The time of slavery

South Atlantic Quarterly

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 757-777

  Hartman, Saidiya ^a  

^a NONE

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Indexed keywords

EID: 29144498128     PISSN: 00382876     EISSN: 15278026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00382876-101-4-757     Document Type: Review

References (20)

1. At a meeting held in Accra, Ghana, in April 1995, the World Tourist Organization and UNESCO drafted a declaration to "foster economic and human development and to rehabilitate, restore, and promote the tangible and intangible inheritance handed down by the slave trade for purposes of cultural tourism, thereby throwing into relief the common nature of the slave trade in terms of Africa, Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean." UNESCO, The WTO-UNESCO Cultural Tourism Programme, The Accra Declaration (Paris: UNESCO, 1995)
2. Walter Benn Michaels, "Slavery and the New Historicism," in The Americanization of the Holocaust, ed. Hilene Flanzbaum (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 188
3. Sigmund Freud, "Mourning and Melancholia," in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. 14 (London: Hogarth Press, 1995)
4. Nicholas Abraham and Maria Torok, "Mourning or Melancholia: Introjection versus Incorporation," in The Shell and the Kernel, ed. and trans. Nicholas Rand (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)
5. I borrow this term from Eddy L. Harris, Native Stranger: A Black American's Journey into the Heart of Africa (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992)
6. St. Clair Drake, "Diaspora Studies and Pan-Africanism," in Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, ed. Joseph E. Harris (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982)
7. Homi Bhabha describes the dimensions of the disjunctive present as the staging of a past "whose iterative value as a sign reinscribes the 'lessons of the past' into the very textuality of the present," the reiteration and restaging of these encounters, and the role of trauma in engendering diasporic identity. He notes that for minorities, migrants, and other emergent political identities the "passage through modernity produces that form of repetition - the past as projective. The time-lag of postcolonial modernity moves forward, erasing the compliant past tethered to the myth of progress, ordered in binarisms of its cultural logic: past/present, inside/outside. This forward is neither teleological nor is it an endless slippage. It is the function of the lag to slow down the linear, progressive time of modernity to reveal its 'gesture', its tempi, 'the pauses and stresses of the whole performance'... This slowing down, or lagging, impels the 'past,' projects it, gives its 'dead' symbols the circulatory life of the 'sign' of the present, of passage, the quickening of the quotidian." See Homi Bhabha, "'Race,'Time, and the Revision of Modernity," in The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), 247, 253-54
8. David Scott, "That Event, This Memory: Notes on the Anthropology of African Diasporas in the New World," Diaspora 1 (1991): 261-84
9. This term is borrowed from Nathaniel Mackey's Bedouin Hornbook (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986). Fred Moten's Event Music (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, forthcoming) brought it to my attention
10. Eduoard Glissant, Caribbean Discourse, trans. Michael Dash (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989), 14-18
11. Gerald Early, "The American Mysticism of Remembrance," in The Culture of Bruising: Essays on Prizefighting, Literature, and Modern American Culture (Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1994), 127
12. Scott, "That Event, This Memory," 277
13. Sigmund Freud, "The Uncanny," in Standard Edition, 17:217, 252
14. Jean Laplanche and J. B. Pontalis, "Primal Phantasies," in The Language of Psycho-analysis, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Norton, 1973), 332
15. Eric Santner, "History beyond the Pleasure Principle: Some Thoughts on the Representation of Trauma," in Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the Final Solution, ed. Saul Friedlander (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 144
16. Hortense Spillers, "Moanin", Bitchin', and Melancholia" (paper delivered at the MLA, December 1996)
17. Estimates regarding the number of Africans transported to the Americas and lost to raids, war, land and sea journeys, and so on ranges between 15 and 210 million. The summary report of the UNESCO conference on the African Slave Trade held in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in 1978 states, "Despite serious efforts in recent years to reach a comprehensive conclusion, differences in the assessment of the global extent of the slave trade remain acute... Africa's losses during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade must be put at some 210 million human beings. According to others the overall total of slaves transported between the tenth and the nineteenth centuries should be put between 15 and 30 million persons" (The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century [Paris: UNESCO, 1979), 212-13
18. Steven Knapp, "Collective Memory and the Actual Past," Representations, no. 26 (Spring 1989): 137
19. Dominick LaCapra, Representing the Holocaust (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 199
20. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1981), 18