Permeability tests in rigid-wall permeameters: Determining the degree of saturation, its evolution, and its influence on test results

Geotechnical Testing Journal

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 304-313

  Chapuis, Robert P ^a  

^a ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dissolved air; Permeability; Rigid wall permeameter; Saturation

Indexed keywords

BUBBLES (IN FLUIDS); FLOW OF FLUIDS; MECHANICAL PERMEABILITY; MECHANICAL TESTING; PRESSURE EFFECTS; SOILS;

DISSOLVED AIR; GAS TRANSFER; PERMEABILITY TESTS; RIGID WALL PERMEAMETERS;

HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY;

EID: 2942618947     PISSN: 01496115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Aachib M. 1997, "Performance of Multi-Layered Covers Made of Mine Tailings to Limit Acid Mine Drainage (in French)," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada.
2. Adams, K. M. and Corey, A. T. 1968, "Diffusion of Entrapped Gas From Porous Media," Hydrology Paper No. 27, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
3. Adams K. M., Bloomsburg, G. L. and Corey A. T. 1968, "Diffusion of Entrapped Gas from Porous Media," Water Resources Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 804-849.
4. Aubertin M. and Chapuis R. P. 1991, "Some Particular Hydro-Geotechnical Considerations for the Management of Mining Waste Producing Acidic Drainage in the North-West of Quebec," Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Vol. 2, pp. 1-26.
5. Aubertin, M., Bissière, B., Aachib, M., Chapuis,R. P., and Crespo R. 19956a, "Une modélisation numérique des écoulements non saturé's dans les couvertures multicouches en sols," Hydrogéologie, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
6. Aubertin, M., Bussiére, B., and Chapuis, R. P. 1996b "Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogenized Tailings From Hard Rock Mines," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 470-482.
7. Aubertin, M., Ricard, J.-F., and Chapuis, R. P. 1998, "A Predictive Model for the Water Retention Curve: Application to Tailings From Hard Rock Mines," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 55-69.
8. Bear J. 1972 Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Elsevier, New York.
9. Beckwith, C. W. and Baird A. J. 2001, "Effect of Biogenic Gas Bubbles on Water Flow Through Poorly Decomposed Blanket Peat," Water Resources Research, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 551-558.
10. Black, D. K. and Lee K. L. 1973, "Saturating Laboratory Samples by Back-Pressure," ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 75-93.
11. Bussière, B., Aubertin, M. and Chapuis, R. P. 2000, "The Use of Hydraulic Breaks to Limit Desaturation of Inclined Capillary Barriers," Proceedings, 53rd Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Montreal, Vol. 1, pp. 465-472.
12. Cabral, A., Burnotte, F., and Lefebvre, G. 1999, "Application of TDR Technology to Water Content Monitoring of Capillary Barriers Made of Pulp and Paper Residues," Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 39-43.
13. Camapum de Carvalho, J., Domaschuk, L., and Mieussens, C., 1986 "New Procedure for Saturing Sand Specimens: Discussion of the Paper by N. S. Rad and G. W. Clough," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No 1, pp. 101-102.
14. Carter, R. C., Kaufman, W. J., Orlob, G. T., and Todd, D. K. 1959, "Helium as a Ground Water Tracer," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 64, No. 12, pp. 2433-2439.
15. Chapuis, R. P., 2002, "The 2000 R. M. Hardy Lecture: Full-Scale Hydraulic Performance of Soil-Bentonite and Compacted Clay Liners," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 417-439.
16. Chapuis R. P., 1990, "Sand-Bentonite Liners: Predicting Permeability from Laboratory Tests," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 47-57.
17. Chapuis R. P., 1981, "Permeability Testing of Soil-Bentonite Mixtures," Proceedings, 10th ICSMFE, Stockholm, Vol. 4, pp. 744-745.
18. Chapuis, R. P. and Aubertin M., 2001, "Evaluation of Saturated and Unsaturated Seepage Through Dikes in Steady State Conditions," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1321-1328.
