Mixing and transport in urban areas

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 363, Issue 1837, 2005, Pages 2947-2968

  Belcher, Stephen E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b Meteorology   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atmospheric dispersion; Fluid dynamics; Urban areas

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144489076     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1673     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Arya, S. P. 1999 Air pollution meteorology and dispersion. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Barlow, J. F. & Belcher, S. E. 2002 The rate of exchange of passive scalar between streets and the boundary layer aloft. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 104, 131-150. (doi:10.1023/A:1015555613672.)
3. Barlow, J. F., Barman, I. N. & Belcher, S. E. 2004 Scalar transport from urban surfaces. Part I. Wind tunnel measurements. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 118, 369-385.
4. Belcher, S. E. & Hunt, J. C. R. 1998 Turbulent air flow over hills and waves. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30, 507-538. (doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1. 507.)
5. Belcher, S. E., Jerram, N. & Hunt, J. C. R. 2003 Adjustment of a turbulent boundary layer to a canopy of roughness elements. J. Fluid Mech. 488, 369-398. (doi:10.1017/S0022112003005019.)
6. Bentham, T. & Britter, R. E. 2003 Spatially averaged flow within obstacle arrays. Atmos. Environ. 37, 2037-2043. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03) 00123-7.)
7. Berkowicz, R. 2000 OSPM - a parameterised street pollution model. J. Environ. Monit. Assess. 65, 323-331. (doi:10.1023/A:1006448321977.)
8. Boddy, J. W. D., Smalley, R. J., Dixon, N. S., Tate, J. E. & Tomlin, A. S. 2005 The spatial variability in concentrations of a traffic-related pollutant in two street canyons in York, UK-Part I: the influence of background winds. Atmos. Environ. 39, 3147-3161. (doi:10.1016/j. atmosenv.2005.01.043.)
9. Britter, R. E. & Hanna, S. R. 2003 Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 35, 469-496. (doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101. 161147.)
10. Britter, R. E., Di Sabatino, S., Caton, F., Cooke, K. M., Simmonds, P. G. & Nickless, G. 2002 Results from three field tracer experiments on the neighbourhood scale in the city of Birmingham UK. Water Air Soil Pollut.: Focus 2, 79-90. (doi: 10.1023/A: 1021306612036.)
11. Brown, M. J., Khalsa, H., Nelson, M. & Boswell, D. 2004 Street canyon flow patterns in a horizontal plane: measurements from the joint urban 2003 field experiment. In Proc. AMS Symp. on the Urban Environment, Vancouver, BC, August 2004- http://ams.confex.com/ams/ AFAPURBBIO/techprogram/session_16806. htm.
12. Castro, I. P. & Robins, A. G. 1977 The flow around a surface mounted cube in uniform and turbulent streams. J. Fluid Mech. 79, 307-335.
13. Caton, F., Britter, R. E. & Dalziel, S. 2003 Dispersion mechanisms in a street canyon. Atmos. Environ. 37, 693-702. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00830- 0.)
14. CERC 2000 ADMS3 user guide. Cambridge: Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants.
15. Cheng, H. & Castro, I. P. 2002 Near wall flow over an urban-like roughness. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 104, 229-259. (doi:10.1023/A:1016060103448.)
16. Coceal, O. & Belcher, S. E. 2004 A canopy model of mean winds through urban areas. Q. J. R. Meteorol Soc. 130, 1349-1372. (doi:10.1256/qj.03.40.)
17. Coceal, O., Thomas, T. G., Castro, I. P. & Belcher, S. E. Submitted. Mean flow and turbulence statistics over groups of urban-like cubical obstacles.
18. Cui, Z. Q., Cai, X. M. & Baker, C. J. 2004 Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a street canyon. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130, 1373-1394. (doi:10.1256/qj.02.150.)
19. Davidson, M. J., Mylne, K. R., Jones, C. D., Phillips, J. C., Perkins, R. J., Fung, J. C. H. & Hunt, J. C. R. 1995 Plume dispersion through large groups of obstacles-a field investigation. Atmos. Environ. 29, 3245-3256. (doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00254-V.)
20. Davidson, M. J., Snyder, W. H., Lawson, R. E. & Hunt, J. C. R. 1996 Wind tunnel simulations of plume dispersion through groups of obstacles. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3715-3731. (doi:10.1016/ 1352-2310(96)00103-3.)
21. DePaul, F. T. & Sheih, C. M. 1986 Measurements of wind velocities in a street canyon. Atmos. Environ. 20, 455-459. (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90085-5. )
22. Dobre, A., Arnold, S. J., Smalley, R. J., Boddy, J. W. D., Barlow, J. F., Tomlin, A. S. & Belcher, S. E. 2005 Flow field measurements in the proximity of an urban intersection in London, UK. Atmos. Environ. 39, 4647-4657. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.015.)
23. Finnigan, J. F. 2000 Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32, 519-571. (doi:10. 1146/annurev.fluid.32.1.519.)
24. Harman, I. N., Barlow, J. F. & Belcher, S. E. 2004 Scalar transport from urban surfaces. Part II. The model. Bound. Lay. Meteorol 113, 387-410.
25. Hosker, R. P. 1985 Flow around isolated structures and building clusters: a review. ASHRE Trans. 91, 1671-1692.
26. Hoydysh, W. G. & Dabbert, W. F. 1988 Kinematics and dispersion characteristics of flows in asymmetric street canyons. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2677-2689. (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90436-2.)
