Wonders never cease: Descartes's Météores and the rainbow fountain

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 129-147

  Werrett, Simon ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE   (Germany)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 2942603695     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007087401004319     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. W. R. Shea, The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes, Canton, 1991, 182-3; S. de Caus, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes avec diverses machines tant utilles que plaisantes ausquelles sont adjoints plusieurs desseings de grotes et fontaines, Frankfurt, 1615; R. Descartes, Treatise of Man (ed. and tr. T. Steele Hall), Cambridge, MA, 1972, 22. See also J. Baltrusaitis, 'Descartes: les automates et la doute' in idem, Anamorphoses ou perspectives curieuses, Paris, 1955, 33-43.
2. W. R. Shea, The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes, Canton, 1991, 182-3; S. de Caus, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes avec diverses machines tant utilles que plaisantes ausquelles sont adjoints plusieurs desseings de grotes et fontaines, Frankfurt, 1615; R. Descartes, Treatise of Man (ed. and tr. T. Steele Hall), Cambridge, MA, 1972, 22. See also J. Baltrusaitis, 'Descartes: les automates et la doute' in idem, Anamorphoses ou perspectives curieuses, Paris, 1955, 33-43.
3. W. R. Shea, The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes, Canton, 1991, 182-3; S. de Caus, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes avec diverses machines tant utilles que plaisantes ausquelles sont adjoints plusieurs desseings de grotes et fontaines, Frankfurt, 1615; R. Descartes, Treatise of Man (ed. and tr. T. Steele Hall), Cambridge, MA, 1972, 22. See also J. Baltrusaitis, 'Descartes: les automates et la doute' in idem, Anamorphoses ou perspectives curieuses, Paris, 1955, 33-43.
4. W. R. Shea, The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes, Canton, 1991, 182-3; S. de Caus, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes avec diverses machines tant utilles que plaisantes ausquelles sont adjoints plusieurs desseings de grotes et fontaines, Frankfurt, 1615; R. Descartes, Treatise of Man (ed. and tr. T. Steele Hall), Cambridge, MA, 1972, 22. See also J. Baltrusaitis, 'Descartes: les automates et la doute' in idem, Anamorphoses ou perspectives curieuses, Paris, 1955, 33-43.
5. Descartes to M. Mersenne, 15 April 1630, quoted in W. R. Shea, 'Descartes and the French artisan Jean Ferrier', Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze (1982), 7, 145-60, 155. For later negotiations of intellectual and craft relations, see M. Osler, 'The scholar and the craftsman revisited: Robert Boyle as aristocrat and artisan', Annals of Science (1992), 49,255-76; S. Schaffer, 'Enlightened automata', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. W. Clark, J. Golinski and S. Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 126-65.
6. Descartes to M. Mersenne, 15 April 1630, quoted in W. R. Shea, 'Descartes and the French artisan Jean Ferrier', Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze (1982), 7, 145-60, 155. For later negotiations of intellectual and craft relations, see M. Osler, 'The scholar and the craftsman revisited: Robert Boyle as aristocrat and artisan', Annals of Science (1992), 49,255-76; S. Schaffer, 'Enlightened automata', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. W. Clark, J. Golinski and S. Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 126-65.
7. Descartes to M. Mersenne, 15 April 1630, quoted in W. R. Shea, 'Descartes and the French artisan Jean Ferrier', Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze (1982), 7, 145-60, 155. For later negotiations of intellectual and craft relations, see M. Osler, 'The scholar and the craftsman revisited: Robert Boyle as aristocrat and artisan', Annals of Science (1992), 49,255-76; S. Schaffer, 'Enlightened automata', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. W. Clark, J. Golinski and S. Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 126-65.
8. Letter to an unknown correspondent, September 1629, quoted in Shea, op. cit. (1), 193. On natural magic, see W. Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture, Princeton, 1994, 194-233; B. Copenhaver, 'Natural Magic, hermeticism, and occultism in early modern science' in Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (ed. D. Lindberg and R. Westman), Cambridge, 1990, 261-302.
9. Letter to an unknown correspondent, September 1629, quoted in Shea, op. cit. (1), 193. On natural magic, see W. Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture, Princeton, 1994, 194-233; B. Copenhaver, 'Natural Magic, hermeticism, and occultism in early modern science' in Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (ed. D. Lindberg and R. Westman), Cambridge, 1990, 261-302.
10. Letter to an unknown correspondent, September 1629, quoted in Shea, op. cit. (1), 193. On natural magic, see W. Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture, Princeton, 1994, 194-233; B. Copenhaver, 'Natural Magic, hermeticism, and occultism in early modern science' in Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (ed. D. Lindberg and R. Westman), Cambridge, 1990, 261-302.
