메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 2384-2398

Nonlinear aspects of the climate response to Greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERICS; CLIMATE CHANGE; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; GREENHOUSES;

EID: 2942599266     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2384:NAOTCR>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (128)

References (63)
  • 2
    • 0024812929 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness
    • Albrecht, B. A., 1989: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245, 1277-1230.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1277-1230
    • Albrecht, B.A.1
  • 3
    • 18544387786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle
    • Allen, M. R., and W. J. Ingram, 2002: Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 419, 224-232.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.419 , pp. 224-232
    • Allen, M.R.1    Ingram, W.J.2
  • 4
    • 0035150649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of large scale atmospheric sulphate aerosol models COSAM: Overview and highlights
    • and Coauthors
    • Barrie, L., and Coauthors, 2001: A comparison of large scale atmospheric sulphate aerosol models COSAM: Overview and highlights. Tellus, 53B, 615-645.
    • (2001) Tellus , vol.53 B , pp. 615-645
    • Barrie, L.1
  • 5
    • 0001408197 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes
    • Beheng, K., 1994: A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes. Atmos. Res., 33, 193-206.
    • (1994) Atmos. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 193-206
    • Beheng, K.1
  • 6
    • 0028586333 scopus 로고
    • Sulfate over the North-Atlantic and adjacent continental regions-Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a 3-dimensional model-driven by observation-derived meterology
    • Benkovitz, C. M., C. M. Berkowitz, R. C. Easter, S. Nemesure, R. Wagener, and S. E. Schwartz, 1994: Sulfate over the North-Atlantic and adjacent continental regions-Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a 3-dimensional model-driven by observation-derived meterology. J. Geophys. Res., 99 (D10), 20 725-20 756.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , Issue.D10 , pp. 20725-20756
    • Benkovitz, C.M.1    Berkowitz, C.M.2    Easter, R.C.3    Nemesure, S.4    Wagener, R.5    Schwartz, S.E.6
  • 7
    • 0027492567 scopus 로고
    • Coupling of wet scavenging of sulfur to clouds in a numerical weather prediction model
    • Berge, E., 1993: Coupling of wet scavenging of sulfur to clouds in a numerical weather prediction model. Tellus, 45B, 1-22.
    • (1993) Tellus , vol.45 B , pp. 1-22
    • Berge, E.1
  • 8
    • 0027799971 scopus 로고
    • Climate change and the regulation of the surface moisture and energy budgets
    • Boer, G. J., 1993: Climate change and the regulation of the surface moisture and energy budgets. Climate Dyn., 8, 225-239.
    • (1993) Climate Dyn. , vol.8 , pp. 225-239
    • Boer, G.J.1
  • 9
    • 0028870830 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a general-circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary-layer
    • Brinkop, S., and E. Roeckner, 1995: Sensitivity of a general-circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary-layer. Tellus, 47A, 197-220.
    • (1995) Tellus , vol.47 A , pp. 197-220
    • Brinkop, S.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 10
    • 0000593075 scopus 로고
    • Climate: The influence of aerosols
    • Charlson, R. S., and M. J. Pilat, 1969: Climate: The influence of aerosols. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 1001-1002.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 1001-1002
    • Charlson, R.S.1    Pilat, M.J.2
  • 11
    • 0015966054 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols and climate
    • Chylek, P., and J. A. Coakley, 1974: Aerosols and climate. Science, 183, 75-77.
    • (1974) Science , vol.183 , pp. 75-77
    • Chylek, P.1    Coakley, J.A.2
  • 12
    • 0034804247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of dust source area during past glacial periods due to changes of the Hadley circulation
    • Chylek, P., G. Lesins, and U. Lohmann, 2001: Enhancement of dust source area during past glacial periods due to changes of the Hadley circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D16), 18 477-18 485.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , Issue.D16 , pp. 18477-18485
    • Chylek, P.1    Lesins, G.2    Lohmann, U.3
  • 13
    • 0033610132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission dataset for carbonaceous aerosols and implementation into the ECHAM4 model
    • Cooke, W. F., C. Liousse, H. Cachier, and J. Feichter, 1999: Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission dataset for carbonaceous aerosols and implementation into the ECHAM4 model. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22 137-22 162.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 22137-22162
    • Cooke, W.F.1    Liousse, C.2    Cachier, H.3    Feichter, J.4
  • 14
    • 0002289566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projections of future climate change
    • and Coauthors, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Cubasch, U., and Coauthors, 2001: Projections of future climate change. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 525-582.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis , pp. 525-582
    • Cubasch, U.1
  • 15
    • 0030976079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clouds, precipitation and temperature range
    • Dai, A., A. D. DelGenio, and I. Y. Fung, 1997: Clouds, precipitation and temperature range. Nature, 386, 665-666.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 665-666
    • Dai, A.1    DelGenio, A.D.2    Fung, I.Y.3
  • 16
    • 0036866457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases and aerosols
    • Douville, H., F., Chauvin, S. Planton, J. F. Royer, D. Salas-Melia, and S. Tyteca, 2002: Sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Climate Dyn., 20, 45-68.
