Occupational exposure to carbon/coke fibers in plants that produce green or calcined petroleum coke and potential health effects: 2. Fiber concentrations

Inhalation Toxicology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 17-32

  Maxim, L Daniel ^a   Galvin, Jennifer B ^b   Niebo, Ron ^a   Segrave, Alan M ^c   Kampa, Otto A ^b   Utell, Mark J ^d  

^a EVEREST CONSULTING ASSOCIATES   (United States)

^b Phillips Research Center 224GB   (United States)

^c BUREAU VERITAS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; COKE; PETROLEUM DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; WORK; WORKPLACE;

CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; CALCIUM SULFATE; CARBON; CELLULOSE; COKE; HUMANS; IRON; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; MICROSCOPY, PHASE-CONTRAST; MINERAL FIBERS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PETROLEUM; SILICATES;

EID: 28844491338     PISSN: 08958378     EISSN: 10917691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08958370500282258     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aitchison, J., and Brown, J. A. C. 1969. Monograph 5, The lognormal distribution with special reference to its uses in economics. University of Cambridge, Department of Economics, Cambridge at the University Press.
2. Box, G. E. P., and Cox, D. R. 1964. An analysis of transformations. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 26:211-243.
3. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W. G., and Hunter, J. S. 1978. Statistics for experimenters: An introduction to design, data analysis, and model building. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4. Cohen, M. A., and Ryan, P. B. 1989. Observations less than the analytical limit of detection: A new approach. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 39(3):328-329.
5. CONCAWE. 1993. Petroleum coke. Prepared by CONCAWE's Petroleum Products and Health Management Groups, Brussels. Product Dossier No. 93/105.
6. Corn, M., and Esmen, N. A. 1979. Workplace exposure zones for classification of employee exposures to physical and chemical agents. Am. Ind. Hyg. J. 40: 47-57.
7. Doyle, E. J. Jr. 1989. Suggested strategies in screening for health effects in personnel who work with composites. Appl. Ind. Hyg. December: 64-67.
8. DQO Statistics Bulletin. 1996. Nondetects: Planning and statistical analysis to mitigate their effects. U.S. Department of Energy, Laboratory Management Division, EM-763, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Hanford, Washington.
9. Draper, N. R., and Smith, H. 1998. Applied regression analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
10. Ellis, P. J., and Paul, C. A. 1998. Tutorial: Delayed coking fundamentals. Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, Port Arthur, TX. Paper presented at the AIChE 1998 Spring National Meeting, March 8-12, New Orleans, LA. http://www.glcarbon.com/pdf/article_delayed.pdf (November 26, 2003).
11. Ellis, P. J., and Paul, C. A. 2002. Tutorial: Petroleum coke calcining and uses of calcined petroleum coke. Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, Port Arthur, TX. Paper presented at the AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, March 10-14, New Orleans, LA. http://www.glcarbon.com/pdf/article_CALCNTUT.pdf (November 26, 2003).
12. Esmen, N. A., and Hammad, Y. Y. 1977. Log-normality of environmental sampling data. J. Environ. Sci. Health 29:29-42.
13. Formisano, J. A. 1989. Composite fiber field study: Evaluation of potential personnel exposures to carbon fibers during investigation of a military aircraft crash site. Appl. Ind. Hyg, December: 54-56.
14. Gary, J. H., and Handwerk, G. E. 2001. Petroleum refining: Technology and economics, 4th ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.
15. Gilbert, R. O. 1987. Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
16. Gilliom, R. J., and Helsel, D. R. 1986. Estimation of distributional parameters for censored trace level water quality data: 1. Estimation techniques. Water Resources Res. 22(2):135-146.
17. Gleit, A. 1985. Estimation for small data sets with detection limits. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:530-535.
18. Hammond, D. G., Lampert, L. F., Mart, C. J., Massenzio, S. F., Phillips, G. E., Sellards, D. L., and Woerner, A. C. 2003. Review of Fluid Coking™ and Flexicoking™ technologies. Paper presented at the Sixth Topical Conference on Refining Processing Tutorial on Resid Upgrading, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003 Spring National Meeting. ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company. http://www.prod.exxonmobil.com/ refiningtechnologies/pdf/ AICh-ESpring FXKPaper.pdf (November 26, 2003).
19. Helsel, D. R., and Cohn, T. A. 1988. Estimation of descriptive statistics for multiply censored water quality data. Water Resources Res. 24(12):1997-2004.
20. Hooper, A. M., and Sieli, G. M. 2000. Do heavy oil upgrades make sense for small refineries? World Refining. http://www.worldrefining.com (December 2, 2003).
21. Hornung, R. W., and Reed, L. D. 1990. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5:46-51.
22. Johnson, N. L., and Kotz, S. 1970. Continuous univariate distributions - 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