11. Descartes quoted in N. M. Ribe, 'Cartesian optics and the mastery of nature', Isis (1997), 88, 42-61, 42.
12. On natural philosophy at court, see e.g. M. Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Age of Absolutism, Chicago, 1993; P. Findlen, 'Controlling the experiment: rhetoric, court patronage and the experimental method of Francesco Redi', History of Science (1993), 31, 35-64. C. Licoppe, 'The crystallization of a new narrative form in experimental reports (1660-1690): the experimental evidence as a transaction between philosophical knowledge and aristocratic power', Science in Context (1994), 7, 205-44. P. H. Smith, 'Alchemy as a language of mediation at the Habsburg court', Isis (1994), 85, 1-25.
13. On natural philosophy at court, see e.g. M. Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Age of Absolutism, Chicago, 1993; P. Findlen, 'Controlling the experiment: rhetoric, court patronage and the experimental method of Francesco Redi', History of Science (1993), 31, 35-64. C. Licoppe, 'The crystallization of a new narrative form in experimental reports (1660-1690): the experimental evidence as a transaction between philosophical knowledge and aristocratic power', Science in Context (1994), 7, 205-44. P. H. Smith, 'Alchemy as a language of mediation at the Habsburg court', Isis (1994), 85, 1-25.
14. On natural philosophy at court, see e.g. M. Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Age of Absolutism, Chicago, 1993; P. Findlen, 'Controlling the experiment: rhetoric, court patronage and the experimental method of Francesco Redi', History of Science (1993), 31, 35-64. C. Licoppe, 'The crystallization of a new narrative form in experimental reports (1660-1690): the experimental evidence as a transaction between philosophical knowledge and aristocratic power', Science in Context (1994), 7, 205-44. P. H. Smith, 'Alchemy as a language of mediation at the Habsburg court', Isis (1994), 85, 1-25.
15. On natural philosophy at court, see e.g. M. Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Age of Absolutism, Chicago, 1993; P. Findlen, 'Controlling the experiment: rhetoric, court patronage and the experimental method of Francesco Redi', History of Science (1993), 31, 35-64. C. Licoppe, 'The crystallization of a new narrative form in experimental reports (1660-1690): the experimental evidence as a transaction between philosophical knowledge and aristocratic power', Science in Context (1994), 7, 205-44. P. H. Smith, 'Alchemy as a language of mediation at the Habsburg court', Isis (1994), 85, 1-25.
16. Shea, op. cit. (1), 202-3; C. B. Boyer, The Rainbow, from Myth to Mathematics, Princeton, 1959, 196.
17. Shea, op. cit. (1), 202-3; C. B. Boyer, The Rainbow, from Myth to Mathematics, Princeton, 1959, 196.
18. Boyer, op. cit. (6), 208-9.
19. D. Tiemersma, 'Methodological and theoretical aspects of Descartes' treatise on the rainbow', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1988), 19, 347-64.
20. R. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', in Discours de la méthode ... plus la dioptrique, les météores et la géométrie, Paris, 1987, 291-309. For an edited English translation, R. Descartes, The World and Other Writings (ed. and tr. S. Gaukroger), Cambridge, 1998, 85-96.
21. R. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', in Discours de la méthode ... plus la dioptrique, les météores et la géométrie, Paris, 1987, 291-309. For an edited English translation, R. Descartes, The World and Other Writings (ed. and tr. S. Gaukroger), Cambridge, 1998, 85-96.
22. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 291.
23. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 308.
24. On the Renaissance garden, see C. Lazzaro, The Italian Renaissance Garden: from the Conventions of Planting, Design and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of Sixteenth-Century Italy, New Haven, 1990; E. B. MacDougall and N. Miller (eds.) Fons Sapientiae: Renaissance Garden Fountains, Washington, 1977; H. Acton, The Villas of Tuscany, London, 1970; J. C. Shepherd and G. A. Jellicoe, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, London, 1986; E. Wharton, Italian Villas and their Gardens, London, 1904.
25. On the Renaissance garden, see C. Lazzaro, The Italian Renaissance Garden: from the Conventions of Planting, Design and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of Sixteenth-Century Italy, New Haven, 1990; E. B. MacDougall and N. Miller (eds.) Fons Sapientiae: Renaissance Garden Fountains, Washington, 1977; H. Acton, The Villas of Tuscany, London, 1970; J. C. Shepherd and G. A. Jellicoe, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, London, 1986; E. Wharton, Italian Villas and their Gardens, London, 1904.
