Change in the school maps of the late Ottoman Empire

Imago Mundi

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 23-34

  Fortna, Benjamin G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Heinrich Kiepert; H seyin Cahid Yal in; Ottoman Empire; evket S reyya Aydemir; School maps; Sultan Abd lhamid

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; OTTOMAN EMPIRE; TERRITORIAL DELIMITATION;

EID: 29244431701     PISSN: 03085694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0308569042000289815     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. Joseph Szyliowicz, 'The Ottoman educational legacy: myth or reality', in Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint an the Balkans and the Middle East, ed. L. Carl Brown (New York, Columbia University Press, 1996), 293.
2. Benjamin C. Fortna, Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002).
3. Stephen Duguid, 'The politics of unity: Hamidian policy in eastern Anatolia', Middle Eastern Studies 9 (1973): 139-40;
4. Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London, I. B. Tauris, 1998), 47.
5. There was, of course, a long-standing internal impulse to reform the empire that dated right back to the 'golden age' of the sixteenth century. For accounts of internal reform in the nineteenth century, see, for example, Butrus Abu Manneh, 'The Islamic roots of Gülhane', Die Welt des Islams 34 (1994): 173-203,
6. and David Dean Commins, Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990).
7. Engin Deniz Akarli, 'Abdülhamid II's attempt to integrate Arabs into the Ottoman system', in Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, ed. David Kushner (Jerusalem, Yad Izhak Ben Zvi, 1986), 74.
8. Başbakanlik Osmanli Arşivi (Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, Istanbul, hereafter BOA), Yildiz Mütennevi (Y Mtv.) 185/8. 3 Şaban 1316 (17 Dec. 1898); Y Mtv. 189/ 108. 15 Zilhlcce 1316 (26 Apr. 1899);
9. and Mahir Aydm, Şarkî Rumeli Vilâyetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yaymlan 14/ 12 (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu, 1992), 218.
10. The following discussion draws on Ahmet T. Karamuslafa's contributions to The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
11. Ahmet T. Karamuslafa, 'Introduction to Islamic maps', in Harley and Woodward, The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two (see note 7), 5.
12. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire in the Classical Age, 1300-1600 (New Rochelle, NY, Caratzas, 1989), 180.
13. Ahmet T. Karamustafa, 'Introduction to Ottoman cartography', in Harley and Woodward, The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two (see note 7), 206.
14. This map is dated 1317 AH, i.e., 1899-1900 CE (British Library, Maps 43305.(59)). That the new Ottoman map was modelled on one by Kiepert was a normal occurrence; many of the maps and atlases produced in the empire during this period were 'translations' of western European originals, though not all indicated their source.
15. BOA, Sadâret Resmî Mâruzât Evrâki (YA Res.) 120/ 53. 27 Muharrem 1321 (April 25, 1903).
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. BOA, Bab-i Âli Bvrak Odasi (BEO), 178072.
19. Ibrahim Hilmî, Memâlik-i Osmaniye Cep Atlasi [Pocket Atlas of the Ottoman Empire] (Istanbul, Ibrahim Hilmî, 1323 [1907]).
20. Stanwood Cobb, The Real Turk (Boston, The Pilgrim Press, 1914), 136.
21. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, Verso, 1991), 175. Anderson acknowledges the influence of the dissertation written by Thongchai Winichakul, whose research, since published (see note 19 below), builds on Anderson's notion of the imagined community but ultimately insists on the power of geography to shape the concept of the nation. Several parallels between Thailand and the Ottoman Empire in this period (indirect foreign control over some aspects of Thai and Ottoman affairs, selective official importation of Western culture, the long reign of a powerful king in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the displacement of an older geography by the new), make for suggestive comparison. There were, however, important differences, chief among these was the fact that the Ottoman, ruler combined both religious and political authority.
22. Thongchai Winichakul, Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1994), x.
23. Hüseyin Cahid Yalçin, 'Meşrutiyet Hatiralan, 1908-1918', Fikir Hareketleri 82 (1935): 54.
24. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Suyu Arayan Adam [The Man in Search of Water] (Ankara: Öz Yaymlan, 1959), 45.
25. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Suyu Arayan Adam [The Man in Search of Water] (Ankara: Öz Yaymlan, 1959), Ibid., 46.
26. Robert David Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986), 27.
27. Étienne Copeaux, Une vision turque du monde à travers les cartes de 1.931 à nos jours (Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2000).