European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005 - Section 3. Electrical therapies: Automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing

Resuscitation

Volumn 67, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages

  Deakin, Charles D ^a   Nolan, Jerry P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASYSTOLE; AUTOMATION; CARDIOVERSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONVULSIVE THERAPY; DEFIBRILLATION; ELECTRODE; ENERGY; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART PACING; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; OXYGEN THERAPY; PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; SURVIVAL; TECHNIQUE; WAVEFORM;

CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; DEFIBRILLATORS; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EUROPE; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY;

EID: 28544439505     PISSN: 03009572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.008     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (148)

1. American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 2: Defibrillation. Circulation 2000;102(Suppl.):I90-4.
2. M.P. Larsen, M.S. Eisenberg, R.O. Cummins, and A.P. Hallstrom Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model Ann Emerg Med 22 1993 1652 1658
3. T.D. Valenzuela, D.J. Roe, S. Cretin, D.W. Spaite, and M.P. Larsen Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model Circulation 96 1997 3308 3313
4. R.A. Waalewijn, R. de Vos, J.G.P. Tijssen, and R.W. Koster Survival models for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic Resuscitation 51 2001 113 122
5. R.J. Myerburg, J. Fenster, and M. Velez Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Circulation 106 2002 1058 1064
6. A. Capucci, D. Aschieri, M.F. Piepoli, G.H. Bardy, E. Iconomu, and M. Arvedi Tripling survival from sudden cardiac arrest via early defibrillation without traditional education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation Circulation 106 2002 1065 1070
7. A.P. van Alem, R.H. Vrenken, R. de Vos, J.G. Tijssen, and R.W. Koster Use of automated external defibrillator by first responders in out of hospital cardiac arrest: prospective controlled trial BMJ 327 2003 1312
8. T.D. Valenzuela, H.S. Bjerke, and L.L. Clark Rapid defibrillation by nontraditional responders: the Casino Project Acad Emerg Med 5 1998 414 415
9. R.A. Swor, R.E. Jackson, and M. Cynar Bystander CPR, ventricular fibrillation, and survival in witnessed, unmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 780 784
10. M. Holmberg, S. Holmberg, and J. Herlitz Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden Resuscitation 47 2000 59 70
11. Monsieurs KG, Handley AJ, Bossaert LL. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Automated External Defibrillation. A statement from the Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation Working Group (1) and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 2001;48:207-9.
12. R.O. Cummins, M. Eisenberg, L. Bergner, and J.A. Murray Sensitivity accuracy, and safety of an automatic external defibrillator Lancet 2 1984 318 320
13. E.A. Davis, and V.N. Mosesso Jr. Performance of police first responders in utilizing automated external defibrillation on victims of sudden cardiac arrest Prehosp Emerg Care 2 1998 101 107
14. R.D. White, L.F. Vukov, and T.F. Bugliosi Early defibrillation by police: initial experience with measurement of critical time intervals and patient outcome Ann Emerg Med 23 1994 1009 1013
15. R.D. White, D.G. Hankins, and T.F. Bugliosi Seven years' experience with early defibrillation by police and paramedics in an emergency medical services system Resuscitation 39 1998 145 151
16. L. Wik, J. Kramer-Johansen, and H. Myklebust Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest JAMA 293 2005 299 304
17. B.S. Abella, J.P. Alvarado, and H. Myklebust Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest JAMA 293 2005 305 310
18. R.E. Kerber, L.B. Becker, and J.D. Bourland Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy Circulation 95 1997 1677 1682
19. W. Dickey, G.W. Dalzell, J.M. Anderson, and A.A. Adgey The accuracy of decision-making of a semi-automatic defibrillator during cardiac arrest Eur Heart J 13 1992 608 615
20. E. Atkinson, B. Mikysa, and J.A. Conway Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children Ann Emerg Med 42 2003 185 196
21. F. Cecchin, D.B. Jorgenson, and C.I. Berul Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias Circulation 103 2001 2483 2488
22. A.M. Zafari, S.K. Zarter, and V. Heggen A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 846 852
23. A. Destro, M. Marzaloni, S. Sermasi, and F. Rossi Automatic external defibrillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation 31 1996 39 43
24. H. Domanovits, G. Meron, and F. Sterz Successful automatic external defibrillator operation by people trained only in basic life support in a simulated cardiac arrest situation Resuscitation 39 1998 47 50
25. H. Cusnir, R. Tongia, and K.P. Sheka In hospital cardiac arrest: a role for automatic defibrillation Resuscitation 63 2004 183 188
26. W. Kaye, M.E. Mancini, and N. Richards Organizing and implementing a hospital-wide first-responder automated external defibrillation program: strengthening the in-hospital chain of survival Resuscitation 30 1995 151 156
27. P.H. Miller Potential fire hazard in defibrillation JAMA 221 1972 192
28. R.S. Hummel IIIrd, J.P. Ornato, S.M. Weinberg, and A.M. Clarke Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard JAMA 260 1988 3021 3024
