Of dice and women: Gambling and exchange in native North America

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 215-268

  DeBoer, Warren R ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Dice games; Gambling; Gender; North American Indians; Trade

Indexed keywords

EID: 28244500298     PISSN: 10725369     EISSN: 15737764     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1011663123339     Document Type: Article

References (309)

1. Aberle, D. F. (1942). Mythology of the Navajo game stick-dice. Journal of American Folklore 55: 144-154.
2. Aginsky, B. W. (1943). Culture Element Distributions XXIV. Central Sierra, Anthropological Records 8, Part 4, University of California, Berkeley.
3. Ahler, S. A., Thiessen, T. D., and Trimble M. K. (1991). People of the Willows. The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians, University of North Dakota Press, Grand Forks.
4. Aikens, C. M. (1965). Excavations in Southwest Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 76, Salt Lake City.
5. Aikens, C. M. (1966). Fremont-Promontory-Plains Relationships in Northern Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 82, Salt Lake City.
6. Aikens, C. M. (1967). Excavations at Snake Rock Village and the Bear River No. 2 Site, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 87, Salt Lake City.
7. Aikens, C. M. (1970) Hogup Cave, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 93, Salt Lake City.
8. Alvarez, A. (2000). High rollers. Review of "Double Down: Reflections on Gambling and Loss" by Frederick and Steven Barthelme. New York Review of Books 47(4): 24-26.
9. Ambler, J. R. (1966). Caldwell Village, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 84, Salt Lake City.
10. Anon. (1906a). A Mandan Woman's Game, Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota 1, Bismarck, pp. 444-445.
11. Anon. (1906b). The Four-Stick Game of the Mandans, Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota 1, Bismarck, pp. 445-446.
12. Anon. (2000). The July Almanac. Atlantic Monthly 286(1): 12.
13. Barbour, J. (2000). The End of Time, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
14. Barnett, H. G. (1937). Culture Element Distributions VII. Oregon Coast, Anthropological Records 1, Part 3, University of California, Berkeley.
15. Barnett, H. G. (1939). Culture Element Distributions IX. Gulf of Georgia Salish, Anthropological Records 1, Part 5, University of California, Berkeley.
16. Barrett, S. A., and Gifford E. W. (1933). Miwok material culture, Public Museum of Milwaukee, Bulletin 2, Part 4, Milwaukee.
17. Basso, K. H. (1996). Wisdom Sits in Places, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
18. Beals, R. L. (1933). Ethnology of the Nisenan, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 31, Part 6, Berkeley.
19. Beals, R., and Carrasco R (1944). Games of the mountain Tarascans. American Anthropologist 46: 516-522.
20. Bettarel, R. L., and Smith H. G. (1973). The Moccasin Bluff site and the Woodland cultures of southwestern Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 49, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
21. Binford, L. R. (1999). Time as a clue to cause? Proceedings of the British Academy 101: 1-36.
22. Blaine, M. R. (1995). The Ioway Indians, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
23. Blair, E. H. (1996). The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
24. Blanchard, K., and Cheska, A. T. (1985). The Anthropology of Sport. An Introduction. Bergin and Garvey, South Hadley, MA.
25. Blau, H. (1967). Notes on the Onondaga bowl game. In Iroquois Culture, History, and Prehistory. Proceedings of the 1965 Conference on Iroquois Research, The University of the State of New York, Albany, pp. 35-49.
26. Bluhm, E. A., and Liss A. (1961) The Anker Site. In Bluhm, E. A. (ed.), Chicago Area Archaeology, Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 3, Urbana, pp. 89-138.
27. Boas, F. (1966). Kwakiutl Ethnography, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
28. Bowers, A. W. (1950). Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
29. Boyle, D. (1898). The Peach Stone Game. In Archaeological Report for 1898, Warwick Brothers and Rutter, Toronto, pp. 126-128.
30. Brackenridge, H. M. (1966) Views of Louisiana, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
31. Bradley, R. J. (2000) Networks of shell ornament exchange: A critical assessment of prestige economies in the North American Southwest. In Hegmon, M. (ed.), The Archaeology of Regional Interaction, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 167-188.
32. Brew, J. O. (1946) Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, Southeastern Utah, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 21, Harvard University, Cambridge.
33. Brody, J. J. (1977). Mimbres Painted Pottery, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
34. Brunton, B. B. (1998). The stick game. In Walker, D. E. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 12. The Plateau, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 573-583.
35. Callaghan, C. A. (1978). Lake Miwok. In Heizer, R. F. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 8. California, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 264-273.
36. Carver, J. (1813). Three Years' Travels Throughout the Interior Parts of North America, Isaiah Tecmas, London.
37. Castile, G. P. (ed.) (1985) The Indians of Puget Sound. The Notebooks of Myron Eells [1894], University of Washington Press, Seattle.
38. Cattanach, G. C. (1980). Long House, Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service, Publications in Archeology 7H, Washington, DC.
39. Chapman, C. H. (1948) A preliminary survey of Missouri archaeology: Part III. Woodland cultures and the Ozark Bluff-dwellers. Missouri Archaeologist 10.