19. Chapuis, R. P., Chenaf, D. , Bussière, B., Aubertin, M., and Crespo R., 2001 "A User's Approach to Assess Numerical Codes for Saturated and Unsaturated Seepage Conditions," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1113-1126.
20. Chapuis, R. P., Baass, K., and Davenne L., 1989a, "Granular Soils in Rigid-Wall Permeameters: Method for Determining the Degree of Saturation," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 71-79.
21. Chapuis, R. P., Gill, D. E., and Baass, K., 1989b, "Laboratory Permeability Tests on Sand: Influence of the Compaction Method on Anisotropy," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 614-622.
22. Chhabra, R. P., 1993, Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
23. Childs, E. C. and Collis-George, N., 1950, "The Permeability of Porous Materials," Proceedings, Royal Society, London, Vol. 201, pp. 392-405.
24. Choo, L.-P. and Yanful, E. K., 2000. "Water Flow Through Cover Soils Using Modeling and Experimental Methods," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 4, pp. 324-334.
25. Christiansen, J. E., 1944, "Effect of Entrapped Air Upon the Permeability of Soils," Soil Science, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 355-365.
26. Corey, A. T., 1954, "The Interrelation Between Oil and Gas Relative Permeabilities," Producers Monthly, November, pp. 38-41.
27. Corey A. T., 1957, "Measurement of Air and Water Permeability in Unsaturated Soils," Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 21, pp. 7-11.
28. Daniel D. E., 1982, "Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils with Thermocouple Psychrometers," Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 1125-1129.
29. Daniel D. E., 1983, "Permeability Test for Unsaturated Soil," Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81-86.
30. Daniel D. E., Trautwein, S. J., Boynton, S. S., and Foreman, D. E. 1984, "Permeability Testing with Flexible-Wall Permeameters," Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 113-122.
31. De Backer, L. W., 1969, "Considerations on the Influence of Trapped Gas Phase in Porous Media (in French)," Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 61-66.
32. Donaghe, R. T., Gilbert, P. A., and Marcuson, W. F., 1986, "New Procedure for Saturating Sand Specimens: Discussion of the Paper by N. S. Rad and G. W. Clough," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 1, pp. 103-105.
33. Donaldson J. H., Istok, J. D., Humphrey, M. D., O'Reilly, K. T., Hawelka, C. A., and Mohr D. H., 1997, "Development and Testing of a Kinetic Model for Oxygen Transport in Porous Media in the Presence of Trapped Gas," Ground Water, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 270-279.
34. Dorsey, N. E., 1968, Properties of Ordinary Water-Substances in all its Phases: Water-Vapor, Water and all its Ices, American Chemical Society, Monograph Series No. 81, Hafner Publishing Corporation, New York.
35. Elzeftawy A. and Cartwright, K., 1981, "Evaluating the Saturated and Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils," Permeability and Groundwater Contaminant Transport, ASTM STP 746, T. F. Zimmie and C. D. Riggs, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 168-181.
36. Epstein, P. S. and Plesset, M. S., 1950, "On Stability of Gas Bubbles in Liquid-Gas Solutions," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1505-1509.
37. Fredlund D. G., 1976, "Density and Compressibility Characteristics of Air-Water Mixtures," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 386-396.
38. Fredlund, D. G. and Rahardjo, H., 1993, Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, John Wiley, New York.
39. Fredlund D. G. and Xing A., 1994, "Equations for the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 521-532.
40. Fredlund, D. G., Xing, A., and Huang, S., 1994, "Predicting the Permeability Function for Unsaturated Soils Using the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 533-546.
41. Fredlund M. D., Wilson, G. W., and Fredlund, D. G., 1997, "Indirect Procedures to Determine Unsaturated Soil Property Functions," Preprints, 50th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Ottawa, pp. 407-414.
