Landscape, memory and the Australian war experience, 1915-18

Journal of Contemporary History

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2001, Pages

  Hoffenberg, Peter H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29244436300     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002200940103600105     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (New York 1990), xi.
2. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York 1975)
3. and Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (New York 1995).
4. Roslynn D, Haynes, Seeking the Centre: The Australian Desert in Literature, Art and Film (New York 1999)
5. and David Lowenthal, 'Australian Images: The Unique Present, The Mythical Past' in Peter Quartermaine (ed.), Readings in Australian Arts, Papers from the 1976 Exeter Symposium (Exeter 1978), 84-93.
6. J.M. Coetzee, White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa (New Haven, CT 1988).
7. George L. Mosse, 'National Cemeteries and National Revival: The Cult of the Fallen Soldiers in Germany', Journal of Contemporary History, 14, 1 (January 1979), 1-20
8. and idem, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York 1991), esp. 70-125.
9. The term 'fantasy' is used here as Jacqueline Rose defines and applies it in States of Fantasy (Oxford 1997). This is the published version of her 1994 Clarendon Lectures in English Literature at Oxford University. For a review, see Edward Said, 'Fantasy's Role in the Making of Nations', Times Literary Supplement, 9 August 1996, 7-8.
10. For information about Bean and his works, see John Barrett, 'No Straw Man: C.E.W. Bean and Some Critics', Australian Historical Studies, 23 (1989), 102-14;
11. Ken S. Inglis, C.E.W. Bean, Australian Historian. The John Murtagh Macrossan Lecture, 1969, Delivered at the University of Queensland, 24 June 1969 (St Lucia 1970);
12. Dudley McCarthy, Gallipoli to the Somme: The Story of C.E.W. Bean (Sydney 1983) and
13. 'Bean, Charles Edwin Woodrow (1879-1968)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7: 1891-1939, A-Ch (Melbourne 1979).
14. Bean described his historical role in C.E.W. Bean, 'The Writing of the Australian Official History of the Great War - Sources, Methods and Some Conclusions', Royal Historical Society Journal and Proceedings, 24 (1939).
15. For background about Masefield's life and writings, see John Masefield, So Long to Learn (New York 1952);
16. Constance Babington Smith, John Masefield: A Life (New York 1978), 132-3
17. and 'Masefield, John Edward (1878-1967)' in E.T. Williams and C.S. Nicholls (eds), The Dictionary of National Biography, 1961-1970 (New York 1981), 737-9.
18. The ANZAC Book: Written and Illustrated in Gallipoli by The Men of Anzac, for the Benefit of Patriotic Funds Connected with the A&NZAC (Melbourne 1916). For a discussion of Bean's relationship to that volume, see D.A. Kent, 'The ANZAC Book and the ANZAC Legend: C.E.W. Bean as Editor and Image-Maker', Historical Studies, 21 (1985), 376-90.
19. C.E.W. Bean, Letters from France (New York 1917), 203-8.
20. Chris Flaherty and Michael Roberts, 'The Reproduction of Anzac Symbolism', Journal of Australian Studies, 24 (1989), 52-69;
21. K.S. Inglis, 'The Anzac Tradition', Meanjin, 24 (1965), 25-44;
22. Bruce Kapferer, Legends of People/Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia (Washington, DC 1988), esp. 119-82;
23. Philip Kitley, 'Anzac Day Ritual', Journal of Australian Studies, 4 (1979), 58-69;
24. Geoffrey Serle, 'The Digger Tradition and Australian Nationalism', Meanjin, 24 (1965), 149-58
25. and Alistair Thomson, 'The Anzac Legend: Exploring National Myth and Memory in Australia' in Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson (eds), The Myths We Live By (New York 1990), 73-82.
26. For recent revisionist critiques of the ANZAC tradition and myth, see Jane Ross, The Myth of the Digger: The Australian Soldier in Two World Wars (Sydney 1985);
27. Alistair Thomson, 'Passing Shots at the Anzac Legend' in Verity Burgmann and Jenny Lee (eds), A Most Valuable Acquisition. A People's History of Australia Since 1788, Volume I (New York 1988), 190-204
28. and Thomson, ANZAC Memories: Living with the Legend (New York 1994).