29. Fires from defibrillation during oxygen administration. Health Devices 1994;23:307-9.
30. J. Lefever, and A. Smith Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere Medical Devices Agency Safety Notices 3 1995 1 3
31. M.E. Ward Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere Resuscitation 31 1996 173
32. A.A. Theodorou, J.A. Gutierrez, and R.A. Berg Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate Pediatrics 112 2003 677 679
33. R.E. Kerber, C. Kouba, and J. Martins Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedance in determining the success of low-energy shocks Circulation 70 1984 303 308
34. R.E. Kerber, J. Grayzel, R. Hoyt, M. Marcus, and J. Kennedy Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation. Influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure Circulation 63 1981 676 682
35. D.M. Sado, C.D. Deakin, G.W. Petley, and F. Clewlow Comparison of the effects of removal of chest hair with not doing so before external defibrillation on transthoracic impedance Am J Cardiol 93 2004 98 100
36. C.D. Deakin, D.M. Sado, G.W. Petley, and F. Clewlow Differential contribution of skin impedance and thoracic volume to transthoracic impedance during external defibrillation Resuscitation 60 2004 171 174
37. C. Deakin, D. Sado, G. Petley, and F. Clewlow Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation Am J Cardiol 90 2002 812 813
38. C. Deakin, S. Bennetts, G. Petley, and F. Clewlow What is the optimal paddle force for paediatric defibrillation? Resuscitation 55 2002 59
39. E.A. Panacek, M.A. Munger, W.F. Rutherford, and S.F. Gardner Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation Am J Emerg Med 10 1992 128 129
40. K. Wrenn The hazards of defibrillation through nitroglycerin patches Ann Emerg Med 19 1990 1327 1328
41. L.A. Pagan-Carlo, K.T. Spencer, C.E. Robertson, A. Dengler, C. Birkett, and R.E. Kerber Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 449 452
42. C.D. Deakin, D.M. Sado, G.W. Petley, and F. Clewlow Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56 2003 15 18
43. P. Kirchhof, M. Borggrefe, and G. Breithardt Effect of electrode position on the outcome of cardioversion Card Electrophysiol Rev 7 2003 292 296
44. P. Kirchhof, L. Eckardt, and P. Loh Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial Lancet 360 2002 1275 1279
45. G.L. Botto, A. Politi, W. Bonini, T. Broffoni, and R. Bonatti External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements Heart 82 1999 726 730
46. N.J. Alp, S. Rahman, J.A. Bell, and M. Shahi Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiol 75 2000 211 216
47. T.P. Mathew, A. Moore, and M. McIntyre Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation Heart 81 1999 576 579
48. S.J. Walsh, D. McCarty, and A.J. McClelland Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions Eur Heart J 2005
49. C.D. Deakin, R.M. McLaren, G.W. Petley, F. Clewlow, and M.J. Dalrymple-Hay Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance - implications for defibrillation Resuscitation 37 1998 9 12
50. American National Standard: Automatic External Defibrillators and Remote Controlled Defibrillators (DF39). Arlington, Virgina: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation; 1993.