    • (2002) Climate Dyn. , vol.20 , pp. 45-68
    • Douville, H.1    Chauvin, F.2    Planton, S.3    Royer, J.F.4    Salas-Melia, D.5    Tyteca, S.6
  • 18
    • 0031415951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric sulfur cycle and its impact on the shortwave radiation
    • Feichter, J., U. Lohmann, and I. Schult, 1997: The atmospheric sulfur cycle and its impact on the shortwave radiation. Climate Dyn., 13, 235-246.
    • (1997) Climate Dyn. , vol.13 , pp. 235-246
    • Feichter, J.1    Lohmann, U.2    Schult, I.3
  • 21
    • 85023326731 scopus 로고
    • Possible changes of planetary albedo due to aerosol particles
    • W. Bach, J. Pankrath, and W. Kellogg, Eds., Elsevier
    • Grassl, H., 1979: Possible changes of planetary albedo due to aerosol particles. Man's Impact on Climate, W. Bach, J. Pankrath, and W. Kellogg, Eds., Elsevier, 229-241.
    • (1979) Man's Impact on Climate , pp. 229-241
    • Grassl, H.1
  • 22
    • 0029412344 scopus 로고
    • A global-model of natural volatile organic-compound emissions
    • and Coauthors
    • Guenther, A., and Coauthors, 1995: A global-model of natural volatile organic-compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D5), 8873-8892.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , Issue.D5 , pp. 8873-8892
    • Guenther, A.1
  • 23
    • 0031411233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing and climate response
    • Hansen, J., M. Sato, and R. Ruedy, 1997: Radiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6831-6864.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 6831-6864
    • Hansen, J.1    Sato, M.2    Ruedy, R.3
  • 24
    • 0031170961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations
    • Haywood, J. M., R. J. Stauffer, R. T. Wetherald, S. Manabe, and V. Ramaswamy, 1997: Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1335-1338.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 1335-1338
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Stauffer, R.J.2    Wetherald, R.T.3    Manabe, S.4    Ramaswamy, V.5
  • 25
    • 0031712829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC
    • Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult, 1999: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 831-844.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 831-844
    • Hess, M.1    Koepke, P.2    Schult, I.3
  • 26
    • 0033608205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the University of Washington airborne measurements and results from the tropospheric aerosol radiative forcing observational experiment (TARFOX)
    • Hobbs, P. V., 1999: An overview of the University of Washington airborne measurements and results from the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX). J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2233-2238.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 2233-2238
    • Hobbs, P.V.1
  • 27
    • 0035825677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols
    • Jacobson, M. Z., 2001: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature, 409, 695-697.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 695-697
    • Jacobson, M.Z.1
  • 28
    • 0032706515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface DMS as a function of latitude, longitude, and month
    • and Coauthors
    • Kettle, A. J., and Coauthors, 1999: A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface DMS as a function of latitude, longitude, and month. Global Biogeochem. Cycle, 13, 399-444.
    • (1999) Global Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.13 , pp. 399-444
    • Kettle, A.J.1
  • 29
    • 0027580056 scopus 로고
    • The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing
    • Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, 1993: The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. Science, 260, 311-314.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 311-314
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Briegleb, B.P.2
  • 30
    • 0347960534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite date, and AERONET ground data
    • and Coauthors, doi:10.1029/2001JD001253
    • Kinne, S., and Coauthors, 2003: Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite date, and AERONET ground data. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4634, doi:10.1029/2001JD001253.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4634
    • Kinne, S.1
  • 31
    • 0025919288 scopus 로고
    • A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle
    • Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, 1991: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.13 , pp. 225-263
    • Langner, J.1    Rodhe, H.2
  • 32
    • 0001873764 scopus 로고
    • 3D mesoscale numerical studies of cirrus and stratus clouds by their time and space evolution
    • Levkov, L., B. Rockel, H. Kapitza, and E. Raschke, 1992: 3D mesoscale numerical studies of cirrus and stratus clouds by their time and space evolution. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 65, 35-58.
