Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: Interventions and diarrhoea-a review

Water Science and Technology

Volumn 52, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 133-142

  Fewtrell, L ^a   Colford Jr , J M ^b,c  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Diarrhoea; Interventions; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASES; INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE; SANITATION; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

DIARRHOEAL ILLNESS; HYGIENE; META-ANALYSIS; WATER SAFETY;

WATER QUALITY;

CHLORINE;

DIARRHEAL DISEASE; HYGIENE; SANITATION; WATER SUPPLY;

ARTICLE; CHLORINATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIARRHEA; DISINFECTION; EMBASE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FILTRATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH PROMOTION; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; PASTEURIZATION; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 28444434443     PISSN: 02731223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2005.0244     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Alam, N., Wojtyniak, B., Henry, F.J. and Rahaman, M.M. (1989). Mothers' personal and domestic hygiene and diarrhoea incidence in young children in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Epidemiology, 18(1), 242-247.
2. Aziz, K.M., Hoque, B.A., Hasan, K.Z., Patwary, M.Y., Huttly, S.R., Rahaman, M.M. and Feachem, R.G. (1990). Reduction in diarrhoeal diseases in children in rural Bangladesh by environmental and behavioural modifications. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(3), 433-438.
3. Blum, D. and Feachem, R.G. (1983). Measuring the impact of water supply and sanitation investments on diarrhoeal diseases: problems of methodology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 12(3), 357-365.
4. Colwell, R.R., Huq, A., Islam, M.S., Aziz, K.M., Yunus, M., Khan, N.H., Mahmud, A., Sack, R.B., Nair, G.B., Chakraborty, J., Sack, D.A. and Russek-Cohen, E. (2003). Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 100(3), 1051-1055.
5. Conroy, R.M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T., McGuigan, K.G. and Barnes, J. (1996). Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial. Lancet, 348, 1695-1697.
6. Daniels, D.L., Cousens, S.N., Makoae, L.N. and Feachem, R.G. (1990). A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 68(4), 455-463.
7. Esrey, S.A. and Habicht, J.P. (1986). Epidemiologic evidence for health benefits from improved water and sanitation in developing countries. Epidemiologic Reviews, 8, 117-128.
8. Esrey, S.A., Feachem, R.G. and Hughes, J.M. (1985). Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63(4), 757-772.
9. Esrey, S.A., Habicht, J.P., Latham, M.C., Sisler, D.G. and Casella, G. (1988). Drinking water source, diarrheal morbidity, and child growth in villages with both traditional and improved water supplies in rural Lesotho, southern Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 78(11), 1451-1455.
10. Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B., Roberts, L. and Schiff, C. (1991). Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 69(5), 609-621.
11. Gasana, J., Morin, J., Ndikuyeze, A. and Kamoso, P. (2002). Impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrheal morbidity among young children in the socioeconomic and cultural context of Rwanda (Africa). Environmental Research, 90(2), 76-88.
12. Haggerty, P.A., Muladi, K., Kirkwood, B.R., Ashworth, A. and Manunebo, M. (1994). Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: impact of the intervention on diarrhoeal morbidity. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(5), 1050-1059.
13. Han, A.M. and Hlaing, T. (1989). Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by handwashing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 128-131.
14. Hoque, B.A., Juncker, T., Sack, R.B., Ali, M. and Aziz, K.M. (1996). Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: a 5-year follow-up. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 74(4), 431-437.
15. Iijima, Y., Karama, M., Oundo, J.O. and Honda, T. (2001). Prevention of bacterial diarrhea by pasteurization of drinking water in Kenya. Microbiology and Immunology, 45(6), 413-416.
16. Jensen, P.K., Ensink, J.H.J., Jayasinghe, G., van der Hoek, W., Cairncross, S. and Dalsgaard, A. (2003). Effect of chlorination of drinking water on water quality and childhood diarrhoea in a village in Pakistan. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 21(1), 26-31.
17. Kirchhoff, L.V., McClelland, K.E., Do Carmo Pinho, M., Araujo, J.G., De Sousa, M.A. and Guerrant, R.L. (1985). Feasibility and efficacy of in-home water chlorination in rural North eastern Brazil. Journal of Hygiene (London), 94(2), 173-180.