26. On the Renaissance garden, see C. Lazzaro, The Italian Renaissance Garden: from the Conventions of Planting, Design and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of Sixteenth-Century Italy, New Haven, 1990; E. B. MacDougall and N. Miller (eds.) Fons Sapientiae: Renaissance Garden Fountains, Washington, 1977; H. Acton, The Villas of Tuscany, London, 1970; J. C. Shepherd and G. A. Jellicoe, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, London, 1986; E. Wharton, Italian Villas and their Gardens, London, 1904.
27. On the Renaissance garden, see C. Lazzaro, The Italian Renaissance Garden: from the Conventions of Planting, Design and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of Sixteenth-Century Italy, New Haven, 1990; E. B. MacDougall and N. Miller (eds.) Fons Sapientiae: Renaissance Garden Fountains, Washington, 1977; H. Acton, The Villas of Tuscany, London, 1970; J. C. Shepherd and G. A. Jellicoe, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, London, 1986; E. Wharton, Italian Villas and their Gardens, London, 1904.
28. On the Renaissance garden, see C. Lazzaro, The Italian Renaissance Garden: from the Conventions of Planting, Design and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of Sixteenth-Century Italy, New Haven, 1990; E. B. MacDougall and N. Miller (eds.) Fons Sapientiae: Renaissance Garden Fountains, Washington, 1977; H. Acton, The Villas of Tuscany, London, 1970; J. C. Shepherd and G. A. Jellicoe, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, London, 1986; E. Wharton, Italian Villas and their Gardens, London, 1904.
29. Extract from the Diary of John Evelyn (5 May 1645), reprinted in The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden, 1620-1820 (ed. J. Dixon Hunt and P. Willis), London, 1975, 64.
30. R. W. Lightbrown, 'Nicolas Audebert and the Villa d'Este', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (1964), 27, 164-90; M. de Montaigne, Journal du voyage du Michel de Montaigne en Italie par la Suisse et L'Allemagne en 1580 et 1581 (ed. Alessandro D'Ancona), Costello, 1895, 326.
31. R. W. Lightbrown, 'Nicolas Audebert and the Villa d'Este', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (1964), 27, 164-90; M. de Montaigne, Journal du voyage du Michel de Montaigne en Italie par la Suisse et L'Allemagne en 1580 et 1581 (ed. Alessandro D'Ancona), Costello, 1895, 326.
32. On Neoplatonism, see N. Miller, 'Domain of illusion: the grotto in France', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 175-205. S. Orgel, 'The poetics of spectacle', New Literary History (1971), 2, 367-89.
33. On Neoplatonism, see N. Miller, 'Domain of illusion: the grotto in France', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 175-205. S. Orgel, 'The poetics of spectacle', New Literary History (1971), 2, 367-89.
34. I shall not be considering the botanical garden, the inevitable outcome of this interaction, but see J. Dixon Hunt, Garden and Grove: The Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination, 1600-1750, London, 1986, 73-82, for discussion. See also Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 10-16, and L. T. Tomasi, 'Projects for botanical and other gardens', Journal of Garden History (1983), 3, 1-34.
35. I shall not be considering the botanical garden, the inevitable outcome of this interaction, but see J. Dixon Hunt, Garden and Grove: The Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination, 1600-1750, London, 1986, 73-82, for discussion. See also Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 10-16, and L. T. Tomasi, 'Projects for botanical and other gardens', Journal of Garden History (1983), 3, 1-34.
36. I shall not be considering the botanical garden, the inevitable outcome of this interaction, but see J. Dixon Hunt, Garden and Grove: The Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination, 1600-1750, London, 1986, 73-82, for discussion. See also Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 10-16, and L. T. Tomasi, 'Projects for botanical and other gardens', Journal of Garden History (1983), 3, 1-34.
37. P. Findlen, 'Jokes of nature and jokes of knowledge: the playfulness of scientific discourse in early modern Europe', Renaissance Quarterly (1990), 53, no. 2, 292-331.
38. Findlen, op. cit. (17), 298.
39. On the Wunderkammer, see P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, California, 1994; The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. R. Impey and A. G. MacGregor), Oxford, 1985; H. Bredekamp, The Lure of Antiquity and the Cult of the Machine, the Kunstkammer, and the Evolution of Nature, Art, and Technology (tr. Allison Brown), Princeton, 1995.
40. On the Wunderkammer, see P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, California, 1994; The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. R. Impey and A. G. MacGregor), Oxford, 1985; H. Bredekamp, The Lure of Antiquity and the Cult of the Machine, the Kunstkammer, and the Evolution of Nature, Art, and Technology (tr. Allison Brown), Princeton, 1995.
