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1
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0016719586
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Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: Angiographic observations in 4,250 patients without associated congenital heart disease
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Engel HJ, Torres C, Page HL. Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: angiographic observations in 4,250 patients without associated congenital heart disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagnos 1975; 1:157-169. In this study using X-ray coronary angiography, the prevalence of anomalous coronary arteries in this population was determined to be 1.2% (51 of 4250 patients). Anomalous coronary arteries were defined as one or more major elements of the coronary arterial system originating from the sinus of valsalva (SOV) in an ectopic manner. The majority of variations involved the left coronary artery and right SOV. These data provide a useful reference prior to conventional angiography and coronary CMR.
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(1975)
Cathet Cardiovasc Diagnos
, vol.1
, pp. 157-169
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Engel, H.J.1
Torres, C.2
Page, H.L.3
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3
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0025031876
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Associated coronary and cardiac anomalies in the tetralogy of Fallot: An angiographic study
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Dabizzi RP, Teodori G, Barletta GA, Caprioli G, Baldrighi G, Baldrighi V. Associated coronary and cardiac anomalies in the tetralogy of Fallot: an angiographic study. Eur Heart J 1990; 11:692-704. • In this series of 265 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 36% (96 patients) were found to have anomalies in the course and/or distribution of the coronary arteries. Of these, 10% had a single coronary ostium; 13.5% a LAD from the RCA, 1% an LCX from the RCA. Small fistulae between coronary arteries and PA were found in 20.8%; anastomoses between coronary and bronchial arteries or right atrium in 43.8%. In 40.6%, a large conus artery or large anterior ventricular branch was observed crossing the right ventricle. This study highlights the increased prevalence of coronary anomalies in TOF.
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(1990)
Eur Heart J
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, pp. 692-704
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Dabizzi, R.P.1
Teodori, G.2
Barletta, G.A.3
Caprioli, G.4
Baldrighi, G.5
Baldrighi, V.6
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4
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0027301212
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Angiographic diagnosis of anomalous coronary artery in tetralogy of Fallot
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Carvalho JS, Silva CMC, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA. Angiographic diagnosis of anomalous coronary artery in tetralogy of Fallot. Br Heart J 1993; 70:75-78. • This study was also in patients with TOF and aimed to obtain angiographic views which could reliably diagnose an anomalous coronary artery passing anterior to the RVOT. The preoperative diagnosis of this anomaly carries implications for surgical technique and age of repair. Study design compared X-ray coronary angiograms from two groups: firstly, 295 cases in whom standard angiographic views had been obtained (reviewed retrospectively); and secondly, 30 cases in whom additional aortography with ≥ 45° caudocranial and 20° to 30° left anterior oblique angle was performed (reviewed prospectively). The authors concluded that this extra view was required to reliably exclude important coronary artery anomalies in TOF.
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(1993)
Br Heart J
, vol.70
, pp. 75-78
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Carvalho, J.S.1
Silva, C.M.C.2
Rigby, M.L.3
Shinebourne, E.A.4
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5
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0016209959
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Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva: A not-so-minor congenital anomaly
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Cheitlin MD, De Castro DM, McAllister HA. Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva: a not-so-minor congenital anomaly. Circulation 1974; 50:780-787. •• This is an elegant review of 51 cases of anomalous coronary arteries, obtained post mortem, which successfully challenged the previously held dictum that both coronary arteries arising as a single or double vessel from the same SOV could be regarded as 'minor' congenital abnormalities. The authors concluded that where the left coronary artery passes acutely posterior and leftward between the aorta and PA there is a risk of sudden death. Their postulated mechanism of death in these cases was mechanical embarrassment of the already reduced left coronary arterial orifice by expansion of the great vessels during exertion, with consequent coronary blood flow compromise.
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(1974)
Circulation
, vol.50
, pp. 780-787
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Cheitlin, M.D.1
De Castro, D.M.2
McAllister, H.A.3
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6
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0016892217
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Clinical, angiographic, and haemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries
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Chaitman BR, Lesperance J, Saltiel J, Bourassa MG. Clinical, angiographic, and haemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation 1976; 53:122-131. • These authors also found that the proximal course of 7 aberrant left coronary arteries from the right SOV or RCA related to clinical events. In 5 of the 7, coronary blood flow during exercise and myocardial metabolism during pacing were assessed. Exercise coronary blood flow was normal in 4 cases and low in 1 subject, while pacing resulted in lactate production in 2 individuals with accompanying coronary atherosclerotic disease and 1 individual without atherosclerosis. These data served to confirm the malignant potential of this anomaly.
