Peace, order, and good government: The "conservative" tradition in Canadian foreign policy

International Journal

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 635-650

  Chapnick, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144490707     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002070200506000303     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Pierre S. Pettigrew, The New Politics of Confidence, Phyllis Aronoff and Howard Scott trans. (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1999), 81;
2. "Playing to Our strength: Diversity and Canadian foreign policy," speech at the 2004 Scotiabank-AUCC awards for excellence in education, Gatineau, PQ, 27 October 2004; www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca.
3. Howard Aster and Thomas S. Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism: Perspectives, Policies, Prospects (Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press, 2003).
4. Micha el Marzolini, "Polling alone," in Aster and Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism, 102.
5. Peter van Ham, "The rise of the brand state: The postmodern politics of image and reputation," Foreign Affairs 80 (September-October 2001): 2,3.
6. Erika Simpson, "The principles of liberal internationalism according to Lester Pearson," Journal of Canadian Studies 34 (spring 1999): 86.
7. Lester B. Pearson, "Some principles on Canadian foreign policy," in Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 68.
8. Howard Aster, "Introduction," in Aster and Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism.
9. Roger Gibbins and Loleen Youngman, Mindscapes: Political Ideologies Towards the 21st Century (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1996), 18.
10. See also John Roberts, "Liberalism: The return of the perennial philosophy," in Aster and Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism, 13.
11. Gibbins and Youngman, Mindscapes, 29.
12. Gibbins and Youngman,Mindscapes Ibid., 57-59.
13. David B. Dewitt and John J. Kirton, Canada as a Principal Power (Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1983), 22, 27. Italics added.
14. Denis Stairs, "Of medium powers and middling roles," in Ken Booth, ed., Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 278.
15. Stairs, "Challenges and opportunities for Canadian foreign policy in the Paul Martin era," International Journal 58 (autumn 2003): 501.
16. Andrew Cohen, While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2003), 124.
17. Norman Hillmer, "The foreign policy that never was, 1900-1950," in Serge Bernier and John MacFarlane, eds., Canada, 1900-1950; Un pays prend sa place, A Country Comes of Age (Ottawa: Organization for the History of Canada, 2003), 146.
18. Special joint committee of the senate and of the house of commons on Canada's international relations, "Independence and internationalism," 27 May 1986, 18, 139.
19. Denis Stairs, "The political culture of Canadian foreign policy," Canadian Journal of Political Science 15, (December 1982): 672.
20. See also Adam Chapnick, "Principle for profit: The functional principle and the development of Canadian foreign policy, 1943-1947," Journal of Canadian Studies 37 (summer 2002): 68.
21. John English, "'A fine romance': Canada and the United Nations, 1943-1957," in Greg Donaghy, ed., Canada and the Early Cold War, 1943-1957 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1998), 84.
22. Ernie Keenes, "The myth of multilateralism: Exception, exemption, and bilateralism in Canadian international economic relations," International Journal 50, (autumn 1995): 755-78. Moving beyond the Pearson era, one might note Pierre Trudeau's tempered approach to apartheid in South Africa.
23. Andrew F. Cooper, Canadian Foreign Policy: Old Habits and New Directions (Toronto: Prentice Hall, 1997), 36, 80, 101.
24. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965).
25. Gad Horowitz, Canadian Labour in Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), 19, 46.
26. Frank Underbill, "Some reflections on the liberal tradition in Canada" in In Search of Canadian Liberalism (Toronto: Macmillan, 1960), 12.
27. David V.J. Bell, "Political culture in Canada," in Michael S. Whittington and Glen Williams, eds., Canadian Politics in the 1990s (Toronto: Nelson, 1995), 116.
28. Seymour Martin Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 2.
29. Stairs, "The political culture of Canadian foreign policy," 685.
30. Denis Stairs, "Liberalism, Methodism and statecraft: The secular Life of a Canadian practitioner," International Journal 49 (summer 1994): 674.
31. Thomas Hockin, "The foreign policy review and decision making in Canada," in Lewis Hertzman, John W. Warnick, and Thomas A. Hockin, eds., Alliances and Illusions: Canada and the NATO-NORAD Question (Edmonton: M.G. Hurtig Publishers, 1969), 98-9.