40. Chartkoff, J. L., and Chartkoff, K. K. (1984). The Archaeology of California, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
41. Claassen, C., and R. H. Joyce (eds.) (1997). Women in Prehistory. North America and Mesoamerica, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
42. Clifton, J. A. (1978). Potawatomi. In Trigger, B. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 15. The Northeast, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 725-742.
43. Cosgrove, C. B. (1947). Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 24, Part 2, Harvard University, Cambridge.
44. Cosgrove, H. S., and Cosgrove, C. B. (1932). The Swarts Ruin, a Typical Mimbres Site in Southwestern New Mexico, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 15, Part 1, Harvard University, Cambridge.
45. Crump, T. (1990). The Anthropology of Numbers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Culin, S. (1960). Games. In Hodge, F. W. (ed.), Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Pageant Books, New York, pp. 483-486.
47. Culin, S. (1975). Games of the North American Indian, Dover, New York.
48. Cushing, F. H. (1979). Zuñi. Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
49. Daifuku, H. (1961). Jeddito 264. A Report on the Excavation of a Basketmaker III-Pueblo I Site in Northeastern Arizona With a Review of Some Current Theories in Southwestern Archaeology, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 33, Part 1, Harvard University, Cambridge.
50. Dalley, G. F. (1977). Swallow Shelter and Associated Sites, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 96, Salt Lake City.
51. Daniel, Z. T. (1892). Kansu: A Sioux game. American Anthropologist 5(o.s.): 215-216.
52. Davis, J. T. (1963). Trade routes and economic exchange among the Indians of California. In Heizer, R. F. (ed.), Aboriginal California. Three Studies in Culture History, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, pp. 1-80.
53. Day, K. C. (1966). Excavations at Gunlock Flats, Southwestern Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 83, Salt Lake City (Miscellaneous Papers 11).
54. DeBoer, W. R. (1993). Like a rolling stone: The chunkey game and political organization in eastern North America, Southeastern Archaeology 12(2): 83-92.
55. Denig, E. T. (1930). Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 46, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
56. Densmore, F. (1918). Teton Sioux music, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 61, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
57. Densmore, F. (1922). Northern Ute music, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 75, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
58. Densmore, F. (1929a). Chippewa customs, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 86, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
59. Densmore, F. (1929b). Papago music, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 90, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
60. Densmore, F. (1932). Yuman and Yaqui music, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 110, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
61. Desmond, G. R. (1952). Gambling among the Yakima, The Catholic University of America, Anthropological Series 14, Washington, DC.
62. Dewez, M. C. (1974). New hypotheses concerning two engraved bones from La Grotte de Remouchamps, Belgium. World Archaeology 5(3): 337-345.
63. Dodge, R. I. (1883). Our Wild Indians, A.D. Worthington, Hartford, CT.
64. Dorsey, G. A. (1997). The Pawnee Mythology, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
65. Dorsey, J. O. (1884). Omaha Sociology, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 3, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
66. Dorsey, J. O. (1892). Games of Teton Dakota children. American Anthropologist 4(o.s.): 329-346.
67. Driver, H. E. (1937). Culture Element Distributions VI. Southern Sierra Nevada, Anthropological Records 1, Part 2, University of California, Berkeley.
68. Driver, H. E. (1939). Culture Element Distributions X. Northwest California, Anthropological Records 1, Part 6, University of California, Berkeley.
69. Drucker, P. (1937). Culture Element Distributions V. Southern California, Anthropological Records 1, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
70. Dumazedier, J. (1974). Sociology of Leisure, Elsevier New York.
71. Eddy, F. W. (1966). Prehistory in the Navajo Reservoir District, Northwestern New Mexico (2 Vols.), Museum of New Mexico, Papers in Anthropology 15, Santa Fé.
72. Edmonson, M. S. (1967). Play: Games, gossip, and humor. In Nash, M. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians: Volume 6. Social Anthropology, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 191-206.
73. Emmons, G. T. (1911). The Tahltan Indians, Anthropological Publications 4, Part 1, Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
74. Erasmus, C. J. (1950). Patolli, pachisi, and the limitation of possibilities. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6(4): 369-387.
75. Essene, F. (1942). Culture Element Distributions XXI. Round Valley, Anthropological Records 8, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
76. Etzkorn, M. C. (1993). Perishable artifacts, bone tools and ornaments. In Lightfoot, R. R., and Etzkorn, M. C. (eds.), The Duckfoot Site: Volume 1. Descriptive Archaeology, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Occasional Paper 3, Cortez, co, pp. 183-189.
77. Ewers, J. C. (1958). The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
78. Eyman, F. (1965). American Indian gaming arrows and stick-dice. Expedition 7(4): 39-47.
79. Ferg, A., and Kessel, W. B. (1987) Recreation. In Ferg, A. (ed.), Western Apache Material Culture. The Goodwin and Guenther Collections, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 153-164.
