Restraint or self-restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832-1841

International History Review

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 37-63

  Rendall, Matthew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29244472647     PISSN: 07075332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2002.9640957     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. D. Gillard, The Struggle for Asia, 1828-1914: A Study in British and Russian Imperialism (London, 1977), p. 38;
2. H. W. V. Temperley, England and the Near East: The Crimea (London, 1936), pp. 73-4.
3. R. Pipes, Survival Is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (New York, 1984), p. 37.
4. J. P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700-1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (New York, 1997), pp. 124-5, 301, 314, 348, 357-8.
5. F. de Martens, Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances étrangères (St Petersburg, 1874-1909), iv, pt. 1. 438-40.
6. P. W. Schroeder: 'Containment Nineteenth-Century Style: How Russia Was Restrained', South Atlantic Quarterly, lxxxii, no. 1 (1983), 7;
7. 'Did the Vienna Settlement Rest on a Balance of Power?', American Historical Review, xcvii (1992), 699, 701;
8. 'The Nineteenth-Century System: Balance of Power or Political Equilibrium?', Review of International Studies, xv (April 1989), 145.
9. H. Kissinger, A World Restored (New York, 1964, originally published 1957), pp. 173, 318
10. and Diplomacy (New York, 1994), pp. 77, 79.
11. I. L. Claude Jr., Power and International Relations (New York, 1962), pp. 42-3, 124-5.
12. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 1/13 Oct. 1832 [Moscow], A[rkhiv] V[neshnei] P[olitiki] R[ossiiskoi] I[mperii], f. 133, op. 469, 1832, d.59, ll. 150-3, quotation on l. 152.
13. Dispatch to Butenev, 24 Nov./6 Dec. 1832, in N. N. Murav'ev, Russkie na Bosfore v 1833 godu (Moscow, 1869), p. 020;
14. S. Goriainow, Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles (Paris, 1910), pp. 29-30.
15. E. Molden, Die Orientpolitik des Fürsten Metternich 1829-33 (Vienna, 1913), pp. 50-1.
16. Lazarev to Menshikov, 10/22 Feb. 1833, in ['Kistorii] C[hernomorskago] f [lota: C 1816 po 1853 god,' ed. D. M. Afanas'ev, Russkii arkhiv, no. 3 (1902)], 399-400.
17. J. C. K. Daly, Russian Seapower and 'The Eastern Question', 1827-41 (Basingstoke, 1991), pp. 84-7;
18. Murav'ev, Russkie na Bosfore, pp. 178-84.
19. Butenev to Nesselrode, 11/23 Feb. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 45, ll. 435 ob.-437 ob; Lazarev to Menshikov, 10/22 Feb. 1833, CF, p. 400.
20. Molden, Orientpolitik des Fürsten Metternich, pp. 53-5;
21. Butenev to Nesselrode, 7/19 March 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 46, 1.142 ob.; Lazsrev to Menshikov, 7/19 March 1833, CF, p. 403.
22. Copy of dispatch to Butenev, 14/26 March 1833 [Moscow], R[ossiiskii] G[osudarstvennyi] A[rkhiv] D[revnikh] A[ktov], f. 15, d.316, ll. 297-297 ob.
23. Butenev to Nesselrode, 20 March/1 April 1833, duplicata, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 46, ll. 297 ob.-299 ob.; Lazarev to Menshikov, 20 March/l April 1833, CF, pp. 403-4.
24. A. P. Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Graf P. D. Kiselev i ego vremia (St Petersburg, 1882), i. 411.
25. Copy of dispatch to Butenev, 31 March/12 April 1833, secret, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 321-4; copy of Chernyshev to Murav'ev, 31 March/12 April 1833, CF, pp. 408-9;
26. P. E. Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838 and 1839 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), pp. 22-3.
27. Copy of dispatch to Butenev, 31 March/12 April 1833, secret, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 324-324 ob.
28. Kiselev to Orlov, 7/19 May 1833, private, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 105.
29. Copy of Chernyshev to Kiselev, 12/24 Feb. 1833, secret, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 679-679 ob.; Murav'ev, Russkie na Bosfore, p. 210.