29. Bill Gammage, 'Australians and the Great War', Journal of Australian Studies, 6 (1980), 26-7.
30. Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton, 'Introduction' in Darian-Smith and Hamilton (eds) Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Australia (New York 1994), 5.
31. For discussion of collective memory as an active social and political influence, see Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (New York 1999);
32. Noa Gedi and Yigal Elam, 'Collective Memory - What is it?', History and Memory, 8 (1996), 30-50;
33. James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Cambridge, MA 1992);
34. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, edited and translated by Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, IL 1992)
35. and Pierre Nora, 'Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire', trans. Marc Roudebush, Representations, 26 (Spring 1989), 7-25.
36. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 104.
37. Denis Winter (ed.), Making the Legend: The War Writings of C.E.W. Bean (St Lucia 1992), 186-7.
38. Smith, John Masefield: A Life, op. cit., 132-3.
39. Diary of Eric Wallace Moorhead, late 557 5th Battalion Australian Imperial Force, August 17, 1914 to October 2, 1917, Royal Historical Society of Victoria, Melbourne, Box 47/9, 14.
40. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 14.
41. Illustrated Sydney News, 26 November 1853, 59.
42. Paul Carter, 'Plotting: Australia's Explorer Narratives as "Spatial History"', Yale Journal of Criticism, 3 (1990), 91-107
43. and Carter, 'Invisible Journeys: Exploration and Photography in Australia, 1839-1899' in Paul Foss (ed.), Island in the Stream: Myths of Place in Australian Culture (Leichhardt, NSW 1988), 47-60.
44. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 77-88.
45. Archibald Michie, Readings in Melbourne; With an Essay on the Resources and Prospects of Victoria, for the Emigrant and Uneasy Classes (London 1879), 25.
46. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 68-9.
47. 'Destruction of Historic Monuments During the War', Journal of Proceedings, Royal Victorian Institute of Architects, 13 (1915), 135-43.
48. Many of Masefield's letters from the Western Front describe similar scenes of devastation, particularly 'civilized' locales, such as farms and villages, turned to rubble by what he considered 'modern war'. See Peter Vansittart (ed.), John Masefield's Letters from the Front, 1915-1917 (New York 1985).
49. Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Boston 1987).
50. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 113.
51. Major John Graham Gillam, Gallipoli Diary (London 1918), 41.
52. Masefield, Gallipoli, op. cit., 25-6.
53. Bill Gammage, 'Anzac' in John Carroll (ed.), Intruders in the Bush: The Quest for Identity (New York 1982), 54
54. and Gammage, 'The Crucible', The Bulletin, 26 January 1988, 274-88.
55. Alistair Thomson, 'Embattled Manhood: Gender, Memory and the Anzac Legend' in Darian-Smith and Hamilton (eds), Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Australia, op. cit., 158-73.
56. Public debates about whom to include in Australian war commemorations are discussed in Ken Inglis, 'Men, Women and War Memorials: Anzac Australia', Daedalus, 116 (1987), 35-9;
57. idem, 'Australia Remembers', Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Carlton South 1998), 412-83
58. and Sylvia Lawson, 'From Flanders Field', Australian Society (June 1989), 50-1. Much of the public discussion concerned the exclusion of women and Aboriginal Australians. For example, how should Australians honour the contributions of female nurses and male Aboriginal soldiers?
59. Masefield, Gallipoli, op. cit., 41-2.
60. Diary of Eric Wallace Moorbead, op. cit., 2.
61. Cited in The Story of Gallipoli: The Film about the Men who Made a Legend (New York 1981), 27-8.
62. Masefield, Gallipoli, op. cit., 59-60.
63. 'April 25, 1915' in Kevin Fewster (ed.), Gallipoli Correspondent: The Front Line Diary of C.E.W. Bean (Boston 1983), 67.
