Replacing polyphosphate with silicate to solve lead, copper, and source water iron problems

Journal / American Water Works Association

Volumn 97, Issue 11, 2005, Pages

  Schock, Michael R ^a,b   Lytle, Darren A ^c   Sandvig, Anne M ^d   Clement, Jonathan ^e   Harmon, Stephen M ^c  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b International Water Association   (United Kingdom)

^c Treatment Technology Evaluation Branch   (United States)

^d HDR/EES   (United States)

^e BLACK AND VEATCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COPPER; LEAD; PHOSPHATES; POTABLE WATER; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; SILICATES; WATER QUALITY;

LEAD AND COPPER RULE (LCR); SILICATE DOSAGE; SODIUM SILICATES;

WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 28444495937     PISSN: 0003150X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07521.x     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 1997. Standard Test Method for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water. Volume 11.01, D 513-92 (Reapproved 1996). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa.
2. AwwaRF (AWWA Research Foundation) and DVGW Forschungsstelle-TZW, 1996 (2nd ed.). Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems. AwwaRF, Denver.
3. Cantor, A.F. et al, 2000. Use of Polyphosphate in Corrosion Control. Jour. AWWA, 92:2:95.
4. Clement, J. et al, 1998. Evaluation of Lead and Copper Corrosion Control Treatment Strategies in Small Systems. Internal Report, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio.
5. Dart, F.J. & Foley, P.D., 1972. Silicate as Fe, Mn Deposition Preventative in Distribution Systems. Jour. AWWA, 64:4:244.
6. Dart, F.J. & Foley, P.D., 1970. Preventing Iron Deposition With Sodium Silicate. Jour. AWWA, 62:10:663.
7. Deng, Y., 1997. Formation of Iron(III) Hydroxides From Homogeneous Solutions. Water Res., 31:6:1347.
8. Dodrill, D.M. & Edwards, M., 1995. Corrosion Control on the Basis of Utility Experience. Jour. AWWA, 87:7:74.
9. Edwards, M. & McNeill, L.S., 2002. Effect of Phosphate Inhibitors on Lead Release. Jour. AWWA, 94:1:79.
10. Edwards, M. et al, 2001. Role of Phosphate Inhibitors in Mitigating Lead and Copper Corrosion. AwwaRF, Denver.
11. Harmon, S.M., 1998. Precipitation of Lead Minerals in Service Lines: An Example From the Water Utility of Hopkinton, Massachusetts. Masters thesis, University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
12. Hunt, D.T.E. & Creasey, J.D., 1980. Calculation of Equilibrium Trace Metal Speciation and Solubility in Aqueous Systems by a Computer Method, With Particular Reference to Lead. Technical Report TR-151, Water Research Centre, Medmenham, Bucks., United Kingdom.
13. Knocke, W.R.; Hoehn, R.C.; & Sinsabaugh, R.L., 1987. Using Alternate Oxidants to Remove Dissolved Manganese From Waters Laden With Organics. Jour. AWWA, 79:3:75.
14. La Rosa-Thompson, J. et al, 1997. Sodium Silicate Corrosion Inhibitors: Issues of Effectiveness and Mechanism, Proc. AWWA WQTC, Denver.
15. Lehrman, L. & Shuldener, H.L., 1951. The Role of Sodium Silicate in Inhibiting Corrosion by Film Formation on Water Piping. Jour. AWWA, 43:175.
16. Robinson, R.B.; Reed, G.D.; & Frazier, B., 1992. Iron and Manganese Sequestration Facilities Using Sodium Silicate. Jour. AWWA, 84:2:77.
17. Robinson, R.B.; Minear, R.A.; & Holden, J.M., 1987. Effects of Several Ions on Iron Treatment by Sodium Silicate and Hypochlorite. Jour. AWWA, 79:7:116.
18. Schock, M.R.; Wagner, I.; & Oliphant, R., 1996 (2nd ed.). The Corrosion and Solubility of Lead in Drinking Water. Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems. AwwaRF and DVGW Forschungsstelle-TZW, Denver.
19. Schock, M.R.; Lytle, D.A.; & Clement, J.A., 1995a. Effect of pH, DIC, Orthophosphate, and Sulfate on Drinking Water Cuprosolvency. EPA/600/R-95/085, USEPA Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio. http://www.epa.gov/ ORD/WebPubs/effect.
20. Schock, M.R.; Lytle, D.A.; & Clement, J.A., 1995b. Effects of pH, Carbonate, Orthophosphate and Redox Potential on Cuprosolvency. Proc. NACE Corrosion/95, Orlando, Fla. NAGE Intl., Houston.
21. Schock, M.R., 1989. Understanding Corrosion Control Strategies for Lead. Jour. AWWA, 81:7:88.
22. Schock, M.R. & Wagner, I., 1985. The Corrosion and Solubility of Lead in Drinking Water. Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems, AwwaRF and DVGW Forschungsstelle-TZW, Denver.
23. 2 Solutions. Clay Minerals, 11:189.
24. Sigg, L. & Stumm, W., 1980. The Interaction of Anions and Weak Acids With the Hydrous Goethite Surface. Colloid Surface, 2:101.
25. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 (18th ed.). APHA, AWWA, and WEF, Washington.
26. Stericker, W., 1945. Protection of Small Water Systems From Corrosion. Industrial Engrg. Chem., 37:716.
27. Stumm, W. & Morgan, J.J., 1981. Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley-lnterscience, New York.
28. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. Drinking Water Regulations; Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, 59:125:33860.
29. USEPA, 1992. Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, 57:125:28785.
30. USEPA, 1991a. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, 56:110:26460.
31. USEPA, 1991b. Drinking Water Regulations; Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142, 56:135:32112.
32. USEPA, 1990. Method 200.7: Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by ICP Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, Revision 3.2. EPA/600/R-94/111. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio.
33. USEPA, 1983. Methods of Chemical Analyses of Water and Wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio.
34. Zhang, P.; Ryan, J.A.; & Bryndzia, L.T., 1997. Pyromorphite Formation From Goethite Adsorbed Lead. Envir. Sci. & Technol., 31:2673.