30. Goriainow, Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles, pp. 33-4.
31. Orlov to Kiselev, 29 April/11 May 1833, private, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 104.
32. Orlov and Butenev to Nesselrode, 19/31 May 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 50, ll. 168-71 ob.
33. T. V. Eremeeva, 'Zakliuchitel'nyi etap egipetskogo krizisa 1831-1833 gg. i velikie derzhavy', Uchenye zapiski po novoi i noveishei istorii, no. 2 (1956), 509-10;
34. V. N. Vinogradov et al., Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia na Balkanakh, l830-1856 gg. (Moscow, 1990), p. 22.
35. Copy of dispatch to Pozzo di Borgo, 6/18 June 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 165-165 ob.; Martens, Recueil des traités, xv. 149-50.
36. Nicholas I to Paskevich, 6/18 July 1833, in A. P. Shcherbatov, General-fel'dmarshal kniaz'Paskevich: ego zhizn'i dieiatel'nost' (St Petersburg, 1888-1904), P[rilozheniia] to vol. v. 170.
37. Copy of Nesselrode to Kiselev, 8/20 May 1833, private, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 155 ob.-156.
38. Nicholas I to Paskevich, 28 June/10 July, 1833, Shcherbatov, Paskevich, p. 169.
39. G. H. Bolsover, 'Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey', Slavonic and East European Review, xxvii (Dec. 1948), 115-45.
40. Eremeeva, 'Zakliuchitel'nyi etap egipetskogo krizisa', p. 517.
41. N. S. Kiniapina, 'Unkiar-Iskelesiiskii dogovor 1833 g.', Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly. Istoricheskie nauki, no. 2 (1958), 41;
42. Orlov and Butenev to Nesselrode, 19 June/1 July 1833, secret, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 50, ll. 438-438 ob.
43. Orlov and Butenev to Nesselrode, 29 June/11 July 1833, secret, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 50, l. 468 ob.
44. Kiniapina, 'Unkiar-Iskelesiiskii dogovor 1833 g.', p. 46.
45. Text of the treaty: The Map of Europe by Treaty, ed. E. Hertslet (London, 1875), ii. 925-8.
46. Nesselrode to Bligh, 24 Oct./5 Nov. 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d.316, ll. 98-98 ob.; H. Müller, Im Widerstreit von Interventionsstrategie und Anpassungszwang: Die Außenpolitik Österreichs und Preußens zwischen dem Wiener Kongreß 1814/15 und der Februarrevolution 1848 (Berlin, 1990), i. 340;
47. Sir C. Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 1830-41 (London, 1951), i. 312, 314-15.
48. Quoted from Butenev to Nesselrode, 26 Feb./10 March 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 46, l. 122 ob.;
49. Murav'ev, Russkie na Bosfore, pp. 158-9, 164-6, 195, 197, 257.
50. Orlov to Kiselev, 27 June/9 July 1833, private, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 112. Emphasis added.
51. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1833, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1833, d. 3, l. 24 ob.
52. Text of the agreement: Martens, Recueil des traités, iv. 445-9.
53. R. N. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities: A Problem in Anglo-Turkish Diplomacy, 1821-54 (Iasi, 1997), pp. 149-55, 275-6.
54. Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, i. 394-6, 416-17;
55. Florescu, Struggle against Russia, pp. 171-2.
56. Kiselev to Orlov, private, 8/20 June 1833, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 110.
57. F. S. Rodkey, The Turco-Egyptian Question in the Relations of England, France, and Russia, 1832-41 (Urbana, 1924), p. 42 n. 27;
58. Temperley, England and the Near East, p. 75;
59. for the text of the convention, see Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, ii. 936-40.
60. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 7/19 Jan. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 56, l. 373;
61. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1833, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1833, d. 3, ll. 5, 8, 164 ob.
62. Ribop'er to Nesselrode, 24 Nov./6 Dec. 1832, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1832, d. 34, ll. 189-189 ob.;
63. N. S. Kiniapina, 'Russko-avstriiskie otnosheniia 1830-1833 gg.' (dissertation, Institut istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1949), pp. 361, 377;
64. Müller, Widerstreit, pp. 340, 343;
65. Rossiia i chernomorskie prolivy (XVIII-XX stoletiia), ed. L. N. Nezhinskii and A. V. Ignat'ev (Moscow, 1999), pp. 112-13.