64. Masefield, Gallipoli, op. cit., 106-7.
65. Diary of Eric Wallace Moorhead, op. cit., 4.
66. Warfare between Australian Aboriginal peoples and European settlers is discussed in 'Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion' in Peter Dennis et al. (eds), The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (New York 1995);
67. Richard Broome, 'The Struggle for Australia: Aboriginal-European Warfare' in Michael McKenra and Margaret Browne (eds), Australia: Two Centuries of War and Peace (St Leonard's 1988), 92-120
68. and Henry Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia (New York 1982).
69. The Maori-Settler (pakeha) wars in New Zealand are analysed in James Belich, The Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict: The Maori, the British, and the New Zealand Wars (Buffalo 1989).
70. Tom Griffiths, 'Past Silences: Aborigines and Convicts in Our History-Making', Australian Cultural History, 6 (1987), 18-32.
71. Masefield, Gallipoli, op. cit., 72.
72. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay, op. cit., xxiv.
73. Bean, Letters from France, op. cit., 231.
74. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York 1991)
75. and Kapferer, Legends of People/Myths of State, op. cit., passim.
76. David W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939 (New York 1998).
77. W.M. Hughes, 'Australia Wins Her Nationhood' in The Book of the ANZAC Memorial (Sydney 1934), 81.
78. C.E.W. Bean, Gallipoli Mission (Canberra, ACT 1948). The trip to Gallipoli began in March 1919.
79. Colonel the Hon. R.A. Crouch, 'Gallipoli Revisited', Royal Historical Society of Victoria Archives, Box 47/6, dated 1924. 10 pp. mss.
80. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism, op. cit., esp. 15-23 and 95-6.
81. J.W. McKenzie, 'For the Flag', pamphlet published for ANZAC Day, 1918, Victorian Branch, RSL, Special Collections Department, University of California, Los Angeles.
82. The Story of the Anzacs: An Historical Account of the Part Taken by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War: From the Outbreak in August, 1914 until the Evacuation of Gallipoli, in December, 1915 (Melbourne 1917), 152.
83. For example, see The Selected Design: The National War Memorial for South Australia, a brochure compiled by architects in Adelaide in 1927 and The Book of the Anzac Memorial, New South Wales (Sydney 1934).
84. For example, Canberra included 'Anzac park - central axis of city', The Architectural Record (Australia), 74 (July 1933), 55.
85. 'Canberra National Memorials Commitee. Report in Regard to The Naming of Canberra's Streets and Suburbs', The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Parliamentary Papers, General, 1926-1928, vol. 2, 5-7.
86. Nora, 'Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire', op. cit., 19.
87. By Authority of the Commissioners. Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition, 1875. Preparatory to the Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876. Opened 2nd September, 1875. Official Catalogue of Exhibits (Melbourne 1875), 164.
88. K.S. Inglis argues that the Great War created the Australian military tradition. See 'ANZAC and the Australian Military Tradition', Current Affairs Bulletin, April 1988, 4-15.
89. Hynes, A War Imagined, op. cit., xi-xii.
90. Meaghan Morris, 'Metamorphoses at Sydney Tower', New Eormations, 11 (1990), 5-18.
91. Wartime statistics are helpfully summarized and compared by Jeffrey Grey in A Military History of Australia (New York 1999), esp. 115-17.
92. 'POP 17-25 Population, Colonies and States, 1828-1981' in Wray Vamplew (ed.), Australians: Historical Statistics (New South Wales 1988), 26.
93. K.S. Inglis and Jock Phillips, 'War Memorials in Australia and New Zealand: A Comparative Survey' in John Rickard and Peter Spearritt (eds), Packaging the Past? Public Histories (Melbourne 1991), 179-91.
94. Mary Wilson, 'The Making of Melbourne's Anzac Day', Australian Journal of Politics and History, 20 (1974), 197-209
95. and Richard Ely, 'The First Anzac Day: Invented or Discovered?', Journal of Australian Studies, 17 (November 1985), 41-58.
96. Cited in Claude Levi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, trans. John and Dorren Weightman (New York 1974), 44.