51. C.D. Deakin, R.M. McLaren, G.W. Petley, F. Clewlow, and M.J. Dalrymple-Hay A comparison of transthoracic impedance using standard defibrillation paddles and self-adhesive defibrillation pads Resuscitation 39 1998 43 46
52. K.R. Stults, D.D. Brown, F. Cooley, and R.E. Kerber Self-adhesive monitor/defibrillation pads improve prehospital defibrillation success Ann Emerg Med 16 1987 872 877
53. R.E. Kerber, J.B. Martins, and K.J. Kelly Self-adhesive preapplied electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion J Am Coll Cardiol 3 1984 815 820
54. R.E. Kerber, J.B. Martins, and D.W. Ferguson Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive defibrillation electrodes Int J Cardiol 8 1985 57 66
55. G.D. Perkins, C. Roberts, and F. Gao Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques Br J Anaesth 89 2002 405 408
56. N. Bradbury, D. Hyde, and J. Nolan Reliability of ECG monitoring with a gel pad/paddle combination after defibrillation Resuscitation 44 2000 203 206
57. D. Chamberlain Gel pads should not be used for monitoring ECG after defibrillation Resuscitation 43 2000 159 160
58. C.W. Callaway, L.D. Sherman, V.N. Mosesso Jr., T.J. Dietrich, E. Holt, and M.C. Clarkson Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest Circulation 103 2001 1656 1661
59. T. Eftestol, K. Sunde, S.O. Aase, J.H. Husoy, and P.A. Steen Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Circulation 102 2000 1523 1529
60. T. Eftestol, L. Wik, K. Sunde, and P.A. Steen Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Circulation 110 2004 10 15
61. W.D. Weaver, L.A. Cobb, D. Dennis, R. Ray, A.P. Hallstrom, and M.K. Copass Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest Ann Intern Med 102 1985 53 55
62. C.G. Brown, and R. Dzwonczyk Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock Ann Emerg Med 27 1996 184 188
63. M. Callaham, O. Braun, W. Valentine, D.M. Clark, and C. Zegans Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform Ann Emerg Med 22 1993 1664 1677
64. H.U. Strohmenger, K.H. Lindner, and C.G. Brown Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans Chest 111 1997 584 589
65. H.U. Strohmenger, T. Eftestol, and K. Sunde The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Anesth Analg 93 2001 1428 1433
66. M. Podbregar, M. Kovacic, A. Podbregar-Mars, and M. Brezocnik Predicting defibrillation success by 'genetic' programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Resuscitation 57 2003 153 159
67. J.J. Menegazzi, C.W. Callaway, and L.D. Sherman Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies Circulation 109 2004 926 931
68. H.P. Povoas, M.H. Weil, W. Tang, J. Bisera, K. Klouche, and A. Barbatsis Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis Resuscitation 53 2002 77 82
69. M. Noc, M.H. Weil, W. Tang, S. Sun, A. Pernat, and J. Bisera Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation Crit Care Med 27 1999 708 714
70. H.U. Strohmenger, K.H. Lindner, A. Keller, I.M. Lindner, and E.G. Pfenninger Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation Resuscitation 33 1996 155 161
71. M. Noc, M.H. Weil, R.J. Gazmuri, S. Sun, J. Biscera, and W. Tang Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation J Lab Clin Med 124 1994 421 426
72. C.B. Lightfoot, P. Nremt, and C.W. Callaway Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation Ann Emerg Med 42 2003 230 241
73. A. Marn-Pernat, M.H. Weil, W. Tang, A. Pernat, and J. Bisera Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation Crit Care Med 29 2001 2360 2365
74. F.A. Hamprecht, U. Achleitner, and A.C. Krismer Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation Resuscitation 50 2001 287 296
75. A. Amann, U. Achleitner, and H. Antretter Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms Resuscitation 50 2001 77 85
76. C.G. Brown, R.F. Griffith, and P. Van Ligten Median frequency - a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate Ann Emerg Med 20 1991 787 789
77. A. Amann, K. Rheinberger, and U. Achleitner The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest Anesth Analg 95 2002 716 722
78. L.A. Cobb, C.E. Fahrenbruch, and T.R. Walsh Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation JAMA 281 1999 1182 1188
79. L. Wik, T.B. Hansen, and F. Fylling Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial JAMA 289 2003 1389 1395
80. I.G. Jacobs, J.C. Finn, H.F. Oxer, and G.A. Jelinek CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial Emerg Med Australas 17 2005 39 45
81. R.A. Berg, R.W. Hilwig, K.B. Kern, and G.A. Ewy Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study Ann Emerg Med 40 2002 563 570
82. R.A. Berg, R.W. Hilwig, G.A. Ewy, and K.B. Kern Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves initial response to defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study Crit Care Med 32 2004 1352 1357
83. J. Kolarova, I.M. Ayoub, Z. Yi, and R.J. Gazmuri Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation Crit Care Med 31 2003 2022 2028