66. V. J. Puryear, France and the Levant: From the Bourbon Restoration to the Peace of Kutiah (Berkeley, 1941), pp. 204-8.
67. Orlov to Nicholas I, 12/24 May 1833, in T. Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I (Berlin, 1904-19). iii. 432.
68. Nicholas I to Paskevich, 6/18 July 1833, Shcherbatov, Paskevich, v. 170.
69. Orlov to Kiselev, 19 June/1 July 1833, private, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 111.
70. Copy of Orlov to Butenev, 17/29 July 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 50, ll. 523-4.
71. Cf. C.J. Bartlett, Great Britain and Sea Power, 1815-53 (Oxford, 1963), p. 93.
72. Nicholas I to Paskevich, 8/20 May 1833, Shcherbatov, Paskevich, v. 164-5.
73. Nesselrode to Orlov, 8/20 May 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 123-4.
74. P. W. Schroeder, 'Alliances, 1815-1945: Weapons of Power and Tools of Management', in Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems, ed. K. Knorr (Lawrence, 1976), pp. 233-4;
75. Daly, Russian Seapower, p. 134.
76. V. J. Puryear, International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East: A Study of British Commercial Policy in the Levant, 1834-53 (Stanford, 1935), pp. 36-7.
77. Nesselrode to Kiselev, 14/26 Feb. 1833, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 88-9.
78. Copy of Nesselrode to Kiselev, 8/20 May 1833, private, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 151 ob.-155 ob.
79. Quoted in Shcherbatov, Paskevich, v. 93.
80. Nesselrode to Kiselev, 14/26 Feb. 1833, Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, iv. 89.
81. Brunnow memo., 'Aperçu de la politique du cabinet de Russie sous le règne actuel. Considérations générales sur les principes qui servent de base à notre politique', in A. M. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853-6 gg. v sviazi s sovremennoi et politicheskoi obstanovkoi: Prilozheniia (St Petersburg, 1908), i. 84;
82. N. S. Kiniapina, 'Miunkhengretskie i berlinskie konventsii 1833 g.', Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly: Istoricheskie nauki, no. 1 (1960), 74, 81.
83. Molden, Orientpolitik des Fürsten Melternich, p. 96: 'When the tsar met Ficquelmont at the end of July 1833, he ... spoke of the alliance, which had at one time been formed against a single power, but now was all the more necessary, inasmuch as it was a matter of combating an entire system.'
84. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1833, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1833, d. 3, ll. 36 ob.-45 ob.
85. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 7/19 Jan. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 56, ll. 383-383 ob.
86. Nesselrode to Orlov, 8/20 May 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, l. 123; copy of Nesselrode to Kiselev, 8/20 May 1833, private, RGADA, f. 15, d.316, l. 150 ob.
87. V. J. Puryear, 'L'opposition de l'Angleterre et de la France au traité d'Unkiar-Iskelessi en 1833', Revue historique, clxxxii (Jan.-June 1938), 309.
88. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 1/13 Oct. 1832, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1832, d. 59, ll. 153 ob.-154 ob.
89. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1831-2, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1831-2, d. 2, l. 164.
90. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 7/19 Jan. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, ll. 380 ob.-382 ob.
91. Orlov and Butenev to Nesselrode, 29 June/11 July 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 50, ll. 489-489 ob.
92. Kiselev to Orlov, 20 May/1 June 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, ll. 254-259 ob.
93. Bolsover, 'Nicholas I', pp. 115-20;
94. Puryear, France and the Levant, p. 203.
95. Nesselrode to Orlov, 8/20 June 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, l. 160 ob.
96. Pozzo di Borgo to Nesselrode, 19 June/1 July 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 162, l. 206.
97. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1833, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1833, d.3, ll. 28 ob.-29; 46-46 ob.
98. Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, i. 401.
99. Quoted in Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, Kiselev, i. 395-6.
100. LeDonne, Russian Empire and the World, p. 125.
101. M. S. Anderson, 'Russia and the Eastern Question, 1821-41', in Europe's Balance of Power, 1815-48, ed. A. Sked (London, 1979), p. 90.