41. On the Wunderkammer, see P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, California, 1994; The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. R. Impey and A. G. MacGregor), Oxford, 1985; H. Bredekamp, The Lure of Antiquity and the Cult of the Machine, the Kunstkammer, and the Evolution of Nature, Art, and Technology (tr. Allison Brown), Princeton, 1995.
42. C. de Molinet, quoted in L. Daston, 'Nature by design' in Picturing Science, Producing Art (ed. Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison), London and New York, 1998, 232-53, 233. On the Renaissance intertwining of art and nature, see also L. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, 255-301.
43. C. de Molinet, quoted in L. Daston, 'Nature by design' in Picturing Science, Producing Art (ed. Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison), London and New York, 1998, 232-53, 233. On the Renaissance intertwining of art and nature, see also L. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, 255-301.
44. F. Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (ed. G. Pozzi and L. A. Ciapponi), 2 vols., Padua, 1980, i, 291. On the garden as microcosm see also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 224.
45. F. Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (ed. G. Pozzi and L. A. Ciapponi), 2 vols., Padua, 1980, i, 291. On the garden as microcosm see also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 224.
46. Lazzaro, op. cit. (12), 137-44.
47. MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 7.
48. Tolomei quoted in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 12-14.
49. On grottoes, see C. Acidini, Arte delle grotte: per la conoscenza e la conservations delle grotte artificiali: atti del convegno, Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, Rondò di Bacco, 17 gingno 1985, Genova, 1987. M. Azzi Visentini, 'La grotta nel Cinquecento veneto: il Giardino Giusti di Verona', Arte veneta (1985), 39, 55-64. B. Dufay, 'Atelier parisien de Bernard Palissy', Revue de l'art (1987), 78, 33-60. N. Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto, New York, 1982. M. Szafranska, 'The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden', Journal of Garden History (1989), 9, no. 2, 79.
50. On grottoes, see C. Acidini, Arte delle grotte: per la conoscenza e la conservations delle grotte artificiali: atti del convegno, Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, Rondò di Bacco, 17 gingno 1985, Genova, 1987. M. Azzi Visentini, 'La grotta nel Cinquecento veneto: il Giardino Giusti di Verona', Arte veneta (1985), 39, 55-64. B. Dufay, 'Atelier parisien de Bernard Palissy', Revue de l'art (1987), 78, 33-60. N. Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto, New York, 1982. M. Szafranska, 'The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden', Journal of Garden History (1989), 9, no. 2, 79.
51. On grottoes, see C. Acidini, Arte delle grotte: per la conoscenza e la conservations delle grotte artificiali: atti del convegno, Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, Rondò di Bacco, 17 gingno 1985, Genova, 1987. M. Azzi Visentini, 'La grotta nel Cinquecento veneto: il Giardino Giusti di Verona', Arte veneta (1985), 39, 55-64. B. Dufay, 'Atelier parisien de Bernard Palissy', Revue de l'art (1987), 78, 33-60. N. Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto, New York, 1982. M. Szafranska, 'The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden', Journal of Garden History (1989), 9, no. 2, 79.
52. On grottoes, see C. Acidini, Arte delle grotte: per la conoscenza e la conservations delle grotte artificiali: atti del convegno, Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, Rondò di Bacco, 17 gingno 1985, Genova, 1987. M. Azzi Visentini, 'La grotta nel Cinquecento veneto: il Giardino Giusti di Verona', Arte veneta (1985), 39, 55-64. B. Dufay, 'Atelier parisien de Bernard Palissy', Revue de l'art (1987), 78, 33-60. N. Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto, New York, 1982. M. Szafranska, 'The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden', Journal of Garden History (1989), 9, no. 2, 79.
53. On grottoes, see C. Acidini, Arte delle grotte: per la conoscenza e la conservations delle grotte artificiali: atti del convegno, Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, Rondò di Bacco, 17 gingno 1985, Genova, 1987. M. Azzi Visentini, 'La grotta nel Cinquecento veneto: il Giardino Giusti di Verona', Arte veneta (1985), 39, 55-64. B. Dufay, 'Atelier parisien de Bernard Palissy', Revue de l'art (1987), 78, 33-60. N. Miller, Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto, New York, 1982. M. Szafranska, 'The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden', Journal of Garden History (1989), 9, no. 2, 79.
54. Anon., quoted in L. Zangheri, Pratolino: il giardino delle meraviglie, 2 vols., Florence, 1979, i, 176 : 'fin al viso altrui bagnano onde chi per essi passano rimane ad un tempo mezzo e beffato e maravigliato'. On ginochi d'acqua, see Lazzaro, op. cit. (12), 65-8; G. L. Hersey, 'Water-works and water-play in Renaissance Naples', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 61-83.