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(1976)
Circulation
, vol.53
, pp. 122-131
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Chaitman, B.R.1
Lesperance, J.2
Saltiel, J.3
Bourassa, M.G.4
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7
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0018141788
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Haemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries: Angiographic aspects
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Levin DC, Fellows KE, Abrams HL. Haemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries: angiographic aspects. Circulation 1978; 58:25-34. • Haemodynamically significance was defined as those causing altering myocardial perfusion and four major anomalies were included: coronary artery fistulae, ALCAPA variant, congenital coronary stenosis or atresia, and aberrant origin of the left coronary artery from the right SOV with subsequent interarterial course. This article is a good, early summary of the X-ray angiographic aspects of these rare abnormalities.
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(1978)
Circulation
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, pp. 25-34
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Levin, D.C.1
Fellows, K.E.2
Abrams, H.L.3
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A 72 year old woman with ALCAPA
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Fierens C, Budts W, Denef B, van de Werf F. A 72 year old woman with ALCAPA. Heart 2000; 83:e2. • ALCAPA syndrome can be fatal if not surgically corrected in the first years of life. This case report details a 72-year-old lady in whom investigations for an incidental murmur revealed this rare diagnosis by X-ray coronary angiography and CMR.
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(2000)
Heart
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Fierens, C.1
Budts, W.2
Denef, B.3
Van De Werf, F.4
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9
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Surgical therapy in the management of coronary anomalies: Emphasis on utility of internal mammary artery grafts
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Cohen AJ, Grishkin BA, Helsel RA, Head HA. Surgical therapy in the management of coronary anomalies: emphasis on utility of internal mammary artery grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47:630-637.
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Ann Thorac Surg
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Cohen, A.J.1
Grishkin, B.A.2
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Head, H.A.4
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10
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7544232702
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Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel Report
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Pennell DJ, Sechtum UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, et al. Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel Report. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1940-1965. •• These Consensus Panel recommendations are the distillation of evidence from the literature and expert opinion. As such, it provides a comprehensive and current summary of the status of clinical CMR including the role for coronary CMR.
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(2004)
Eur Heart J
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Pennell, D.J.1
Sechtum, U.P.2
Higgins, C.B.3
Manning, W.J.4
Pohost, G.M.5
Rademakers, F.E.6
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11
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0028791286
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Identification of anomalous coronary arteries and their anatomic course by magnetic resonance coronary angiography
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McConnell MV, Ganz P, Selwyn P, Li W, Edelman RR, Manning WJ. Identification of anomalous coronary arteries and their anatomic course by magnetic resonance coronary angiography. Circulation 1995; 92: 3158-3162. • Sixteen patients with anomalous coronary arteries diagnosed at X-ray coronary angiography underwent coronary CMR using an ECG gated 2D breath-hold GRE sequence with fat suppression. Investigators performing and analysing the CMR data were aware that subjects had this diagnosis but were blinded to all other patient data which could have pointed towards benign or malignant variants. Coronary CMR correctly identified the anomalous coronary vessel(s) in 14 out of 15 cases. In one subject the anomalous vessel was incorrectly identified, and in two individuals the course of the anomalous vessel was not clearly seen. This is one of the landmark papers which established the role of coronary CMR for the assessment of anomalous coronary arteries.
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(1995)
Circulation
, vol.92
, pp. 3158-3162
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McConnell, M.V.1
Ganz, P.2
Selwyn, P.3
Li, W.4
Edelman, R.R.5
Manning, W.J.6
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12
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0028866518
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Magnetic resonance angiography of anomalous coronary arteries: A new gold standard for delineating the proximal course?
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Post JC, van Rossum AC, Bronzwaer JGF, de Cock CC, Hofman MBM, Valk J, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography of anomalous coronary arteries: a new gold standard for delineating the proximal course? Circulation 1995; 92:3163-3171. • This was another landmark study for the use of coronary CMR in imaging anomalous coronary arteries and was published alongside that by McConnell et al. This group also used an ECG gated 2D breath-hold GRE coronary CMR sequence with fat suppression to delineate the origin and proximal coronary arterial course in 38 patients, 19 of whom had a diagnosis of anomalous coronary arteries. Subsequent blinded analysis of randomly ordered CMR data was performed by two independent observers and compared to results from conventional X-ray coronary angiography. Coronary CMR was found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity for detecting anomalous coronary arteries and 100% interobserver agreement.