42. Fry, V. A., Istok, J. D., Semprini, L., O'Reilly, T., and Buscheck T. E., 1995, "Retardation of Dissolved Oxygen by Trapped Gas in Ground-Water Aquifers," Ground Water, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 391-398.
43. Garga. V. K. and Zhang, H., 1999, "Volume Changes in Undrained Triaxial Tests on Sands," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 762-772.
44. Geffen, T. M., Parrish, D. R., Haynes, G. W., and Morse, R. A., 1952, "Efficiency of Gas Displacement from Porous Media by Liquid Flooding," Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 195, pp. 29-38
45. Green, R. E. and Corey, J. C., 1971, "Calculation of Hydraulic Conductivity: A Further Evaluation of Some Predictive Models," Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, pp. 3-8.
46. Gupta, S. K., Lau, L. S., and Moravcik, P. S., 1994, "Ground-Water Tracing with Injected Helium," Ground Water, Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 96-102.
47. Hassler, G. L., 1936, "Production of Oil by Gas-Drive," Oil and Gas Journal, 11 June, pp. 44-56.
48. Hassler, G. L., Rice, R. R., and Leeman E. M., 1936, "Investigations on the Recovery of Oil from Sandstone by Gas-Drive," Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 118, pp. 116-137.
49. Hines, A. L. and Maddox, R. N., 1985, Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
50. Houpeurt, A., 1974, Mécanique des fluides dans les milieux poreux - Critiques et recherches, Editions Technip, Paris.
51. Huang, S., Barbour, S. L., and Fredlund, D. G., 1998a, "Development and Verification of a Coefficient of Permeability Function for a Deformable Unsaturated Soil," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 411-425.
52. Huang, S., Fredlund, D. G., and Barbour, S. L., 1998b, "Measurement of the Coefficient of Permeability for a Deformable Unsaturated Soil Using a Triaxial Permeameter," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 426-432.
53. Irmay, S., 1954, "On the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils," Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 35, pp. 463-467.
54. Klute, A., 1965, "Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soil," Method of Soil Analysis, C. A. Black, Ed., Monograph 9, Chapter 16, Part 1, pp. 253-261, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
55. Lewis, W. K. and Whitman, W. G., 1924, "Principles of Gas Absorption," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 1215-1220.
56. Liebermann, L., 1957, "Air Bubbles in Water," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 28, pp. 205-211.
57. Lowe, J. and Johnson, T. C., 1960, "Use of Back-Pressure to Increase Degree of Saturation of Triaxial Test Specimens," Proceedings, ASCE Conference on "Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils," Boulder, CO, pp. 819-836.
58. Mbonimpa, M., Aubertin, M., Bussière, B., and Chapuis, R. P., 2001, "Une approche partiellement couplée d'analyse des transferts de fluides en milieux stratifiés non saturés," Proceedings, 1st International Conference Albert Caquot, Presses Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, pp. 49.1-49.10.
59. Millington, R. J., 1959, "Gas Diffusion in Porous Media," Science, Washington, D.C., Vol. 130, pp. 100-102.
60. Millington, R. J. and Quirk, J. M., 1961, "Permeability of Porous Solids," Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 57, pp. 1200-1207.
61. Mitchell, J. K., Hooper, D. R., and Campanella, R. G., 1965, "Permeability of Compacted Clay," ASCE Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Vol. 91, No. SM4, pp. 41-65.
62. O'Kane, M., Wilson, G. W., and Barbour, S. L., 1998, "Instrumentation and Monitoring of an Engineered Soil Cover System for Mine Waste Rock," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 828-846.
63. Orlob, G. T. and Radhakrishma, G. N., 1958, "The Effect of Entrapped Gases on the Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media," Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 648-659.
