En-gendering un peacekeeping operations

International Journal

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 785-806

  Hudson, Natalie Florea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144510044     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40204063     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History (New York: Free Press, 1992).
2. John Mueller, Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1989).
3. Louise Olsson and Torunn Tryggestad, eds., Women and International Peacekeeping (London: Frank Cass Publishing, 2001).
4. Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, "International peacekeeping: A theoretical and quantitative analysis," American Political Science Review 94 (2000): 779-801.
5. See also Judith Hicks Stiehm, "Peacekeeping: A new role for women seeking peace," in Ingeborg Breines, Dorota Gierycz, and Betty Reardon, eds., Towards a Women's Agenda for a Culture of Peace (Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1999).
6. See, among others, Dorota Geirycz, "Women, peace, and the United Nations: Beyond Beijing," in Inger Skjelsbaek and Dan Smith, eds., Gender, Peace, and Conflict (London: SAGE, 2001).
7. Kofi A. Annan, "Women, peace, and security," United Nations, 2002, ix;
8. Beijing platform for action 1995, www.un.org.
9. Beijing Platform for Action, Ibid., E131-34.
10. Sara Poehlman-Doumbouya and Felicity Hill, "Women and peace in the United Nations," New Routes: A Journal of Peace Research and Action 6 (2001).
11. Annan, "Women, peace, and security." For the full text of the review see www.reliefweb.int.
12. For more on this critical juncture see Poehlman-Doumbouya and Hill, "Women and peace," and Tatjana Sikoska and Juliet Solomon, Introducing Gender in Conflict and Conflict Prevention (New York: INSTRAW Publishing, 2002).
13. Victor Kremenyuk, International Negotiation (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991), 25.
14. William I. Zartman and J. Lewis Rasmussen, eds., Peacemaking in International Conflict (Washington, DC: USIP Press, 1997), 11.
15. See also Jack Levy, "Contending theories of international conflict," in Chester A. Crocker and Fen Olser Hampson,eds., Managing Global Chaos (Washington, DC: USIP Press, 1996).
16. See Margaret Karns and Karen Mingst, International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004) for comprehensive overviews of these activities and the UN more broadly.
17. Judith Hicks Stiehm, "Women, peacekeeping, and peacemaking: Gender balance and mainstreaming," in Olsson and Tryggestad, Women in International Peacekeeping, 40.
18. The first major statement concerning human security appeared in the 1994 "Human development report," hdr.undp.org.
19. Annan, "Women, peace, and security," 75.
20. The concept of gender refers to a system of roles and relationships between women and men that are determined not by biology but by social, political, and economic context, and thus is based on socially learned behaviour and expectations that distinguish masculinity and femininity.
21. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982);
22. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, 1987);
23. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000);
24. J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
25. Deborah Kolb and Gloria Coolidge, "Her Place at the Table: A consideration of gender issues in negotiation," in J. William Breslin and Jeffrey Rubin, eds., Negotiation: Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Harvard Press, 1995).
26. Elisabeth Rehn and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, "Women, war and peace: The independent experts' assessment on the impact of armed conflict on women and women's role in peace-building," New York, UN Development Fund, 2002, 2.
27. Sanam Naraghi Anderlini, "Women at the peace table," New York, UN Development Fund for Women, 2000, 3.
28. Gerard DeGroot, "A few good women: Gender stereotypes, the military, and peacekeeping," in Olsson and Tryggestad, Women in International Peacekeeping, 35.
29. Olsson also found that many host societies consider women peacekeepers to be "successful negotiators and innovators."
30. See Olsson, "Mainstreaming gender in multidimensional peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping? (2000): 8.
31. Donna Ramsey Marshall, Women in War and Peace: Grassroots Peacebuilding (Washington, DC: USIP Press, 2000), 10.
32. Mary Andersen, "Focusing on women: UNIFEM's experience in mainstreaming," UNIFEM, 1993,10.
33. Ruth Pearson and Cecile Jackson, "Interrogating development: feminism, gender, and policy," Cecile Jackson and Ruth Pearson, eds., Feminist Visions of Development (London: Routledge, 1998), 4.
34. Rounaq Jahan, The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development (London: Zed Books, 1995), 13.
35. See also Jane L. Parpart, Patricia M. Connelly, and V. Eudine Barriteau, eds., Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000), 51-160.
36. Sally Baden and Anne Marie Geotz, "Who Needs [Sex] When You Can Have [Gender]?" in Jackson and Pearson, Feminist Visions of Development, 20.
37. For more on the concept of gender mainstreaming see Jacqui True and Michael Mintrom, "Transnational networks and policy diffusion: The case of gender mainstreaming," International Studies Quarterly 45 (2001): 27-57.
38. Olsson and Tryggestad, Women and International Peacekeeping, 1.
39. These categories were drawn primarily from Judith Hicks Stiehm and the UN DPKO. The four strategies are by no means mutually exclusive, and are often Intrinsically interconnected.
40. The seven peacekeeping operations not a part of this analysis include UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNFICYP, UNDOF, UNIFIL, MINURSO, and UNOMIG. These data are current as of 2004. For dates and acronym information on all current peacekeeping missions, see www.un.org.
41. See www.un.org for more information about these and other missions.
42. Data sources also include reports by the working group on women, peace, and security, a coalition of six distinct and influential NGOs, reports from ECOSOC, and UN and other press releases. All of the data collected was cross-checked in at least two, but usually three, sources with at least one source not directly produced by the United Nations Itself. Given journal length limitations, sources for each data point could not be listed. Please contact the author for each data point's list of sources.
43. See Table 1 for a rudimentary illustration of the following case studies. All findings are current as of December 2004. My findings focus on the positive procedural changes. Given space limitations, I cannot highlight the serious setbacks occurring in all missions, both those related to gender mainstreaming and otherwise. While such setbacks must be addressed, as many scholars have noted, I maintain that such problems, while significant, do not negate the procedural changes that are occurring. For more on the setbacks, see Dyan Mazurana, "International peacekeeping operations: To neglect gender is to risk peacekeeping failure," in Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov, eds., The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities, and International Peacekeeping (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2002).
44. Annan, "Women, peace, and security," 81-2
45. Hilary Charlesworth and Mary Wood have reported that the gender affairs unit in East Timor has been far from perfect on a variety of levels. See "Mainstreaming gender in international peace and security: The case of East Timor," Yale Journal of International Law 26 (2001).
46. The lack of financial commitment from the mission continues to be a problem for the gender unit.
47. Annan, "Women, peace, and security," 86.
48. J. Lewis Rasmussen, "Peacemaking in the twenty-first century," in Zartman and Rasmussen, Peacemaking in International Conflict, 45.
49. Angela E.V. King, "Foreword," in Skjelsbaek and Smith, Gender, Peace, and Conflict.
50. Sandra Whitworth, Men, Militarism and UN Peacekeeping (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004), 139. Whitworth concludes that the apparent inconsistencies of UN peacekeeping are actually entirely consistent with the underlying assumptions of the UN and peacekeeping.