"Under the knife and proud of it:" An analysis of the normalization of cosmetic surgery

Critical Sociology

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 207-239

  Brooks, Abigail ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body; Cosmetic surgery; Feminist theory; Normalization; Technology

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942537760     PISSN: 08969205     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156916304323072080     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. ADATO, ALLISON AND GALINA ESPINOZA 2003 "Weighing the Risks." People, March 10: 137-140.
2. ADATO, ALLISON "Scaling Down. Singer Roberta Flack sheds 32 lbs. with an unusual injection therapy." People, January 20: 109-110.
3. ASTLEY, AMY 2001 "Face Factory." Vogue, October: 316.
4. BALSAMO, ANNE 1992 "On the Cutting Edge: Cosmetic Surgery and the Technological Production of the Gendered Body." Camera Obscura 28: 207-237.
5. BORDO, SUSAN 1993 Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
6. BRENNAN, TERESA 2000 Exhausting Modernity. Grounds for a New Economy. USA and Canada: Routledge.
7. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
8. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
9. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
10. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
11. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
12. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
13. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
14. BROWN, SARAH 2003 "Freeze Frame." Vogue, February: 282. 2002 "Addicted to Lipo: Thanks to the latest advances in microliposuction, perfection is easier to achieve than ever. But, asks Sarah Brown, is America's new crash diet of choice really a good idea?" Vogue, October: 368-371. 2002 "Clean Sweep: Can you wash away Wrinkles? Sarah Brown reports on Skin Care's Latest Frontier." Vogue, May: 274. 2002 "Face Time." Vogue, May: 200-202. 2002 "Artificial Intelligence: Can Features be Fashionable? Sarah Brown reports on the Rise of the Somewhat Natural Woman." Vogue, April: 244-247. 2002 "Peel Appeal." Vogue, February: 260. 2002 "Scratching the Surface: Spa Services of the Future." Vogue, January: 110-112. 2001 "The Final Frontier. As Plastic Surgery, peels, and Botox become more prevalent, a new generation of high-tech skin care targeted at pre-and postop patients is emerging." Vogue, November: 422-426.
15. BRUSH, PIPPA 1998 "Metaphors of Inscription: Discipline, Plasticity and the Rhetoric of Choice." Feminist Review 58: 22-43.
16. BUTLER, JUDITH 1993 Bodies That Matter. On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge.
17. BYRD, VERONICA 2002 "Face to Face." People, February 4: 69-70.
18. COHEN, JAY S. 2001 Over Dose. The Case Against the Drug Companies: Prescription Drugs, Side Effects, and Your Health. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnum.
19. DAVIS, KATHY 1991 "Remaking the She-Devil: A Critical Look at Feminist Approaches to Beauty." Hypatia 6: 20-43. 1995 Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery. New York and London: Routledge. 1999 "Cosmetic Surgery in A Different Voice: The Case Of Madame Noel." Women's Studies International Forum 22: 473-488. 1997 Embodied Practices. Feminist Perspectives on the Body. London: Sage.
20. DAVIS, KATHY 1991 "Remaking the She-Devil: A Critical Look at Feminist Approaches to Beauty." Hypatia 6: 20-43. 1995 Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery. New York and London: Routledge. 1999 "Cosmetic Surgery in A Different Voice: The Case Of Madame Noel." Women's Studies International Forum 22: 473-488. 1997 Embodied Practices. Feminist Perspectives on the Body. London: Sage.
21. DAVIS, KATHY 1991 "Remaking the She-Devil: A Critical Look at Feminist Approaches to Beauty." Hypatia 6: 20-43. 1995 Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery. New York and London: Routledge. 1999 "Cosmetic Surgery in A Different Voice: The Case Of Madame Noel." Women's Studies International Forum 22: 473-488. 1997 Embodied Practices. Feminist Perspectives on the Body. London: Sage.
22. DAVIS, KATHY 1991 "Remaking the She-Devil: A Critical Look at Feminist Approaches to Beauty." Hypatia 6: 20-43. 1995 Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery. New York and London: Routledge. 1999 "Cosmetic Surgery in A Different Voice: The Case Of Madame Noel." Women's Studies International Forum 22: 473-488. 1997 Embodied Practices. Feminist Perspectives on the Body. London: Sage.