102. P. W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994), p. 753.
103. Extract from Clanricarde to Palmerston, 28 Aug. 1839, in Correspondence Relative to the Affairs of the Levant (London, 1841), i. 376.
104. H. N. Ingle, Nesselrode and the Russian Rapprochement with Britain, 1836-44 (Berkeley, 1976), p. 115.
105. Schroeder, 'Alliances, 1815-1945', p. 235.
106. Nicholas I to Paskevich, 13/25 July 1840, Shcherbatov, Paskevich, v. 441;
107. N. S. Kiniapina et al., Vostochnyi vopros vo vneshnei politike Rossii: konets XVIII-nachalo XX v. (Moscow, 1978), p. 111.
108. Brunnow to Nesselrode, 5/17july 1840, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1840, d. 99, ll. 267 ob.-268 ob.
109. O. V. Orlik et al., Istoriia vneshnei politiki Rossii: Pervaia polovina XIX veka (Moscow, 1995), pp. 328-30.
110. Quoted in Kiniapina, Vostochnyi vopros, p. 108.
111. V. A. Georgiev, Vneshniaia politika Rossii na blizhnem vostoke v kontse 30 - nachale 40-kh godov XIX v. (Moscow, 1975), pp. 189-90.
112. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1839, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1839, d. 6, l .51.
113. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1838, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1838, d. 5, l. 15 ob.
114. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1840, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1840, d. 9, l. 272; same to same, report for 1841, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1841, d. 10, l. 31.
115. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 16/28 Jan. 1838, Mosely, Russian Diplomacy, pp. 144-5;
116. Ingle, Nesselrode, pp. 98-101.
117. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1841, AVPRI, f. 137, op.475, 1841, d. 10, ll. 30 ob.-3i.
118. See Henning Gritzbach's comments on a similar passage in a later report: 'Der russische Reichskanzler Graf Nesselrode (1780-1862)' (Ph.D. dissertation, Nuremberg, 1974), p. 336.
119. Georgiev, Vneshniaia politika Rossii, pp. 182-3.
120. Anderson, 'Russia and the Eastern Question', p. 91.
121. Nezhinskii, Rossiia i chernomorskie prolivy, p. 130;
122. Vinogradov et al., Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia na Balkanakh, p. 40.
123. Gritzbach, 'Der russische Reichskanzler Graf Nesselrode', p. 341.
124. P. W. Schroeder: Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, 1972), p. 405;
125. 'The Nineteenth-Century International System: Changes in the Structure', World Politics, xxxix (1986), 25, 145;
126. 'The Transformation of Political Thinking, 1787-1848', in Coping with Complexity in the International System, ed. J. Snyder and R. Jervis (Boulder, 1993), pp. 47-70.
127. See M. Rendall, 'Russia, the Concert of Europe, and Greece, 1821-9: A Test of Hypotheses about the Vienna System', Security Studies, ix (Summer 2000), g2.
128. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p. 731.
129. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1840, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1840, d. 9, l. 268 ob.
130. Copy of dispatch to Ribop'er, 15/27 Feb. 1833, RGADA, f. 15, d. 316, 263 ob.-264 ob.;
131. R. Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, 1976), p. 76.
132. Barante to Molé, 25 Oct. 1838, in Amable-Guillaume-Prosper Brugière de Barante, Souvenirs du baron de Barante ... 1782-1866, ed. C. de Barante (Paris, 1890-1901), vi. 143-4.
133. Barante to Dalmatie, 3 Aug. 1839, Souvenirs de Barante, vi. 277-80;
134. A. Hasenclever, Die Orientalische Frage in den Jahren 1838-1841. Ursprung des Meerengenvertrages vom 13. Juli 1841 (Leipzig, 1914), p. 49 n. 101.
135. 'Agenda pour Son Excellence Monsieur le Comte Orloff', 1839, n.d., RGADA, f. 15, d. 319, ll. 110-110 ob.
136. Nesselrode to Murav'ev, 1/13 Nov. 1832, Murav'ev, Russkie na Bosfore, p. 04.
137. E.g., E. V. Gulick, Europe's Classical Balance of Power (New York, 1967, originally published 1955).
138. C. L. Glaser, 'Political Consequences of Military Strategy: Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models', World Politics, xliv (1992), 501 n. 4.