23. Jones, D. S. J. 1995. Elements of petroleum processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
24. Klick, R., and Gardner, A. 1997. Thermal cracking 2 delayed coking. Today's refinery refining details notebook. http://www.cia-inspection.com/ Thermal Cracking - Delayed Coking 2.pdf (November 26, 2003).
25. Koch, G. S., and Link, R. F. 1980. Statistical analysis of geological data. New York: Dover.
26. Kromhout, H., Symanski, E., and Rappaport, S. M. 1993. A comprehensive evaluation of within- and between-worker components of occupational exposure to chemical agents. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 37(3):253-270.
27. Kushner, E. J., 1976. On determining the statistical parameters for pollution concentration from a truncated data set. Atmos. Environ. 10:975-979.
28. Leidel, N. A., Busch, K. A., and Lynch, J. R. 1977. Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual, NIOSH Technical Information Publication no. PB 274792. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
29. Lockey, J. E. 1996. Man-made fibers and nonasbestos fibrous silicates. In Occupational and environmental respiratory diseases, eds. P. Harber, M. B. Schenker, and J. R. Balmes, pp. 1038. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
30. Luchtel, D. L. 1993. Carbon/graphite toxicology. In Fiber toxicology, ed. D. Warheit, pp. 493-521. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
31. Lyles, R. H., Kupper, L. L., and Rappaport, S. M. 1997. A lognormal distribution-based exposure assessment method for unbalanced data. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 41(1):63-76.
32. Mahar, S. 1990. Particulate exposures resulting from the investigation and remediation of a crash site of an aircraft containing carbon composites. Am. Ind. Hyg. J. 51(9):459-461.
33. Marchant, G. E., Amen, M. A., Bullock, C. H., Carter, C. M., Johnson, K. A., Reynolds, J. W., Connelly, F. R., and Crane, A. E. 2002. A synthetic vitreous fiber (SVF) occupational exposure database implementing the SVF health and safety partnership program. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 17(4):276-285.
34. Maxim, L. D., Kelly, W. P., Walters, T., and Waugh, R. 1994. A multiyear workplace-monitoring program for refractory ceramic fibers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20(3):S200-S215.
35. Maxim, L. D., Allshouse, J. N., Kelly, W. P., Walters, T., and Waugh, R. 1997. A multiyear workplace-monitoring program for refractory ceramic fibers: Findings and conclusions. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 26:156-171.
36. Maxim, L. D., Venturin, D., and Allshouse, J. N. 1999. Respirable crystalline silica exposure associated with the installation and removal of RCF and conventional silica-containing refractories in industrial furnaces. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29:44-63.
37. Maxim, L. D., Allshouse, J. N., Chen, S. H., Treadway, J. C., and Venturin, D. E. 2000a. Workplace monitoring of refractory ceramic fiber in the United States. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32:293-309.
38. Maxim, L. D., Allshouse, J. N., and Venturin, D. E. 2000b. The random-effects model applied to refractory ceramic fiber data. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32:190-199.
39. Maxim, L. D., Galvin, J. B., Niebo, R., Segrave, A. M., Kampa, O. A., and Utell, M. J. 2006. Occupational exposure to carbon/coke fibers in plants that produce green or calcined petroleum coke and potential health effects: 1. Fiber characteristics. Inhal. Toxicol. In press, see this issue.
40. McGill, R., Tukey, J. W., and Larsen, W. A. 1978. Variations of box plots. Am. Stat. 32:12-16.
41. NIOSH. 1977. Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to fibrous glass. Publication No. 77-152. April.
42. Negin, K. M., and Gardner, A. 1996. Thermal cracking delayed coking. Today's refinery. http://www.cia-inspection.com/Thermal Cracking-Delayed Coking.pdf (November 26, 2003).
43. Nehls, G. J., and Akland, G. G. 1973. Procedures for handling aerometric data. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23:180-184.
44. Rappaport, S. M. 1991. Assessment of long-term exposure to toxic substances in air. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 35(1):61-121.
45. Rappaport, S. M., Kromhout, H., and Symanski, E. 1993. Variation of exposure between workers in homogenous exposure groups. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54(11):654-662.
46. Rappaport, S. M., Lyles, R. H., and Kupper, L. L. 1995. An exposure-assessment strategy accounting for within- and between-workers sources of variability. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 39:469-495.
47. Shooman, M. L. 1968. Probabilistic reliability: An engineering approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
48. SPSS, Inc. 1996. SYSTAT 6.0 for Windows: Statistics. Chicago.
49. Stell, J. 2002. 2002 worldwide refining survey. Oil Gas J. December 23:68-111.
50. Tukey, J. W. 1977. Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
51. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Upgrading environmental radiation data. Office of Radiation Programs. EPA 520/1-80-012, Washington, DC.