32. Mackenzie King, 4 August 1944, Debates, 5th session, 19th parliament, 27 July 1944-31 January 1945, vol. CCXLIV, 5909.
33. John English, "In the Liberal tradition: Lloyd Axworthy and Canadian foreign policy," in Fen Osier Hampson, Norman Hillmer, and Maureen Appel Molot, eds., Canada Among Nations 2001: The Axworthy Legacy (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001), 92, 103.
34. Maurice A. Pope, Soldiers and Politicians: The Memoirs of Lt.-Gen. Maurice A. Pope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962), 273.
35. Hillmer, "Canada, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the boundaries of alignment," in Ann-Sofie Dahl and Norman Hillmer, eds., Activism and (Non)Alignment: The Relationship Between Foreign Policy and Security (Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2002), 60.
36. Brian Douglas Tennyson, Canadian Relations with South Africa: A Diplomatic History (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982), 170-71.
37. English, The Worldly Years: The Life of Lester Pearson, vol. 2, 1949-1972 (Toronto: Knopf, 1992), 368.
38. "Independence and Internationalism," citations from the preface, 5, 137.
39. Barbara McDougall, "Canada and the new internationalism," Canadian Foreign Policy 1 (winter 1992-93): 1-6, 5.
40. Paul Gecelovsky and Tom Keating, "Liberal internationalism for Conservatives: The good governance initiative," in Nelson Michaud and Kim Richard Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001), 205.
41. Lloyd Axworthy, "Choices and consequences in a Liberal foreign policy," in Aster and Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism, 70.
42. Lloyd Axworthy, "Introduction," in Rob McRae and Don Hubert, eds. Human Security and the New Diplomacy: Protecting People, Promoting Peace (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001), 5.
43. Pettigrew, speech at the 2004 Scotiabank-AUCC Awards for Excellence in Education. 41 Cooper, Canadian Foreign Policy, 102.
44. Allan Gotlieb, "Romanticism and realism in Canada's foreign policy," Toronto, C.D. Howe Institute, 2004, 2, 27.
45. Cohen, While Canada Slept, 159.
46. As Denis Stairs has explained: "The 'internationalists' inside the foreign service in the 19405 and 19505 shared little of the unbridled faith in progress that inspires so many of their counterparts outside the foreign service today." Quoted in Stairs, "Liberalism, Methodism and statecraft," 680.
47. Jennifer Welsh, At Home in the World: Canada's Global Vision for the 21st Century (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2004), 19, 112, 158.
48. Gecelovsky and Keating, "Liberal internationalism for Conservatives," 197.
49. Stairs, "Myths, morals and reality in Canadian foreign policy," International Journal 58 (spring 2003): 239.
50. See also Gotlieb, "Romanticism and realism" and
51. Stairs, "Challenges and Opportunities," 481-506.
52. Kim Richard Nossal, "'The world we want'? The purposeful confusion of values, goals, and interests in Canadian foreign policy," 9 December 2004, www.cdfai.org. This paper contributed to the more thorough paper by Denis Stairs et al., entitled "In the national interest: Canadian foreign policy in an insecure world," Ottawa, Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute, 2003, www.cdfai.org.
53. "Independence and Internationalism," 104.
54. William Hogg, "Plus ça change: Continuity, change, and culture in foreign policy white papers," International Journal 59 (summer 2004): 522.
55. See also David Malone, "Foreign policy reviews reconsidered," International Journal 56 (autumn 2001): 555-78.
56. Bill Graham's comment that the 2003 "dialogue" found that there was "a large measure of agreement with much of the broad thrust of Canadian foreign policy since 1995," confirms this sentiment. See Bill Graham, "A dialogue on foreign policy: report to Canadians, June 2003, www.dfait-maeci.ca.
57. Stairs, "Architects or engineers? The Conservatives and foreign policy," in Michaud and Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures, 26.
58. Darrell Bricker and Edward Greenspon, Searching for Certainty: Inside the New Canadian Mindset (Canada: Doubleday, 2001), 5.
59. POLLARA, "Canadian attitudes toward foreign policy," April 2004, 3, www.ciia.org.
60. Innovative Research Group, "Visions of Canadian foreign policy," 4 November 2004, 4, 5, 22, www.cdfai.org.
61. Hogg, "Plus ça change," 534.
62. Gotlieb, "Romanticism and realism," 1.
63. Pearson, quoted in English, "A fine romance," in Donaghy, ed., Canada and the Early Cold War, 86.
64. Marzoloni, "Polling alone," in Aster and Axworthy, eds., Searching for the New Liberalism, 96.
65. H.F. Angus, "Canada and a foreign policy," Dalhousie Review (October 1934): 268.
66. H.F. Dalhousie Review Ibid., 272.