139. W. C. Fuller Jr., Strategy and Power in Russia, 1600-1914 (New York, 1992), pp. 125-39;
140. Istoriia vneshnei politiki Rossii: XVIII vek, ed. G. A. Sanin, A. V. Ignat'ev, and V. N. Ponomarev (Moscow, 1998);
141. B. Nolde, La formation de l'empire russe: études, notes et documents (Paris, 1953), ii;
142. M. Raeff, 'In the Imperial Manner', in Catherine the Great: A Profile, ed. M. Raeff (New York, 1972), pp. 200-1.
143. Nesselrode to Ribop'er, 11/23 Jan. 1827, in A. Freiherr von Prokesch-Osten, Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen vom Türkischen Reiche im Jahre 1821 und der Gründung des Hellenisches Königreiches (Graz, 1970, originally published 1867), v. 19-20.
144. Nesselrode is identified as the sender in V[neshniaia] p[olilika] R[ossii XIX i nachala XX veka: Dokumenty Rossiiskogo Ministerstva inostrannykh del (Moscow, 1960-)], xv. 26.
145. R. E. Jones, 'Opposition to War and Expansion in Late Eighteenth-Century Russia', Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, xxxii (1984), 34-51;
146. H. Ragsdale, 'Evaluating the Traditions of Russian Aggression: Catherine II and the Greek Project', Slavonic and East European Review, lxvi (1988), 91-117
147. and 'Russian Projects of Conquest in die Eighteenth Century', in Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, ed. Ragsdale and V. N. Ponomarev (Washington, DC, 1993), pp. 98-102.
148. The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, ed. J. L. Wieczynski (Gulf Breeze, 1976-), xiii. 130-1.
149. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, 20 Dec. 1827/1 Jan. 1828, VPR, xv.332;
150. 'Zaveshchanie Nikolaia I synu', Krasnyi arkhiv, iii (1923), 293.
151. Glaser, 'Political Consequences of Military Strategy'.
152. Schroeder, 'Containment Nineteenth-Century Style', p. 6.
153. Ragsdale, 'Catherine II and the Greek Project', pp. 112-14.
154. Cf. T. C. W. Blanning, 'Paul W. Schroeder's Concert of Europe', International History Review, xvi (1994), 714.
155. Ragsdale, 'Russian Projects of Conquest', p. 100;
156. A. M. Stanislavskaia, Russko-angliiskie otnosheniia i problemy sredizemnomor'ia (l798-l807) (Moscow, 1962), pp. 190-203, 343-4, 497.
157. E. Ingram, The British Empire as a World Power (London, 2001), p. 104.
158. Gillard, Struggle for Asia, p. 76.
159. Baron F. I. Brunov, 'Aperçu des principales transactions du Cabinet de Russie sous les règnes de Catherine II, Paul I et Alexandre I', Sbornik Imperatorskago russkago istoricheskago obshchestva, xxxi (1880), 197-8, 232.
160. E. Ingram, The Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828-34 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 42-3, 49-50, 53;
161. M. Lamb, 'The Making of a Russophobe: David Urquhart - The Formative Years, 1825-34', International History Review, iii (1981), 330-57.
162. Nesselrode memo, 6/18 Nov. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op. 469, 1833, d. 56, ll. 206-206 ob.
163. Ingram, Great Game, pp. 262, 272, 284, 305, quotation from 284;
164. Nesselrode memo., 6/18 Nov. 1833, AVPRI, f. 133, op.469, 1833, d. 56, ll. 200 ob.-20l.
165. Nesselrode to Nicholas I, report for 1833, AVPRI, f. 137, op. 475, 1833, d. 3, ll. 41 ob.-44 ob.
166. D. M. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1994), pp. 97, 129, 139, 273.
167. A. Kydd, 'Sheep in Sheep's Clothing: Why Security Seekers Do No't Fight Each Other', Security Studies, vii, no. 1 (1997), 114-54;
168. R. L. Schweller, 'Neorealism's Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma?', Security Studies, v, no. 3 (1996), 90-121.