27. Hunt, J. C. R., & Carruthers, D. 2003 Dispersion from accidental releases in urban areas. Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee. Annual report 2002-2003. Annex C. ISBN 0-85951-525-7.
28. Hunt, J. C. R. & Eames, I. 2003 The disappearance of laminar and turbulent wakes in complex flows. J. Fluid Mech. 457, 111-132. (doi:10.1017/S0022112001007236.)
29. Jerram, N., Perkins, R. J., Fung, J. C. H., Davidson, M. J., Belcher, S. E. & Hunt, J. C. R. 1995 Atmospheric flow through groups of buildings and dispersion from localised sources. In Wind climate in cities (ed. J. E. Cermak, A. G. Davenport, E. J. Plate & X. Domingos), pp. 109-130. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
30. Johnson, G. T. & Hunter, L. J. 1999 Some insights into typical urban canyon airflows. Atmos. Environ. 33, 3391-3399. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99) 00164-8.)
31. Kanda, M., Moriwaki, R. & Kasamatsu, F. 2004 Large-eddy simulation of turbulent organized structures within and above explicitly resolved cube arrays. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 112, 343-368. (doi:10.1023/B:BOUN.0000027909. 40439.7c.)
32. Kastner-Klein, P. & Rotach, M. W. 2004 Mean flow and turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 111, 55-84. (doi:10.1023/B:BOUN,0000010994. 32240.b1.)
33. Kastner-Klein, P., Berkowicz, R. & Britter, R. E. 2004 The influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion in street canyons. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 87, 121-131. (doi:10.1007/s00703-0030065-4.)
34. Longley, I. D., Gallagher, M. W., Dorsey, J. R., Flynn, M. & Barlow, J. F. 2004 Short term measurements of airflow and turbulence in two street canyons in Manchester. Atmos. Environ. 38, 69-79. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003. 09.060.)
35. Louka, P., Belcher, S. E. & Harrison, R. G. 2000 Coupling between air flow in streets and the well-developed boundary layer aloft. Atmos. Environ. 34, 2613-2621. (doi:10.1016/S13522310(99)00477-X.)
36. MacDonald, R. W., Griffiths, R. F. & Hall, D. J. 1998 A comparison of results from scaled field and wind tunnel modelling of dispersion in arrays of obstacles. Atmos. Environ. 32, 3845-3862. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)80006-X.)
37. Nakamura, Y. & Oke, T. R. 1988 Wind, temperature and stability conditions in an east-west oriented urban canyon. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2691-2700. (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90437-4.)
38. Neophytou, M. K. & Britter, R. E. 2004 A simple correlation for pollution dispersion prediction in urban areas. DAPPLE Cambridge note. Available from www.dapple.org.uk.
39. Pasquill, F. & Smith, F. B. 1983 Atmospheric diffusion, 3rd edn. New York: Ellis Horwood.
40. Pullen, J., Boris, J. P., Young, T., Patnaik, G. & Iselin, J. 2005 A comparison of contaminant plume statistics from a Gaussian puff and urban CFD model for two large cities. Atmos. Environ. 39, 1049-1068. (doi:10.1016/j. atmosenv.2004.10.043.)
41. Puttock, J. S. & Hunt, J. C. R. 1979 Turbulent diffusion from sources near obstacles with separated wakes, Pt 1: an eddy diffusivity model. Atmos. Environ. 13, 1-13. (doi:10.1016/00046981(79)90238-5.)
42. Rafailidis, S. 1997 Influence of building areal density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 85, 255-271. (doi:10.1023/A:1000426316328.)
43. Robins, A. G. & McHugh, C. 2001 Development and evaluation of the ADMS building effects module. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 16, 161-174.
44. Rotach, M. W. 1993a Turbulence close to a rough urban surface 1. Reynolds stress. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 65, 1-28. (doi:10.1007/BF00708816.)
45. Rotach, M. W. 1993b Turbulence close to a rough urban surface 2. Variances and gradients. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 66, 75-92. (doi:10.1007/ BF00705460.)
46. Scaperdas, A., Robins, A. G. & Col ville, R. N. 2000 Flow visualisation and tracer dispersion experiments at street canyon intersections. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 14, 526-537.
47. Sini, J. F., Anquetin, S. & Mestayer, P. G. 1996 Pollutant dispersion and thermal effects in urban street canyons. Atmos. Environ. 30, 2659-2677. (doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00321-5.)
48. Soulhac, L. 2000 Modelisation de la dispersion atmospherique a l'interieur de la canopée urbaine. Ph.D. thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon.
49. Spalart, P. R., Jou, W.-H., Strelets, M. & Allmaras, S. R. 1997 Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings, and on a hybrid RANS/LES approach. In Advances in DNS/LES (ed. G. Liu & Z. Liu). Columbus, OH: Greyden Press.
50. Taylor, G. I. 1921 Diffusion by continuous movement. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 20, 196-212.
51. Teixeira, M. A. G. & Belcher, S. E. 2002 On the distortion of turbulence by a progressive surface wave. J. Fluid Mech. 458, 229-267. (doi:10.1017/S0022112002007838.)
52. Tseng, Y.-H. & Ferziger, J. H. 2003 A ghost-cell immersed boundary method for flow in complex geometry. J. Comp. Phys. 192, 593-623. (doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2003.07.024.)
53. Vincent, J. H. 1977 Model experiments on the nature of air pollution transport near buildings. Atmos. Environ. 11, 765-774. (doi:10.1016/0004- 6981(77)90186-X.)
54. Vincent, J. H. 1978 Scalar transport in near aerodynamic wakes of surface-mounted cubes. Atmos. Environ. 12, 1319-1322. (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(78) 90071-9.)