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(1995)
Circulation
, vol.92
, pp. 3163-3171
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Post, J.C.1
Van Rossum, A.C.2
Bronzwaer, J.G.F.3
De Cock, C.C.4
Hofman, M.B.M.5
Valk, J.6
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13
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0345726361
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Coronary artery anomalies: Assessment with free-breathing three-dimensional coronary MR angiography
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Bunce NH, Lorenz CH, Keegan J, Lesser J, Reyes EM, Firmin DN, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: assessment with free-breathing three-dimensional coronary MR angiography. Radiology 2003; 227:201-208. • This recent study showed the successful use of the newer 3D free-breathing coronary CMR sequences.
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Bunce, N.H.1
Lorenz, C.H.2
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Lesser, J.4
Reyes, E.M.5
Firmin, D.N.6
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Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography
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Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PMT, de Feyter PJ. Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 2002; 106:2051-2054.
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Circulation
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Nieman, K.1
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0027377547
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A monitoring, feedback and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging
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Liu YL, Riederer SJ, Rossman PJ, Grimm RC, Debbins JP, Ehman RL. A monitoring, feedback and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1993; 30:507-511.
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Phase ordering with automatic window selection (PAWS): A novel motion-resistant technique for 3D coronary imaging
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Jhooti P, Gatehouse PD, Keegan J, Bunce NH, Taylor AM, Firmin DN. Phase ordering with automatic window selection (PAWS): a novel motion-resistant technique for 3D coronary imaging. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43:470-480.
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Motion-adapted gating based on k-space weighting for reduction of respiratory motion artifacts
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Weiger M, Bornert P, Proksa R, Schaffter T, Haase A. Motion-adapted gating based on k-space weighting for reduction of respiratory motion artifacts. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38:322-333.
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Prospective navigator correction of image position for coronary MR angiography
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Danias PG, McConnell MV, Khasgiwala VC, Chuang ML, Edelman RR, Manning WJ. Prospective navigator correction of image position for coronary MR angiography. Radiology 1997; 203:733-736.
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Radiology
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Danias, P.G.1
McConnell, M.V.2
Khasgiwala, V.C.3
Chuang, M.L.4
Edelman, R.R.5
Manning, W.J.6
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19
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Calculation of a subject-specific adaptive motion-correction factor for improved real-time navigator echo-gated magnetic resonance coronary angiography
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Taylor AM, Keegan J, Jhooti P, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ. Calculation of a subject-specific adaptive motion-correction factor for improved real-time navigator echo-gated magnetic resonance coronary angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1999; 1:131-138.
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Coronary arteries: Three-dimensional MR imaging with fat saturation and magnetization transfer contrast
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Li D, Paschal CB, Haacke EM, Adler LP. Coronary arteries: three-dimensional MR imaging with fat saturation and magnetization transfer contrast. Radiology 1993; 187:401-406.
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Value of fast gradient echo magnetic resonance angiography as an adjunct in detecting and confirming the course of clinically significant coronary artery anomalies
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Vliegen HW, Doornbos J, de Roos A, Jukema JW, Bekedam MA, van der Wall EE. Value of fast gradient echo magnetic resonance angiography as an adjunct in detecting and confirming the course of clinically significant coronary artery anomalies. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:773-776.
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3D magnetization-prepared true-FISP: A new technique for imaging coronary arteries
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Deshpande VS, Shea SM, Laub G, Simonetti OP, Finn JP, Li D. 3D magnetization-prepared true-FISP: a new technique for imaging coronary arteries. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46:494-502.
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Taylor AM, Thorne SA, Rubens MB, Jhooti P, Keegan J, Gatehouse PD, et al. Coronary artery imaging in grown up congenital heart disease: complementary role of magnetic resonance and X-ray coronary angiography. Circulation 2000; 101:1670-1678. • This study provides convincing data for the role of coronary CMR in adult congenital heart disease and is reviewed in depth within the main body of the text.
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Circulation
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Taylor, A.M.1
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