55. Anon., quoted in L. Zangheri, Pratolino: il giardino delle meraviglie, 2 vols., Florence, 1979, i, 176 : 'fin al viso altrui bagnano onde chi per essi passano rimane ad un tempo mezzo e beffato e maravigliato'. On ginochi d'acqua, see Lazzaro, op. cit. (12), 65-8; G. L. Hersey, 'Water-works and water-play in Renaissance Naples', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 61-83.
56. Anon., quoted in L. Zangheri, Pratolino: il giardino delle meraviglie, 2 vols., Florence, 1979, i, 176 : 'fin al viso altrui bagnano onde chi per essi passano rimane ad un tempo mezzo e beffato e maravigliato'. On ginochi d'acqua, see Lazzaro, op. cit. (12), 65-8; G. L. Hersey, 'Water-works and water-play in Renaissance Naples', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 61-83.
57. Anon., quoted in L. Zangheri, Pratolino: il giardino delle meraviglie, 2 vols., Florence, 1979, i, 176 : 'fin al viso altrui bagnano onde chi per essi passano rimane ad un tempo mezzo e beffato e maravigliato'. On ginochi d'acqua, see Lazzaro, op. cit. (12), 65-8; G. L. Hersey, 'Water-works and water-play in Renaissance Naples', in MacDougall and Miller, op. cit. (12), 61-83.
58. F. Arditio, 'Viaggio di Gregorio XIII alla Madonna della Quercia', in Documenti sul barocco in Roma (ed. J. A. F. Orban), Rome, 1920, 386.
59. Anon., '"A true description and direction of what is most worthy to be seen in all Italy" (1610)', The Harleian Miscellany (1895), 12, 115.
60. On Salomon de Caus, see C. S. Maks, Salomon de Caus, Paris, 1935 , and R. Strong, The Renaissance Garden in England, London, 1979, 73-112.
61. On Salomon de Caus, see C. S. Maks, Salomon de Caus, Paris, 1935 , and R. Strong, The Renaissance Garden in England, London, 1979, 73-112.
62. See S. de Caus, Le Jardin palatin. Hortus Palatinus, Frankfurt, 1620, reprinted Paris, 1981. R. Patterson, 'The Hortus Palatinus at Heidelberg and the reformation of the world', Journal of Garden History (1981), 1, 67-104, 179-202.
63. See S. de Caus, Le Jardin palatin. Hortus Palatinus, Frankfurt, 1620, reprinted Paris, 1981. R. Patterson, 'The Hortus Palatinus at Heidelberg and the reformation of the world', Journal of Garden History (1981), 1, 67-104, 179-202.
64. De Caus, op. cit. (1), theorem V. See also A. F. C. Wallace, The Social Context of Innovation: Bureaucrats, Families and Heroes in the Early Industrial Revolution, as Foreseen in Bacon's New Atlantis, Princeton, 1982, 33-6.
65. De Caus, op. cit. (1), theorem V. See also A. F. C. Wallace, The Social Context of Innovation: Bureaucrats, Families and Heroes in the Early Industrial Revolution, as Foreseen in Bacon's New Atlantis, Princeton, 1982, 33-6.
66. G. della Porta, Natural Magick, New York, 1957, p. iv.
67. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
68. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
69. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
70. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
71. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
72. I. de Caus, Le Jardin de Wilton, construit par le très noble et très p. seigneur Philip Comte Pembroke et Montgomeri. Isaac de Caux invt, London, c. 1645. See also J. Lees-Milne, The Age of Inigo Jones, London, 1953, 96-103, M. L. Gothein, A History of Garden Art, 2 vols., London, 1928, i, 453-6, C. Hussey, 'Gardens of Wilton House, Wiltshire', Country Life (1963), 134, 206-9. On Isaac de Caus, see Strong, op. cit. (29), 138-65, and Dictionnaire de biographie française (1929-89), vol. 7, 1467.
73. T. Mowl and B. Earnshaw, Architecture Without Kings: The Rise of Puritan Classicism under Cromwell, Alanchester, 1995, 44-5.