    • (1992) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.65 , pp. 35-58
    • Levkov, L.1    Rockel, B.2    Kapitza, H.3    Raschke, E.4
  • 34
    • 0000537158 scopus 로고
    • Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis
    • P. Buat-Menard, Ed., D. Reidel
    • Liss, P., and L. Merlivat, 1986: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, P. Buat-Menard, Ed., D. Reidel, 113-128.
    • (1986) The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling , pp. 113-128
    • Liss, P.1    Merlivat, L.2
  • 35
    • 85085674751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible aerosol effects on ice clouds via contact nucleation
    • Lohmann, U., 2002: Possible aerosol effects on ice clouds via contact nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 647-656.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 647-656
    • Lohmann, U.1
  • 36
    • 0030377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model
    • Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, 1996: Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 12, 12 557-12 572.
    • (1996) Climate Dyn. , vol.12 , pp. 12557-12572
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 37
    • 0034745094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the direct and semi-direct aerosol effect compete with the indirect effect on a global scale?
    • Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, 2001: Can the direct and semi-direct aerosol effect compete with the indirect effect on a global scale? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 159-162.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 159-162
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 38
    • 0036830661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stronger constraints on the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect
    • Lohmann, U., and G. Lesins, 2002: Stronger constraints on the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect. Science, 298, 1012-1015.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 1012-1015
    • Lohmann, U.1    Lesins, G.2
  • 39
    • 0033608921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM
    • Lohmann, U., J. Feichter, C. C. Chuang, and J. E. Penner, 1999: Predicting the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9169-9198.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 9169-9198
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2    Chuang, C.C.3    Penner, J.E.4
  • 40
    • 0033784623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effect of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols: A mechanistic treatment
    • Lohmann, U., J. Feichter, J. E. Penner, and R. Leaitch, 2000: Indirect effect of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols: A mechanistic treatment. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D10), 12 193-12 206.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.D10 , pp. 12193-12206
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2    Penner, J.E.3    Leaitch, R.4
  • 41
    • 0035150045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical distributions of sulfur species simulated by large scale atmospheric models in COSAM: Comparison with observations
    • and Coauthors
    • Lohmann, U., and Coauthors, 2001: Vertical distributions of sulfur species simulated by large scale atmospheric models in COSAM: Comparison with observations. Tellus. 53B, 646-672.
    • (2001) Tellus , vol.53 B , pp. 646-672
    • Lohmann, U.1
  • 42
    • 0032777175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments
    • Mahowald, N. M., K. Kohfeld, M. Hansson, Y. Balkanski, S. Harrison, C. Prentice, M. Schulz, and H. Rodhe, 1999: Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15 895-15 916.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 15895-15916
    • Mahowald, N.M.1    Kohfeld, K.2    Hansson, M.3    Balkanski, Y.4    Harrison, S.5    Prentice, C.6    Schulz, M.7    Rodhe, H.8
  • 43
    • 0040677067 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of climate change due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
    • Mitchell, J. F. B., 1987: Simulation of climate change due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Meteor. Mag., 116, 361-376.
    • (1987) Meteor. Mag. , vol.116 , pp. 361-376
    • Mitchell, J.F.B.1
  • 44
    • 0001078366 scopus 로고
    • A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption
    • E. C. Monahan and G. McNiocaill. Eds., D. Reidel
    • Monahan, E. C., D. E. Spiel, and K. L. Davidson, 1986: A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption. Oceanic Whitecaps, E. C. Monahan and G. McNiocaill. Eds., D. Reidel, 167-174.
    • (1986) Oceanic Whitecaps , pp. 167-174
    • Monahan, E.C.1    Spiel, D.E.2    Davidson, K.L.3
  • 45
    • 0026292248 scopus 로고
    • Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system
    • Morcrette, J. J., 1991: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system. J. Geophys. Res., 96 (D5), 9121-9132.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , Issue.D5 , pp. 9121-9132
    • Morcrette, J.J.1
  • 46
    • 85088716627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of model- and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth and reflectivity
    • and Coauthors
    • Penner, J. E., and Coauthors, 2002: A comparison of model- and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth and reflectivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 441-460.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 441-460
    • Penner, J.E.1
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0041761773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Indian Ocean experiment and the Asian brown cloud
    • and Coauthors
    • Ramanathan, V., and Coauthors, 2002: The Indian Ocean Experiment and the Asian brown cloud. Curr. Sci. India, 83, 947-955.