18. Kosek, M., Bern, C. and Guerrant, R.L. (2003). The magnitude of the global burden of diarrhoeal disease from studies published 1992-2000. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 197-204.
19. Lee, W., Stoeckel, J., Jintaganont, P., Romanarak, T. and Kullavanijaya, S. (1991). The impact of a community based health education program on the incidence of diarrhoeal disease in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 22(4), 548-556.
20. Mahfouz, A.A., Abdel-Moneim, M., al-Erian, R.A. and al-Amari, O.M. (1995). Impact of chlorination of water in domestic storage tanks on childhood diarrhoea: a community trial in the rural areas of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(2), 126-130.
21. Mertens, T.E., Cousens, S.N., Fernando, M.A., Kirkwood, B.R., Merkle, F., Korte, R. and Feachem, R.G. (1990a). Health impact evaluation of improved water supplies and hygiene practices in Sri Lanka: background and methodology. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 41(1), 79-88.
22. Mertens, T.E., Fernando, M.A., Cousens, S.N., Kirkwood, B.R., Marshall, T.F. and Feachem, R.G. (1990b). Childhood diarrhoea in Sri Lanka: a case-control study of the impact of improved water sources. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 41(1), 98-104.
23. Nanan, D., White, F., Azam, I., Afsar, H. and Hozhabri, S. (2003). Evaluation of a water, sanitation, and hygiene education intervention on diarrhoea in northern Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(3), 160-165.
24. Pinfold, J.V. and Horan, N.J. (1996). Measuring the effect of hygiene behaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90(4), 366-371.
25. Prüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J. (2002). Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation and hygiene at a global level. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(5), 537-542.
26. Quick, R.E., Kimura, A., Thevos, A., Tembo, M., Shamputa, I., Hutwagner, L. and Mintz, E. (2002). Diarrhea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66(5), 584-589.
27. Quick, R.E., Venczel, L.V., Mintz, E.D., Soleto, L., Aparicio, J., Gironaz, M., Hutwagner, L., Greene, K., Bopp, C., Maloney, K., Chavez, D., Sobsey, M. and Tauxe, R.V. (1999). Diarrhoea prevention in Bolivia through point-of-use water treatment and safe storage: a promising new strategy. Epidemiology and Infection, 122(1), 83-90.
28. Roberts, L., Chartier, Y., Chartier, O., Malenga, G., Toole, M. and Rodka, H. (2001). Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(4), 280-287.
29. Ryder, R.W., Reeves, W.C., Singh, N., Hall, C.B., Kapikian, A.Z., Gomez, B. and Sack, R.B. (1985). The childhood health effects of an improved water supply system on a remote Panamanian island. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 34(5), 921-924.
30. Sathe, A.A., Hinge, D.V. and Watve, M.G. (1996). Water treatment and diarrhoea. Lancet, 348, 335-336.
31. Semenza, J.C., Roberts, L., Henderson, A., Bogan, J. and Rubin, C.H. (1998). Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59(6), 941-946.
32. Shahid, N.S., Greenough, W.B., 3rd, Samadi, A.R., Huq, M.I. and Rahman, N. (1996). Hand washing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 14(2), 85-89.
33. Sircar, B.K., Sengupta, P.G., Mondal, S.K., Gupta, D.N., Saha, N.C., Ghosh, S., Deb, B.C. and Pal, S.C. (1987). Effect of handwashing on the incidence of diarrhoea in a Calcutta slum. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 5(2), 112-114.
34. Sobsey, M.D., Handzel, T. and Venczel, L. (2003). Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease. Water Science and Technology, 47(3), 221-228.
35. Stanton, B.F., Clemens, J.D. and Khair, T. (1988). Educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behavior to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh: impact on nutritional status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(5), 1166-1172.
36. Stanton, B.F. and Clemens, J.D. (1987). An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviours to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviours and rates of diarrhea. American Journal of Epidemiology, 125(2), 292-301.
37. Tonglet, R., Isu, K., Mpese, M., Dramaix, M. and Hennart, P. (1992). Can improvements in water supply reduce childhood diarrhoea? Health Policy Planning, 7(3), 260-268.
38. Wang, Z.S., Shepard, D.S., Zhu, Y.C., Cash, R.A., Zhao, R.J., Zhu, Z.X. and Shen, F.M. (1989). Reduction of enteric infectious disease in rural China by providing deep-well tap water. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 67(2), 171-180.
39. Wilson, J.M., Chandler, G.N., Muslihatun, and Jamiluddin, (1991). Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: a study in Lombok, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85(6), 819-821.