74. C. Fiennes, The Journeys of Celia Fiennes (ed. C. Morris), London, 1947, 9.
75. J. Aubrey, The Natural History of Wiltshire, Wiltshire, 1969, 87.
76. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
77. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
78. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
79. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
80. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
81. F. Bacon, Collected Works (ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath), 14 vols., 1857-74, iii, 158, 162. John Evelyn was impressed by a fountain reproducing 'the noise of a tempest ... and other meteors at its issue' in Paris, and another in Frascati, whose 'representation of a storme is most naturall, with such fury of raine, wind and Thunder as one would imagine ones selfe in some extreame Tempest'. See J. Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (ed. E. S. de Beer), Oxford, 1955, 120, 393. For Montaigne, see Lazarro, op. cit. (12), 60. On Raymond, see Dixon Hunt, op. cit. (16), 45, 93. On Drebbel, see R. L. Colie, 'Cornelius Drebbel and Salomon de Caus: two Jacobean models for Salomon's House', Huntington Library Quarterly (1954/55), 18, 245-60. Drebbel also proposed a 'solar-powered' grotto, see L. E. Harris, The Two Netherlander, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelius Drebbel, Cambridge, 1961, 145-8.
82. Bacon, op. cit. (37), iv, 295.
83. Strong, op. cit. (29), 130. On Bushell, see J. W. Gough, The Superlative Prodigall, A Life of Thomas Bushell, Bristol, 1932, 23-33. On Bushell and Salomon's House, see J. J. O'Brien, 'Commonwealth schemes for the advancement of learning', British Journal of Educational Studies (1968), 16, 30-42.
84. Strong, op. cit. (29), 130. On Bushell, see J. W. Gough, The Superlative Prodigall, A Life of Thomas Bushell, Bristol, 1932, 23-33. On Bushell and Salomon's House, see J. J. O'Brien, 'Commonwealth schemes for the advancement of learning', British Journal of Educational Studies (1968), 16, 30-42.
85. Strong, op. cit. (29), 130. On Bushell, see J. W. Gough, The Superlative Prodigall, A Life of Thomas Bushell, Bristol, 1932, 23-33. On Bushell and Salomon's House, see J. J. O'Brien, 'Commonwealth schemes for the advancement of learning', British Journal of Educational Studies (1968), 16, 30-42.
86. R. Plot, The Natural History of Oxfordshire, Oxford, 1677, 236-9; On Bushell's own account, these ornaments of 'rainbows reflecting with the beams of the sun, and watery showers springing up from the same fountain' were 'my sole companions ... I ate only oil, honey, mustard, herbs and biscuit, my drink water, like those long-lifd fathers before the f[l]ood', Bushell quoted in M. Charlesworth (ed.), The English Garden: Literary Sources and Documents, 2 vols., Mountfield, 1993, i, 151.
87. R. Plot, The Natural History of Oxfordshire, Oxford, 1677, 236-9; On Bushell's own account, these ornaments of 'rainbows reflecting with the beams of the sun, and watery showers springing up from the same fountain' were 'my sole companions ... I ate only oil, honey, mustard, herbs and biscuit, my drink water, like those long-lifd fathers before the f[l]ood', Bushell quoted in M. Charlesworth (ed.), The English Garden: Literary Sources and Documents, 2 vols., Mountfield, 1993, i, 151.
88. Gough, op. cit. (39), 22.
89. A. Mousset, Les Francine, créateurs des eaux de Versailles, intendants des eaux et fontaines de France de 1623 à 1784, Paris, 1930.
90. For Descartes's residence in Saint Germain, see S. Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, Oxford, 1995, 62-4.
91. H. Van Etten (pseudonym Jean Leurechon), 'Mathematical recreations', or, 'A collection of many problemes', extracted out of the Ancient and Modern Philosophers, Paris, 1629, English translation London, 1653, 67. See also T. H. Hall, Old Conjuring Books: A Bibliographical and Historical Study, London, 1972, 83-120.
92. H. Van Etten (pseudonym Jean Leurechon), 'Mathematical recreations', or, 'A collection of many problemes', extracted out of the Ancient and Modern Philosophers, Paris, 1629, English translation London, 1653, 67. See also T. H. Hall, Old Conjuring Books: A Bibliographical and Historical Study, London, 1972, 83-120.
93. Van Etten, op. cit. (44), 'By Way of Advertisement'.
94. Eamon, op. cit. (3), 311.
95. Van Etten quoted in Boyer, op. cit. (6), 207-8.
96. Van Etten, op. cit. (44), 'To the Reader'. See also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 301-18, on virtuosity. On the alliance of wonder and curiosity amongst the virtuosi, see Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 303-28. L. Daston, 'Curiosity in early modern science' Word & Image (October-December 1995), 11, 391-404.
97. Van Etten, op. cit. (44), 'To the Reader'. See also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 301-18, on virtuosity. On the alliance of wonder and curiosity amongst the virtuosi, see Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 303-28. L. Daston, 'Curiosity in early modern science' Word & Image (October-December 1995), 11, 391-404.