64. Osoba, J. S., Richardson, J. G., Kerver, J. K., Hafford, J. A., and Blair, P. M., 1951, "Laboratory Measurements of Relative Permeability," Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 192, pp. 47-56.
65. Pavlakis, G. and Barden, L., 1972, "Hysteresis in the Soil Moisture Characteristics of Clay Soil," Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 350-361.
66. Peirce, J. J. and Witter, K. A., 1986, "Termination Criteria for Clay Permeability Testing," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 9, pp. 841-854.
67. Penman, H. L., 1940, "Gas and Vapor Movement in the Soil: 1. The Diffusion of Vapors Through Porous Solids," Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 30, pp. 570-581.
68. Pillsbury, A. F. and Appleman, D., 1945, "Factors in Permeability Changes of Soils and Inert Granular Material," Soil Science, Vol. 59, pp. 115-123.
69. Poulovassilis, A., 1969, "The Effect of Hysteresis of Pore Water on the Hydraulic Conductivity," The Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 20, pp. 52-56.
70. Poulovassilis, A., 1970, "The Effect of the Entrapped Air on the Hysteresis Curves of a Porous Body and on its Hydraulic Conductivity," Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 154-162.
71. Rad, N. S. and Clough, G. W., 1984, "New Procedure for Saturating Sand Specimens," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 9, pp. 1205-1218.
72. Rad, N. S. and Clough, G. W., 1986, "New Procedure for Saturating Sand Specimens: Closure," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 1, pp. 105-106.
73. Sallam, A., Jury, W. A., and Letey, J., 1984, "Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficient Under Relatively Low Air-Filled Porosity," Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 48, pp. 3-6.
74. Schoefs, O., Chapuis, R. P., Perrier, M., and Samson, R., 2001, "Modeling the Dynamics of Biodegradation in Unsaturated Soil for Implementation of Advanced Control Strategies," Proceedings, 6th International Symposium, "In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation," San Diego, CA, Battelle Press, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 139-147.
75. Schuurman, E., 1966, "The Compressibility of an Air/Water Mixture and a Theoretical Relation Between Air and Water Pressure," Géotechnique, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 269-281.
76. Skempton, A. W., 1954, "The Pore-Pressure Coefficients A and B," Géotechnique, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 143-147.
77. Sladen, J. A. and Handford, G., 1987, "A Potential Systematic Error in Laboratory Testing of Very Loose Sands," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 462-466.
78. Smith, R. M. and Browning, D. R., 1942, "Persistent Water-Unsaturation of Natural Soil in Relation to Various Soil and Plant Factors," Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 7, pp. 114-119.
79. Williams, P. J., 1966, "Movement of Air Through Water in Partly Saturated Soil," Nature, London, Vol. 212, pp. 1463-1464.
80. Wilson, G. W., Barbour, S. L., Swanson, D., and O'Keane, M., 1995, "Instrumentation and Modelling for Saturated/Unsaturated Performance of Soil Covers for Acid Generating Waste Rock," Hydrogeology, Vol. 4, pp. 99-108.
81. Wyckoff, R. D. and Botset, H. G., 1936, "The Flow of Gas-Liquid Mixtures Through Unconsolidated Sands," Physics, Vol. 7, pp. 325-345.
82. Wyllie, M. R. J. and Gardner, G. H. F., 1958a, "The Generalized Kozeny-Carman Equation: Its Application to Problems of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media. Part 1: Review of Existing Theories," World Oil, March, pp. 121-128.
83. Wyllie, M. R. J. and Gardner, G. H. F., 1958b, "The Generalized Kozeny-Carman Equation: Its Application to Problems of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media. Part 2: A Novel Approach to Problems of Fluid Flow," World Oil, April, pp. 210-228.
84. Zimmie, T. F., 1981, "Geotechnical Testing Considerations in the Determination of Laboratory Permeability for Hazardous Waste Disposal Settings," Hazardous Waste Disposal, ASTM STP 760, R. A. Conway and B. C. Malloy, Eds., pp. 293-304.