Child labor in Ghana cocoa production: Focus upon agricultural tasks, ergonomic exposures, and associated injuries and illnesses

Public Health Reports

Volumn 120, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 649-656

  Mull, L Diane ^a   Kirkhorn, Steven R ^b  

^a International Initiative to End Child Labor   (United States)

^b National Farm Medicine Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE;

ADOLESCENT; AGRICULTURAL WORKER; AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; CACAO; CHILD; CHILDHOOD INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUGHING; ERGONOMICS; EYE INJURY; FRACTURE; GHANA; HARVESTING; HEAD INJURY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERVIEW; JOB PERFORMANCE; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; PHYSICAL STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; RASH; READING; SCHOOL CHILD; SPRAIN; TRAINING; VOCATIONAL EDUCATION; WORK;

EID: 28744447269     PISSN: 00333549     EISSN: 00333549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003335490512000613     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Child labor in the cocoa sector of West Africa, August 2002 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.iita.org/news/cocoa.pdf
2. Mull LD. Analysis of job tasks and activities performed by children in cocoa production in Ghana. Creative Associates International; 2003. Children in the fields [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.endchildlabor. org
3. Twum-Baah KA. Ghana Child Labour Survey, March 2003. Ghana Statistical Service [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/standards/ipec/simpoc/ghana/report/gh_rep.pdf
4. Myers JR, Hendricks KJ. Injuries among youth on farms in the United States 1998. 2001. Cincinnati: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2004. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication. No.: 2001-154. Also available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/childag/pdfs/2001154.pdf [cited 2005 Jun 26].
5. Abenyega O, Gockwoski J. Labor practices and the cocoa sector of Ghana with a special focus on the role of children, 2002. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://treecrops.org/links/publications/Labor_Practices_Ghana.pdf
6. Woods D. Predatory elites, rents, and cocoa: a comparative analysis of Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Commonwealth Compar Polit 2004;42:224-41.
7. Department of State (US). Ghana 2002: country reports on human rights policies; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.asylumlaw. org/docs/ghana/usdos02_ghana_cr.pdf
8. Padi B, Owusu GK. Towards an integrated pest management for sustainable cocoa production in Ghana. Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://nationalzoo.si.edu/conservationandscience/ migratorybirds/research/cacao/padi.htm
9. Thelin A, Jansson, B, Jacobsson B, Strom H. Coxarthrosis and farm work: a case-referent study. Am J Ind Med 1997;32:497-501.
10. Anderson CL, Treuhaft PS, Pierce WE, Horvath EP. Degenerative knee disease among dairy farmers. In: Dosman JA, Cockcroft DW, editors. Principles of health and safety in agriculture. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1989. p. 367-79.
11. Felson DT, Hannan MT, Naimark A, Berkely J, Gordon G, Wilson PW, Anderson J. Occupational physical demands, knee bending, and knee osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham study. J Rheumatol 1991;8:1587-92.
12. Maetzel A, Makela M, Hawker G, Bombardier C. Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee and the mechanical occupational exposure: a systematic overview of the evidence. J Rheumatol 1997;24:1599-607.
13. Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT. Musculoskeletal disorders in farmers and farm workers. Occup Med (London) 2002;52:441-50.
14. Waters TR, Wilkins JR. Conference proceedings: prevention of musculoskeletal disorders for children and adolescents working in agriculture. Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety; 2004. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No.: 2004-1. Also available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-119/pdfs/2004-119.pdf [cited 2005 Jun 26].
15. National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety. North American guidelines for children's agricultural tasks, 1999 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.nagcat.org
16. Pesticide Action Network North America. Pesticide action network database [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.panna.org
17. Reigart JR, Roberts JR. Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings. 5th ed. Environmental Protection Agency (US), Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; 1999. EPA735-R-98-03. Also available from: URL: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.htm [cited 2005 Jun 26].
18. Environmental Protection Agency (US). Interim reregistration eligibility decision for pirimiphosmethyl, 2000 [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/pirimiphos-methyl_ired.pdf.
19. Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). Pesticide information profiles [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http:// extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ lindane.htm.
20. Oregon State University. National Pesticide Information Center [cited 2005 June 26]. Available from: URL: http://npic.orst.edu
21. Pesticide Action Network. Pesticide Action Network pesticide database [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL:http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Index.html
22. Environmental Health and Safety and Fire Protection Services. Carcinogen definition. Indiana University and Purdue University [cited 2005 Jun 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.ehs.iupui.edu/ehs/carcinogen/ carcinogen_define_info.pdf