98. Van Etten, op. cit. (44), 'To the Reader'. See also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 301-18, on virtuosity. On the alliance of wonder and curiosity amongst the virtuosi, see Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 303-28. L. Daston, 'Curiosity in early modern science' Word & Image (October-December 1995), 11, 391-404.
99. Van Etten, op. cit. (44), 'To the Reader'. See also Eamon, op. cit. (3), 301-18, on virtuosity. On the alliance of wonder and curiosity amongst the virtuosi, see Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 303-28. L. Daston, 'Curiosity in early modern science' Word & Image (October-December 1995), 11, 391-404.
100. Boyer, op. cit. (6), 207-8. See also G. Rodis-Lewis, 'Machineries et perspectives curieuses dans leurs rapports avec le cartésianisme', Le dix-septième Siècle (1956), 6, 461-74.
101. Boyer, op. cit. (6), 207-8. See also G. Rodis-Lewis, 'Machineries et perspectives curieuses dans leurs rapports avec le cartésianisme', Le dix-septième Siècle (1956), 6, 461-74.
102. Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman de 1604 à 1634 (ed. C. de Waard), 4 vols., The Hague, 1939-53, i, 73-6, 289-90, 293, 361. On Beeckman, see K. van Berkel, Isaac Beckman (1588-1637) en de mechaniseriing van het wereldbeeld, Amsterdam, 1983.
103. Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman de 1604 à 1634 (ed. C. de Waard), 4 vols., The Hague, 1939-53, i, 73-6, 289-90, 293, 361. On Beeckman, see K. van Berkel, Isaac Beckman (1588-1637) en de mechaniseriing van het wereldbeeld, Amsterdam, 1983.
104. Gaukroger, op. cit. (43), 293. G. H. Turnbull, Hartlib, Drury and Comenius, London, 1947, 167.
105. Gaukroger, op. cit. (43), 293. G. H. Turnbull, Hartlib, Drury and Comenius, London, 1947, 167.
106. Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 316-17.
107. R. Descartes, 'Les Passions de l'ame', Oeuvres complètes, (ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery), 11 vols., Paris, 1897-1910, xi, 291-497, 119.
108. Descartes, 'Passions', op. cit. (53), 121. Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 317.
109. Descartes, 'Passions', op. cit. (53), 121. Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 317.
110. R. Descartes, 'La recherche de la verité par la lumiere naturelle', Ouevres complètes, op. cit. (53), x, 495-532, 505.
111. Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 292-6. On differentiations through scale, see also Daston, op. cit. (20), 245-6.
112. Daston and Park, op. cit. (20), 292-6. On differentiations through scale, see also Daston, op. cit. (20), 245-6.
113. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 211.
114. Discourse Ten, 'on the apparition of multiple suns', was based on reports of sightings of parhelia at Tivoli and Frascati, sent to Descartes in August 1629 by Marin Mersenne. These were likely to have been not natural phenomena but artificial effects, given that they appeared in two of the most famous princely gardens of Europe. See the letter of Descartes to Mersenne, 8 October 1629, in M. Mersenne, Correspondance du P. Marin Mersenne (ed. C. de Waard and R. Pintard), 17 vols., Paris, 1936, ii, 300-1.
115. Descartes wrote, 'I could not choose a subject better suited to show how, by the method which I employ, we can acquire knowledge beyond the scope of those whose writings have been passed down to us.' Descartes, quoted in Tiemersma, op. cit. (8), 347. This comment has led to comparison of 'De l'arc-en-ciel' with Descartes's methodological procedure as laid down in the Discours and the Regulae ad Directionem ingenii, but the significance of artificial wonders to such procedure has been ignored. See Tiemersma, op. cit. (8).
116. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 291.
117. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 291.
118. For the analytical procedure of 'De l'arc-en-ciel' see Tiemersma, op. cit. (8), 353-8.
119. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 308.
120. Descartes, 'De l'arc-en-ciel', op. cit. (9), 309.
121. I. de Caus, New and Rare Inventions of Water-Works, Shewing the Easiest waies to Raise Water higher than the Spring, London, 1959.
122. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
123. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
124. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
125. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
126. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
127. Plot, quoted in Charlesworth, op. cit. (40), i, 159. On Wadham's gardens, see M. Batey, Oxford Gardens: The University's Influence on Garden History, Aldershot, 1986, 43-7. See also E. S. Rohde, Oxford's College Gardens, London, 1932, 122-3, T. G. Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford: Its Foundation, Architecture and History with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, 212; C. E. Mallet, A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols., London, 1924, ii, 256; and B. Shapiro, John Wilkins, 1614-1672, an Intellectual Biography, Berkeley, CA, 1969, 120.