23. DIAMOND, KERRY 2002 "Shaving Face. The New Secret to Soft, Wrinkle-Free Skin." Harper's Bazaar. 180-181.
24. ESPINOZA, GALINA AND MIKE NEILL 2002 "About Face." People, October 28: 53-57.
25. FEATHERSTONE, MIKE AND TURNER, BRYAN, S. 1991 The Body. Social Process and Cultural Theory. London: Sage.
26. FISHER, CARRIE 2002 "The Truth About Renee." Harper's Bazaar, July: 22-26.
27. FOSS, MELISSA 2003 "The Truth About Lipo." Harper's Bazaar, February: 119-122.
28. GARDNER, ANN MARIE 2002 "Beyond Botox: Imagine looking younger in an instant, with no surgery and no side effects." Harper's Bazaar, April: 77-79.
29. GIDDENS, ANTHONY 1991 Modernity and Self Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
30. GILLESPIE, ROSMARY 1996 "Women, the Body and Brand Extension in Medicine: Cosmetic Surgery and the Paradox of Choice." Women and Health 24: 69-83.
31. GINSBURG, FAYE D. 1989 Contested Lines. The Abortion Debate in an American Community. Berkley: University of California Press.
32. GRIFFEN, SUSAN 1978 Women and Nature. The Roaring Inside of Her. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
33. GRODY, KATHRYN 2002 "Respect Your Own Beauty." Harper's Bazaar, March: 163-164.
34. GROSZ, ELIZABETH 1994 Volatile Bodies. Towards A Corporeal Feminism. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
35. HAIKEN, ELIZABETH 1997 Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery. Baltimore and London: The John's Hopkins University Press.
36. HALES, KATHERINE 1999 How We Have Become Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. University of Chicago.
37. HARAWAY, DONNA 1991 Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. New York: Routeledge.
38. HAYT, ELIZABETH 2002 "Addicted to Plastic Surgery." Harper's Bazaar, February: 76-78.
39. HEATON, PATRICIA 2002 "Belly Laughs." People, September 30: 108-111.
40. JANOWITZ, TAMA 2002 "Oral Fixation." Vogue, September: 571-574.
41. KAZANJIAN, DODIE 2003 "Facelift of the Future." Vogue, May: 258-261.
42. KAW, EUGENIA 1993 "Medicalization of Racial Features. Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 7(1).
43. KIRSCHBAUM, SUSAN 2002 "Darling Pass the Xanax." Harper's Bazaar, May: 108-110.
44. LAMONT, ELIZABETH 2003 "The Flawless Foot." Vogue, March: 437-444. 2003 "Complexion Perfection. Can a Facial Deliver Flawless Skin?" Vogue, January: 164, 184-185. 2002 "Plastic Surgery: At What Age?" Harper's Bazaar, July: 94. 2002 "Your Guide to Perfect Skin." Harper's Bazaar, July: 88-90.
45. LAMONT, ELIZABETH 2003 "The Flawless Foot." Vogue, March: 437-444. 2003 "Complexion Perfection. Can a Facial Deliver Flawless Skin?" Vogue, January: 164, 184-185. 2002 "Plastic Surgery: At What Age?" Harper's Bazaar, July: 94. 2002 "Your Guide to Perfect Skin." Harper's Bazaar, July: 88-90.
46. LAMONT, ELIZABETH 2003 "The Flawless Foot." Vogue, March: 437-444. 2003 "Complexion Perfection. Can a Facial Deliver Flawless Skin?" Vogue, January: 164, 184-185. 2002 "Plastic Surgery: At What Age?" Harper's Bazaar, July: 94. 2002 "Your Guide to Perfect Skin." Harper's Bazaar, July: 88-90.
