Attitudes and perceptions of workers to sexual harassment

Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 145, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 719-740

  McCabe, Marita P ^a   Hardman, Lisa ^a  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Attitudes; Experiences; Organizational factors; Perception; Sexual harassment

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144503177     PISSN: 00224545     EISSN: 19401183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/SOCP.145.6.719-740     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Antecol, H., & Cobb-Clark, D. (2003). Does sexual harassment training change attitudes? A view from the federal level. Social Science Quarterly, 84, 826-842.
2. Antill, J. K., Cunningham, G. R., & Thompson, N. L. (1981). An Australian sex role scale. Australian Journal of Psychology, 33, 169-183.
3. Baker, D. D., Terpstra, D. E., & Larntz, K. (1990). The influence of individual characteristics and severity of harassing behavior on reactions to sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 22, 305-325.
4. Baugh, S. G., & Page, D. (1998). A field investigation of gender-based differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 451-464.
5. Blumenthal, J. A. (1998). The reasonable woman standard: A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 33-57.
6. Burgess, D., & Borgida, E. (1997). Sexual harassment: An experimental test of sex-role spillover theory. Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 63-75.
7. Charney, D. A., & Russell, R. C. (1994). An overview of sexual harassment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 10-17.
8. DeJudicibus, M., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Blaming the target of sexual harassment: Impact of gender role, gender role stereotyping and work role. Sex Roles, 44, 401-417.
9. Dellinger, K., & Williams, C. L. (2002). The locker room and the dorm room: Workplace norms and the boundaries of sexual harassment in magazine editing. Social Problems, 49, 242-257.
10. Ellis, S., Barak, A., & Pinto, A. (1991). Moderating effects of personal cognitions on experienced and perceived sexual harassment of women at the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1320-1337.
11. Fain, T. C., & Anderton, D. L. (1987). Sexual harassment: Organizational context and diffuse status. Sex Roles, 16, 291-311.
12. Fitzgerald, L. F. (1993). Sexual Harassment: Violence against women in the workplace. American Psychologist, 48, 1070-1076.
13. Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 578-589.
14. Ford, C. A., & Donis, F. J. (1996). The relationship between age and gender in workers’ attitudes toward sexual harassment. The Journal of Psychology, 130, 627-633.
15. Foulis, D., & McCabe, M. P. (1997). Sexual harassment: Factors affecting attitudes and perceptions. Sex Roles, 37, 773-798.
16. Gowan, M. A., & Zimmerman, R. A. (1996). Impact of ethnicity, gender, and previous experience on juror judgments in sexual harassment cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 596-617.
17. Gruber, J. E. (1990). Methodological problems and policy implications in sexual harassment research. Population Research and Policy Review, 9, 235-254.
18. Gruber, J. E., & Bjorn, L. (1982). Blue collar blues: The sexual harassment of women autoworkers. Work and Occupations, 9, 271-298.
19. Gruber, J. E., & Smith, M. (1995). Women’s responses to sexual harassment: A multivariate analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 543-562.
20. Gutek, B. A., & Cohen, A. G. (1987). Sex ratios, sex role spillover, and sex at work: A comparison of men’s and women’s experiences. Human Relations, 40, 97-115.
21. Gutek, B. A., & Morasch, B. (1982). Sex-ratios, sex-role spillover, and sexual harassment of women at work. Journal of Social Issues, 38, 55-74.
22. Gutek, B. A., Morasch, B., & Cohen, A. G. (1983). Interpreting social-sexual behavior in a work setting. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 30-48.
23. Gutek, B. A., & O’Connor, M. (1995). The empirical basis for the reasonable women standard. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 151-166.
24. Hendrix, W. H., Rueb, J. D., & Steel, R. P. (1998). Sexual harassment and gender differences. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 235-252.
25. Hulin, C. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (1996). Organizational influences on sexual harassment. In M. Stockdale (Ed.), Sexual harassment in the workplace (Vol. 5, pp. 127-150). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Hurt, L. E., Wiener, R. L., Russell, B. L., & Mannen, R. K. (1999). Gender difference in evaluating social-sexual conduct in the workplace. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 17, 413-433.
27. Icenogle, M. L., Eagle, B. W., Ahmad, S., & Hanks, L. A. (2002). Assessing perceptions of sexual harassment behaviors in a manufacturing environment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16, 601-616.
28. Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. (2003). Reporting incidence rates of work-related sexual harassment in the United States: Using meta-analysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel Psychology, 56, 607-631.
29. Jones, T. S., & Remland, M. S. (1992). Sources of variability in perceptions of and responses to sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 27, 121-141.