128. Plot, op. cit. (40), 240.
129. Hooke 'remember[ed] to have seen long since in Wadham College, in the Garden of ... Dr. Wilkins ... a Fountain so contrived as by the Spring of the Air to throw up to a great height a large and lasting stream of water: Which water was first forced into the Leaden Cistern thereof by two force Pumps which did alternately work, and so condense the Air included into a small room'. R. Hooke, Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva, or Of Springs, Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies, reprinted in Early Science in Oxford (ed. R. T. Gunther), 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, viii, 355.
130. Hooke 'remember[ed] to have seen long since in Wadham College, in the Garden of ... Dr. Wilkins ... a Fountain so contrived as by the Spring of the Air to throw up to a great height a large and lasting stream of water: Which water was first forced into the Leaden Cistern thereof by two force Pumps which did alternately work, and so condense the Air included into a small room'. R. Hooke, Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva, or Of Springs, Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies, reprinted in Early Science in Oxford (ed. R. T. Gunther), 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, viii, 355.
131. B. de Fontenelle, Conversations on the Plurality of the Worlds, Dublin, 1761, 6-9. On theatre as epistemology of controlled experience, see S. Schaffer, 'Natural philosophy and public spectacle in the 18th century', History of Science (1983), 21, 1-43. G. V. Sutton, Science for a Polite Society: Gender, Culture, and the Demonstration of Enlightenment, London, 1997, for French contexts.
132. B. de Fontenelle, Conversations on the Plurality of the Worlds, Dublin, 1761, 6-9. On theatre as epistemology of controlled experience, see S. Schaffer, 'Natural philosophy and public spectacle in the 18th century', History of Science (1983), 21, 1-43. G. V. Sutton, Science for a Polite Society: Gender, Culture, and the Demonstration of Enlightenment, London, 1997, for French contexts.
133. B. de Fontenelle, Conversations on the Plurality of the Worlds, Dublin, 1761, 6-9. On theatre as epistemology of controlled experience, see S. Schaffer, 'Natural philosophy and public spectacle in the 18th century', History of Science (1983), 21, 1-43. G. V. Sutton, Science for a Polite Society: Gender, Culture, and the Demonstration of Enlightenment, London, 1997, for French contexts.
134. H. Vérin, 'Technology in the park: engineers and gardeners in seventeenth-century France', in The History of Garden Design: The Western Tradition from the Renaissance to the Present Day (ed. M. Mosser and G. Teyssot), London, 1991, 135-46; C. Mukerji, Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles, Cambridge, 1997, 181-97. A. Callies, 'Le système d'adduction d'eau de Versailles et son impact dans le paysage', Monuments Historiques de la France (1987), 150-1, 40-5. B. Bentz, 'Marly, jardin des eaux', Histoire de l'art (1990), 12, 27-36.
135. H. Vérin, 'Technology in the park: engineers and gardeners in seventeenth-century France', in The History of Garden Design: The Western Tradition from the Renaissance to the Present Day (ed. M. Mosser and G. Teyssot), London, 1991, 135-46; C. Mukerji, Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles, Cambridge, 1997, 181-97. A. Callies, 'Le système d'adduction d'eau de Versailles et son impact dans le paysage', Monuments Historiques de la France (1987), 150-1, 40-5. B. Bentz, 'Marly, jardin des eaux', Histoire de l'art (1990), 12, 27-36.
136. H. Vérin, 'Technology in the park: engineers and gardeners in seventeenth-century France', in The History of Garden Design: The Western Tradition from the Renaissance to the Present Day (ed. M. Mosser and G. Teyssot), London, 1991, 135-46; C. Mukerji, Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles, Cambridge, 1997, 181-97. A. Callies, 'Le système d'adduction d'eau de Versailles et son impact dans le paysage', Monuments Historiques de la France (1987), 150-1, 40-5. B. Bentz, 'Marly, jardin des eaux', Histoire de l'art (1990), 12, 27-36.
137. H. Vérin, 'Technology in the park: engineers and gardeners in seventeenth-century France', in The History of Garden Design: The Western Tradition from the Renaissance to the Present Day (ed. M. Mosser and G. Teyssot), London, 1991, 135-46; C. Mukerji, Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles, Cambridge, 1997, 181-97. A. Callies, 'Le système d'adduction d'eau de Versailles et son impact dans le paysage', Monuments Historiques de la France (1987), 150-1, 40-5. B. Bentz, 'Marly, jardin des eaux', Histoire de l'art (1990), 12, 27-36.
138. J. de La Fontaine, Les Amours de Psyché et de Cupidon, Paris, 1795, 97.