Blaser notes that in the 1960s and 1970s, the University of Wisconsin had one of the largest History departments in the country, matriculating about fifty Ph.D.s per year.
104. Paul Buhle, fragment, Paul Buhle Papers, Box 6, Tamiment Library, New York University.
105. Radical America 1, no. 1 (1967), unpaginated editorial statement. Ironically, however, Studies on the Left did fold just as Radical America was beginning.
106. Radical America 1, no. 1 (1967), unpaginated editorial statement.
107. Paul Berman "Spirit of '67: Radical Americanism and How if Grew," Village Voice Literary Supplement, 13 September 1983, 16.
108. Joan W. and Donald M. Scott, "Toward History: A Reply to Jesse Lemisch," Radical America 1, no. 2 (1967): 37.
109. Jesse Lemisch, "New Left Elitism: A Rejoinder," Radical America 1, no. 2 (1967): 37.
110. Leaflet, Students for a Democratic Society, University of Chicago, 19 October 1967, reprinted in Radical America 1, no. 3 (1967): 60-61.
111. Dennis Wood, "Again, the Radicals' Methodology," Radical America 2, no. 3 (1968): 63.
112. Peter Wiley, "The Hazard Project: Socialism and Community Organizing," Radical America 2, no. 1 (1968);
113. Richard Rothstein, "On the Evolution of ERAP," Radical America 2, no. 2 (1968).
114. Staughton Lynd, "The Radicals' Use of History, II," Radical America 2, no. 3 (1968): 59.
115. Robert Gabriner, "Reply," Radical America 1, no. 3 (1967): 51, 53.
116. Mark Naison, "The Rent Strikes in New York," Radical America 1, no. 3 (1967): 46.
117. Mark Naison, "Notes on a Program," Radical America 2, no. 1 (1968): 37-39.
118. It is also notable that a subsequent article by Naison, "The Southern Tenants' Farmers' Union and the CIO," Radical America 2, no. 5 (1968) concluded with a section entitled "The Meaning for the Left."
119. Paul Buhle, "The Reminiscences of Paul Buhle," Student Movements of the 1960s, Columbia University story Research Office, Butler Library, 58.
120. Mark Naison to Paul Buhle, Summer, 1968. Radical America Papers, Box 2, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
121. Carl Davidson, Neia Left Notes (3 February 1967), quoted in Sale, SDS, 352.
122. Mark Naison to Paul Buhle, Summer, 1968. Radical America Papers, Box 2, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
123. Mark Naison to Paul Buhle, 4 January 1969. Radical America Papers, Box 2, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
124. Mark Naison to Paul Buhle, Paul, Summer, 1968. Radical America Papers, Box 2, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
125. Buhle, History and the New Left, 221.
126. O'Brien, "Radical America Over Ten Years," 3
127. Berman, "Spirit of '67," 16.
128. O'Brien, "Radical America Over Ten Years," 3-4.
129. George Rawick, "The Historical Roots of Black Liberation," Radical America 2, no. 4 (1968): 1.
130. Berman, "Spirit of '67," 16.
131. Paul Buhle, "New Perspectives on American Radicalism," Radical America 2, no. 4 (1968): 46-58.
132. Berman, p. 17, cited in Buhle, History and the New Left, 5.
133. "New Radical Historians in the Sixties: A Survey," Radical America 4, no. 8-9 (1970): 106.
134. Elsewhere, many senior historians battled New Left writers over what constituted "real" history, as the former group accused the radicals of rudeness, political bias, oedipal fantasies, and contempt for "pure history," while the younger group responded with their own charges of present-mindedness, smugness, tyranny, and elitism. For a more or less representative statement from one of the postwar historians on this point, see Irwin Unger, "The 'New Left' and American History: Some Recent Trends in United States Historiography, " American Historical Review (July 1967): 1237-63. The most comprehensive articulation of the radical view is contained in Jesse Lemisch, On Active Service in War and Peace: Politics and Ideology in the American Historical Profession (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1975).
135. "Introduction," Radical America 4, no. 8-9 (1970): 2, also quoted in Buhle, History and the New Left, 230-31.
136. "Introduction," Radical America 4, no. 8-9 (1970): 3.
137. Mark Naison to Paul Buhle, Fall, 1969. Radical America Papers, Box 2, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
138. Paul Buhle, "The Reminiscences of Paul Buhle," Student Movements of the 1960s, Columbia University Oral History Research Office, Butler Library, 53.
139. Paul Buhle, "A Failed Vision," 1972, fragment. Paul Buhle Papers, Tamiment Library, New York University.
140. Gordon Burnside to Radical America, 28 November 1972. Radical America Papers, Box 1, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
141. Jesse Lemisch to Robert Starobin, 8 February 1968, Robert Starobin Papers, Stanford University, Green Library, Box 28.
142. Bob Ross, Contemporary History Project, The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Society, University of Michigan.
143. Robert Baker, "Some Reflections," NUC Newsletter 3, no. 1 (15 August 1969): 5.
144. Jesse Lemisch, "Early Days in the Radical Caucus: Radicals, Marxists, and Gentlemen-A Memoir, with a few words on Conservatism in the Left today," Radical Historians Nexvsletter 59 (November 1989), 1.
145. Staughton Lynd, "Intellectuals, the University, and the Movement," speech at the founding meeting of the New University Conference in spring 1968, reprinted in Journal of American History 76 (September 1989): 480.
146. New University Conference, "The Student Rebellion," February 1969, unpagi- nated pamphlet, Tamiment Library, New York University.
147. Richard Rothstein to Art Waskow, 13 December 1969, New University Conference Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
148. Lemisch, "Early Days in the Radical Caucus," 1.
149. Bob Ross, Contemporary History Project, The New Left in Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Society, University of Michigan.
150. See Ronald Radosh, "The Bare-Knuckled Historians," The Nation 2 February 1970, 108-110.
151. Mid-Atlantic Radical History Organization, mimeograph flyer, in Paul Buhle Papers, Box 5, Tamiment Library, New York University.
152. Peter Novick, Tliat Noble Dream: the Objectivity Question in the American Historical Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 460.
153. See Gitlin, The Sixties, 433.
154. Hal Draper, "In Defense of the 'New Radicals/" New Politics (Summer 1965), 7,27.
155. Seymour Martin Lipset, in Philip Altbach and S.M. Lipset, eds., Students in Revolt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 512.
156. Joseph Conlin, The Troubles: A Jaundiced Glance Back at the Movement of the Sixties (New York: Watts, 1982), 314.
157. See Wini Brienes, "Whose New Left?" Journal of American History 75 (September 1988): 528-545.
158. Eugene Genovese, "Reflections on the 1960s," 67, 63.