30. Katz, R. C., Hannon, R., & Whitten, L. (1996). Effects of gender and situation on the perception of sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 34, 35-42.
31. Kenig, S., & Ryan, J. (1986). Sex differences in levels of tolerance and attribution of blame for sexual harassment on a university campus. Sex Roles, 15, 535-549.
32. Konrad, A. M., & Gutek, B. A. (1986). Impact of work experiences on attitudes toward sexual harassment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 422-438.
33. Kremer, J. M. D., & Marks, J. (1992). Sexual harassment: The response of management and trade unions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 5-15.
34. Lach, D. H., & Gwartney-Gibbs, P. A. (1993). Sociological perspectives on sexual harassment and workplace dispute resolution. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 102-115.
35. Lafontaine, E., & Tredeau, L. (1986). The frequency, sources and correlates of sexual harassment among women in traditional male occupations. Sex Roles, 15, 433-442.
36. Loy, P., & Stewart, L. P. (1984). The extent and effects of the sexual harassment of working women. Sociological Focus, 17, 31-43.
37. Magley, V. J., Hulin, C. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & DeNardo, M. (1999). Outcomes of selflabeling sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 390-402.
38. Marsh, H. W. (1987). Masculinity, femininity and androgyny: Their relations with multiple dimensions of self-concept. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 91-118.
39. Martindale, M. (1990). Sexual harassment in the military: 1988. Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.
40. Mazer, D. B., & Percival, E. F. (1989). Ideology or experience? The relationships among perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of sexual harassment in university students. Sex Roles, 20, 135-147.
41. Menon, S. A., & Kanekar, S. (1992). Attitudes toward sexual harassment of women in India. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1940-1952.
42. O’Connor, M., Gutek, B. A., Stockdale, M., Geer, T. M., & Melancon, R. (2004). Explaining sexual harassment judgments: Looking beyond gender of the rater. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 69-95.
43. O’Donohue, W., Downs, K., & Yeater, E. A. (1998). Sexual harassment: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 111-128.
44. O’Hare, E. A., & O’Donohue, W. (1998). Sexual harassment: Identifying risk factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 561-580.
45. Powell, G. N. (1983). Definitions of sexual harassment and sexual attention experienced. The Journal of Psychology, 113, 113-117.
46. Powell, G. N. (1986). Effects of sex role identity and sex on definitions of sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 14, 9-14.
47. Pryor, J. B., LaVite, C. M., & Stoller, L. M. (1993). A social psychological analysis of sexual harassment: The person/situation interaction. Journal ofVocational Behavior, 42, 68-83.
48. Ragins, B. R., & Scandura, T. A. (1995). Antecedents and work-related correlates of reported sexual harassment: An empirical investigation of competing hypotheses. Sex Roles, 32, 429-455.
49. Reese, L. A., & Lindenberg, K. E. (2002). Assessing local government sexual harassment policies. American Review of Public Administration, 32, 295-311.
50. Reilly, M. E., Lott, B., & Gallogly, S. M. (1986). Sexual harassment of university students. Sex Roles, 15, 333-358.
51. Riger, S. (1991). Gender dilemmas in sexual harassment policies and procedures. American Psychologist, 46, 497-505.
52. Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D.-H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 914-922.
53. Russell, B. L., & Trigg, K. Y. (2004) Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50, 565-573.
54. Saperstein, A., Triolo, B., & Heinzen, T. E. (1995). Ideology or experience: A study of sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 32, 835-842.
55. Sheffey, S., & Tindale, R. S. (1992). Perceptions of sexual harassment in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1502-1520.
56. Smirles, K. E. (2004). Attributions of responsibility in cases of sexual harassment: The person and the situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 342-365.
57. Tangri, S. S., Burt, M. R., & Johnson, L. B. (1982). Sexual harassment at work: Three explanatory models. Journal of Social Issues, 38, 33-54.
58. Tata, J. (1993). The structure and phenomenon of sexual harassment: Impact of category of sexually harassing behavior, gender and hierarchical level. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 199-211.
59. United States Merit Systems Protection Board (1981). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace: Is it a problem? Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60. Wayne, J. H., Riordan, C. M., & Thomas, K. M. (2001). Is all sexual harassment viewed the same? Mock juror decisions in same-and cross-gender cases. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 179-187.
61. Williams, C. L., Giuffre, P. A., & Dellinger, K. (1999). Sexuality in the workplace: Organizational control, sexual harassment, and the pursuit of pleasure. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 73-93.
62. Williams, C. W., Brown, R. S., Lees-Hayley, P. R., & Price, J. R. (1995). An attributional (causal dimensional) analysis of perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1169-1183.