    • (2002) Curr. Sci. India , vol.83 , pp. 947-955
    • Ramanathan, V.1
  • 49
    • 0001905615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in transport methods at NCAR
    • B. Machenhauer, Ed., Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. 265, Hamburg, Germany
    • Rasch, P. J., and M. G. Lawrence, 1998: Recent developments in transport methods at NCAR. Proceedings of the MPI Workshop on Conservative Transport Methods, B. Machenhauer, Ed., Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. 265, Hamburg, Germany, 65-75.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the MPI Workshop on Conservative Transport Methods , pp. 65-75
    • Rasch, P.J.1    Lawrence, M.G.2
  • 50
    • 0033788039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the NCAR CCM3
    • Rasch, P. J., M. Barth, J. T. Kiehl, C. M. Benkovitz, and S. E. Schwartz, 2000a: Description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the NCAR CCM3. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1367-1385.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 1367-1385
    • Rasch, P.J.1    Barth, M.2    Kiehl, J.T.3    Benkovitz, C.M.4    Schwartz, S.E.5
  • 51
    • 0033825373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: Results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995
    • and Coauthors
    • Rasch, P. J., and Coauthors, 2000b: A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: Results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995. Tellus, 52B, 1025-1056.
    • (2000) Tellus , vol.52 B , pp. 1025-1056
    • Rasch, P.J.1
  • 52
    • 33749335943 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols: Effects of large increases on global climate
    • Rasool, S. I., and S. H. Schneider, 1971: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols: Effects of large increases on global climate. Science, 173, 138-141.
    • (1971) Science , vol.173 , pp. 138-141
    • Rasool, S.I.1    Schneider, S.H.2
  • 53
    • 0002283511 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of broad band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds
    • Rockel, B., E. Raschke, and B. Weyres, 1991: A parameterization of broad band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 64, 1-12.
    • (1991) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.64 , pp. 1-12
    • Rockel, B.1    Raschke, E.2    Weyres, B.3
  • 54
    • 0001777615 scopus 로고
    • Climatic response to anthropogenic sulfate forcing simulated with a general circulation model
    • R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, Eds., John Wiley and Sons
    • Roeckner, E., T. Siebert, and J. Feichter, 1995: Climatic response to anthropogenic sulfate forcing simulated with a general circulation model. Aerosol Forcing of Climate, R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, 349-362.
    • (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 349-362
    • Roeckner, E.1    Siebert, T.2    Feichter, J.3
  • 56
    • 0033208511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle
    • Roeckner, E., L. Bengtsson, J. Feichter, J. Lelieveld, and H. Rodhe, 1999: Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Climate, 12, 3004-3032.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 3004-3032
    • Roeckner, E.1    Bengtsson, L.2    Feichter, J.3    Lelieveld, J.4    Rodhe, H.5
  • 58
    • 0035150088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of regional budgets of sulfur species modelled for the COSAM exercise
    • and Coauthors
    • Roelofs, G.-J., and Coauthors. 2001: Analysis of regional budgets of sulfur species modelled for the COSAM exercise. Tellus. 53B, 673-679.
    • (2001) Tellus , vol.53 B , pp. 673-679
    • Roelofs, G.-J.1
  • 59
    • 0024927328 scopus 로고
    • Condensation and Cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model
    • Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and Cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641-1657.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1641-1657
    • Sundqvist, H.1    Berge, E.2    Kristjansson, J.E.3
  • 60
    • 0024907516 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models
    • Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1779-1800
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 61
    • 0033594511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming
    • Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bucher, M. Esch, M. Latif, and E. Roeckner, 1999: Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 398, 694-697.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 694-697
    • Timmermann, A.1    Oberhuber, J.2    Bucher, A.3    Esch, M.4    Latif, M.5    Roeckner, E.6
  • 62
    • 0032412980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature dependence of low cloud optical thickness in the GISS GCM: Contributing mechanisms and climate implications
    • Tselioudis, G., A. D. DelGenio, W. Kovari, and M. S. Yao, 1998: Temperature dependence of low cloud optical thickness in the GISS GCM: Contributing mechanisms and climate implications. J. Climate. 11, 3268-3281.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3268-3281
    • Tselioudis, G.1    DelGenio, A.D.2    Kovari, W.3    Yao, M.S.4
  • 63
    • 0034820197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol
    • Williams, K. D., A. Jones, D. L. Roberts, C. A. Senior, and M. J. Woodage, 2001: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol. Climate Dyn., 17, 845-856.
    • (2001) Climate Dyn. , vol.17 , pp. 845-856
    • Williams, K.D.1    Jones, A.2    Roberts, D.L.3    Senior, C.A.4    Woodage, M.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.