47. LAMONT, ELIZABETH 2003 "The Flawless Foot." Vogue, March: 437-444. 2003 "Complexion Perfection. Can a Facial Deliver Flawless Skin?" Vogue, January: 164, 184-185. 2002 "Plastic Surgery: At What Age?" Harper's Bazaar, July: 94. 2002 "Your Guide to Perfect Skin." Harper's Bazaar, July: 88-90.
48. MILLER, NANCY 2002 "Forever Young: Some women will stop at nothing to ward off - and reverse - the signs of aging." Harper's Bazaar, January: 42-44.
49. th Edition. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole (Thomson).
50. MORGAN, KATHRYN PAULY 1991 "Women and the Knife: Cosmetic Surgery and the Colonialization of Women's Bodies." Hypatia 6: 26-53
51. NOONAN, DAVID AND ADLER, JERRY 2002 "The Botox Boom." Newsweek, May 13.
52. NICHOLAS, PERRICONE, M.D. 2002 "The Wrinkle-Free Diet." Harper's Bazaar, August: 76-78.
53. POPE, HARRISON, KATHERINE A. PHILLIPS AND ROBERT OLIVARDIA 2000 The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: Free Press.
54. PYUN, JEANIE 2003 "Ray of light." Vogue, April: 284, 295-296.
55. REITMAIER, HEIDI 1995 '"I Do Not Want to Look Like...' Orlan on becoming Orlan," Women's AA 5 June: 5-10.
56. RIFKIN, JEREMY 1998 Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. The Biotech Century. New York: Tarcher Putnum.
57. ROBINOVITZ, KAREN 2002 "The New Lipo: Does it Really Melt Away your Fat?" Harper's Bazaar, October: 137-138. 2001 "Plastic Surgery Parties." Harper' Bazaar, November: 180-184.
58. ROBINOVITZ, KAREN 2002 "The New Lipo: Does it Really Melt Away your Fat?" Harper's Bazaar, October: 137-138. 2001 "Plastic Surgery Parties." Harper' Bazaar, November: 180-184.
59. ROMANYSHYN, ROBERT D. 1989 Technology as Symptom and Dream. London: Routledge.
60. ROSENZWEIG, ILENE 2003 "Smile Makeover." Harper's Bazaar, January: 38-40.
61. SAWYER, BETH 2002 "How Far Stars Go to Get-and Stay-Gorgeous." US Weekly, May 20: 34-39.
62. SCHATZ, ELIZABETH 2002 "Strange Brew." Vogue July: 188.
63. SCOTT, SOPHRONIA AND WIHLBORG, ULRICA 2002 "Finishing Touches." People, June 17: 96-102.
64. SHEA, CHRISTINE 2002 "Beyond Botox: With doctors and patients extolling the wonders of a frozen forehead, the fountain of youth has never been quite so tantalizingly accessible." Vogue, August: 258-261.
65. SMOLOWE, JILL, MACON MOREHOUSE AND COLLEEN O'CONNER ET AL. 2002 "Nipped, Tucked, and Talking." People, February 18: 47-51.
66. SNOWDEN, LYNN 2002 "Face Forward." subtitle: "Are we fast approaching an ageless society? With the latest innovations in plastic surgery, it at least looks like it." Vogue, August: 255-257.
67. SULLIVAN, DEBORAH 2001 Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
68. TAUBER, MICHELLE AND MARK DAGOSTINO 2002 "A new day dawn's for Today's Al Roker, who speaks candidly about the gastric bypass surgery that transformed his life. 100 and counting." People, November 18: 104-110.
69. TAUBER, MICHELE 2001 "Weigh to Go." People, January 15.
70. TURNER, BRYAN S. 1984 The Body and Society. London: Sage Publications.
71. UNIDENTIFIED AUTHOR 2003 "Second Looks." People, June 26: 89-90.
72. UNIDENTIFIED AUTHOR 2003 "A New Wrinkle." People, February 24: 59.
73. URQUHART, RACHEL 2002 "Damage Control. Is your skin-care regimen making you look older-faster?" Vogue, November: 463.
74. WILSON, CARNIE 2003 "The Naked Truth. Carnie Wilson's new book about her new body is a tell-all about baring all." People, June 16: 129-133.