84. R.A. Berg, A.B. Sanders, and K.B. Kern Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest Circulation 104 2001 2465 2470
85. K.B. Kern, R.W. Hilwig, R.A. Berg, A.B. Sanders, and G.A. Ewy Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario Circulation 105 2002 645 649
86. T. Yu, M.H. Weil, and W. Tang Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation Circulation 106 2002 368 372
87. T. Eftestol, K. Sunde, and P.A. Steen Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Circulation 105 2002 2270 2273
88. T.D. Valenzuela, K.B. Kern, and L.L. Clark Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation Circulation 112 2005 1259 1265
89. A.P. van Alem, B.T. Sanou, and R.W. Koster Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Ann Emerg Med 42 2003 449 457
90. A.C. Bain, C.D. Swerdlow, and C.J. Love Multicenter study of principles-based waveforms for external defibrillation Ann Emerg Med 37 2001 5 12
91. J.E. Poole, R.D. White, and K.G. Kanz Low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveforms terminate ventricular fibrillation at high rates in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. LIFE Investigators J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8 1997 1373 1385
92. T. Schneider, P.R. Martens, and H. Paschen Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators Circulation 102 2000 1780 1787
93. T.D. Rea, S. Shah, P.J. Kudenchuk, M.K. Copass, and L.A. Cobb Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46 2005 132 141
94. E.P. Hess, and R.D. White Ventricular fibrillation is not provoked by chest compression during post-shock organized rhythms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Resuscitation 66 2005 7 11
95. J.A. Joglar, D.J. Kessler, and P.J. Welch Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels Am J Cardiol 83 1999 270 272 A6
96. A.P. van Alem, F.W. Chapman, P. Lank, A.A. Hart, and R.W. Koster A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Resuscitation 58 2003 17 24
97. J. Carpenter, T.D. Rea, J.A. Murray, P.J. Kudenchuk, and M.S. Eisenberg Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest Resuscitation 59 2003 189 196
98. L.J. Morrison, P. Dorian, and J. Long Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rectilinear biphasic to monophasic damped sine defibrillation waveforms with advanced life support intervention trial (ORBIT) Resuscitation 66 2005 149 157
99. R.E. Kerber, J.B. Martins, and M.G. Kienzle Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment Circulation 77 1988 1038 1046
100. R.W. Koster, P. Dorian, F.W. Chapman, P.W. Schmitt, S.G. O'Grady, and R.G. Walker A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation Am Heart J 147 2004 e20
101. P.R. Martens, J.K. Russell, and B. Wolcke Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects Resuscitation 49 2001 233 243
102. W.D. Weaver, L.A. Cobb, M.K. Copass, and A.P. Hallstrom Ventricular defibrillation: a comparative trial using 175-J and 320-J shocks N Engl J Med 307 1982 1101 1106
103. W. Tang, M.H. Weil, and S. Sun The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1999 815 822
104. B.E. Gliner, D.B. Jorgenson, and J.E. Poole Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators Biomed Instrum Technol 32 1998 631 644
105. R.D. White, T.H. Blackwell, J.K. Russell, D.E. Snyder, and D.B. Jorgenson Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator Resuscitation 64 2005 63 69
106. M. Kuisma, P. Suominen, and R. Korpela Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome Resuscitation 30 1995 141 150
107. P.E. Sirbaugh, P.E. Pepe, and J.E. Shook A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest Ann Emerg Med 33 1999 174 184
108. R.W. Hickey, D.M. Cohen, S. Strausbaugh, and A.M. Dietrich Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 495 501
109. G.O. Appleton, R.O. Cummins, M.P. Larson, and J.R. Graves CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you "call first" rather than "call fast"? Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 492 494
110. R. Ronco, W. King, D.K. Donley, and S.J. Tilden Outcome and cost at a children's hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149 1995 210 214
111. J.D. Losek, H. Hennes, P. Glaeser, G. Hendley, and D.B. Nelson Prehospital care of the pulseless, nonbreathing pediatric patient Am J Emerg Med 5 1987 370 374
112. C. Mogayzel, L. Quan, J.R. Graves, D. Tiedeman, C. Fahrenbruch, and P. Herndon Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 484 491
113. D.J. Safranek, M.S. Eisenberg, and M.P. Larsen The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults Ann Emerg Med 21 1992 1102 1106
114. R.A. Berg, F.W. Chapman, and M.D. Berg Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation Resuscitation 61 2004 189 197
115. W. Tang, M.H. Weil, and D. Jorgenson Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation Crit Care Med 30 2002 2736 2741
116. C.B. Clark, Y. Zhang, L.R. Davies, G. Karlsson, and R.E. Kerber Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model Resuscitation 51 2001 159 163
117. C.A. Gurnett, and D.L. Atkins Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child Am J Cardiol 86 2000 1051 1053
118. D.L. Atkins, and D.B. Jorgenson Attenuated pediatric electrode pads for automated external defibrillator use in children Resuscitation 66 2005 31 37
119. H.P. Gutgesell, W.A. Tacker, L.A. Geddes, S. Davis, J.T. Lie, and D.G. McNamara Energy dose for ventricular defibrillation of children Pediatrics 58 1976 898 901
120. R.O. Cummins, and D. Austin Jr. The frequency of 'occult' ventricular fibrillation masquerading as a flat line in prehospital cardiac arrest Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 813 817
121. J.D. Losek, H. Hennes, P.W. Glaeser, D.S. Smith, and G. Hendley Prehospital countershock treatment of pediatric asystole Am J Emerg Med 7 1989 571 575
122. D.R. Martin, T. Gavin, and J. Bianco Initial countershock in the treatment of asystole Resuscitation 26 1993 63 68
123. P. Kohl, A.M. King, and C. Boulin Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation P. Kohl F. Sachs M.R. Franz Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient 2005 Elsevier Saunders Philadelphia 304 314
124. B. Befeler Mechanical stimulation of the heart; its therapeutic value in tachyarrhythmias Chest 73 1978 832 838
125. H.K.A. Volkmann, H. Kühnert, R. Paliege, G. Dannberg, and K. Siegert Terminierung von Kammertachykardien durch mechanische Herzstimulation mit Präkordialschlägen. ("Termination of Ventricular Tachycardias by Mechanical Cardiac Pacing by Means of Precordial Thumps") Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 79 1990 717 724
126. G. Caldwell, G. Millar, and E. Quinn Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: Defence of the precordial thump and cough version Br Med J 291 1985 627 630
127. T. Morgera, N. Baldi, D. Chersevani, G. Medugno, and F. Camerini Chest thump and ventricular tachycardia Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2 1979 69 75
128. E. Rahner, and E. Zeh Die Regularisierung von Kammertachykardien durch präkordialen Faustschlag. ("The Regularization of Ventricular Tachycardias by Precordial Thumping") Medizinsche Welt 29 1978 1659 1663
129. M. Gertsch, S. Hottinger, and T. Hess Serial chest thumps for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease Clin Cardiol 15 1992 181 188
130. R. Krijne Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump Am J Cardiol 53 1984 964 965
131. S. Sclarovsky, O.H. Kracoff, and J. Agmon Acceleration of ventricular tachycardia induced by a chest thump Chest 80 1981 596 599
132. R.W. Yakaitis, and J.S. Redding Precordial thumping during cardiac resuscitation Crit Care Med 1 1973 22 26
133. B. Lown Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias Br Heart J 29 1967 469 489
134. S. Mittal, S. Ayati, and K.M. Stein Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks Circulation 101 2000 1282 1287
135. R.L. Page, R.E. Kerber, and J.K. Russell Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 1956 1963
136. J.A. Joglar, M.H. Hamdan, and K. Ramaswamy Initial energy for elective external cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation Am J Cardiol 86 2000 348 350
137. F. Alatawi, O. Gurevitz, and R. White Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation Heart Rhythm 2 2005 382 387
138. S.L. Pinski, E.B. Sgarbossa, E. Ching, and R.G. Trohman A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter Am Heart J 137 1999 439 442
139. R.E. Kerber, M.G. Kienzle, and B. Olshansky Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion Circulation 85 1992 158 163
140. J.R. Hedges, S.A. Syverud, W.C. Dalsey, S. Feero, R. Easter, and B. Shultz Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing Circulation 76 1987 1337 1343
141. E. Barthell, P. Troiano, D. Olson, H.A. Stueven, and G. Hendley Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 1221 1226
142. R.O. Cummins, J.R. Graves, and M.P. Larsen Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest N Engl J Med 328 1993 1377 1382
143. J.P. Ornato, and M.A. Peberdy The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest Ann Emerg Med 27 1996 576 587
144. J.T. Niemann, G.E. Adomian, D. Garner, and J.P. Rosborough Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias Crit Care Med 13 1985 699 704
145. L. Quan, J.R. Graves, D.R. Kinder, S. Horan, and R.O. Cummins Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests Ann Emerg Med 21 1992 905 909
146. W.C. Dalsey, S.A. Syverud, and J.R. Hedges Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests Crit Care Med 13 1985 399 401
147. A.A. Knowlton, and R.H. Falk External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest Am J Cardiol 57 1986 1295 1298
148. J.P. Ornato, W.L. Carveth, and J.R. Windle Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest Ann Emerg Med 13 1984 101 103