80. Fewkes, J. W. (1904). Two Summers' work in Pueblo ruins, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 22, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
81. Fewkes, J. W. (1989). The Mimbres: Art and Archaeology, Ayanyu Publishing, Albuquerque.
82. Flannery, R., and Cooper J. M. (1946). Social mechanisms in Gros Ventre gambling. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 2(1): 391-419.
83. Fletcher, A. C., and La Flesche, F. (1972). The Omaha Tribe (2 Vols.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
84. Fowler, D. D., Madsen, D. B., and Hattori, E. M. (1973). Prehistory of Southeastern Nevada, Desert Research Institute, Publications in the Social Sciences 6, Reno, NV.
85. Fry, G. F., and Dalley, G. F. (1979). The Levee Site and the Knoll Sites, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 100, Salt Lake City.
86. Futur, A. A. (1969). The Strickler site. In Witthoft, J., and Kinzey, W. F. (eds.), Susquehannock Miscellany. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, pp. 136-147.
87. Galloway, P. (1997). Where have all the menstrual huts gone? The invisibility of menstrual seclusion in the late prehistoric Southeast. In Claassen, C., and Joyce, R. (eds.), Women in Prehistory. North America and Mesoamerica. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, pp. 47-62.
88. Garth, T. R. (1952). The Middle Columbia cremation complex. American Antiquity 18: 40-56.
89. Gayton, A. H. (1948a). Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography I. Tulare Lake, Southern Valley, and Central Foothills Yokuts, Anthropological Records 10, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
90. Gayton, A. H. (1948b). Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography II. Northern Foothills Yokuts and Western Mono, Anthropological Records 10, Part 2, University of California, Berkeley.
91. Gifford, E. W. (1931). The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 97, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
92. Gifford, E. W. (1932). The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29, Part 3, Berkeley.
93. Gifford, E. W. (1933). The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31, Part 5, Berkeley.
94. Gifford, E. W. (1936). Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34, Part 4, Berkeley.
95. Gifford, E. W. (1940). Culture Element Distributions XII. Apache-Pueblo, Anthropological Records 4, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
96. Gifford, E. W. (1947). California Shell Artifacts, Anthropological Records 9, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
97. Gifford, E. W., and Kroeber, A. L. (1939). Culture Element Distribution IV. Porno, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 37, Part 4, Berkeley.
98. Gillespie, S. D. (1991). Ballgames and Boundaries. In Scarborough, V. L., and Wilcox, D. R. (eds.), The Mesoamerican Ballgame, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 317-345.
99. Gilmore, M. R. (1919). Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri river region, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 33, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
100. Goad, S. (1980). Patterns of Late Archaic exchange. Tennessee Anthropologist 5: 1-16.
101. Goldschmidt, W. (1951). Nomlaki Ethnography, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 42, Part 4, Berkeley.
102. Grant, C. (1978). Eastern Coastal Chumash. In Heizer, R. F. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 8. California, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 509-519.
103. Grinnell, G. B. (1962). The Cheyenne Indians (2 Vols.), Cooper Square, New York.
104. Gunnerson, J. H. (1957). An Archeological Survey of the Fremont Area, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 28, Salt Lake City.
105. Gunther, E. (1927). Klallam Ethnography, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 1, Part 5, Seattle.
106. Hammack, L. C. (1965). Archaeology of the Ute Dam and Reservoir, Northeastern New Mexico, Museum of New Mexico, Papers in Anthropology 14, Santa Fe.
107. Hanson, L. H., Jr. (1966). The Hardin Village Site, University of Kentucky Press, Lexington.
108. Harrington, J. P (1942). Culture Element Distributions XIX. Central California Coast, Anthropological Records 7, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
109. Harrington, M. R. (1963). Gypsum Cave, Nevada, Southwest Museum Papers 8, Los Angeles.
110. Haury, E. W. (1976). The Hohokam. Desert Farmers and Craftsmen, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
111. Hayes, A. C., and Lancaster, J. A. (1975). Badger House Community, Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service, Publications in Archeology 7E, Washington, DC.
112. Hayden, B., and Schulung, R. (1997). The Plateau Interaction Sphere and late prehistoric cultural complexity. American Antiquity 62(1): 51-85.
113. Hegmon, M., Hays-Gilpin, K., McGuire, R. H., Rautman, A. E., and Schlanger, S. H. (2000). Changing perceptions of regional interaction in the prehistoric Southwest. In Hegmon, M. (ed.), The Archaeology of Regional Interaction, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 1-21.
114. Hennepin, L. (1880). A Description of Louisiana. John G. Shea, New York.
115. Hewitt, J. N. B. (ed.) (1918). Seneca fiction, legends, and myths. Parti, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 32, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
116. Hoffman, W. J. (1897). The Menomini Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 14, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
117. Hough, W. (1914). Culture of the ancient Pueblos of the Upper Gila River region, New Mexico and Arizona, United States National Museum, Bulletin 87, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
118. Howard, J. H. (1981). Shawnee!, Ohio University Press, Athens.
119. Howard, J. H. (1995). The Ponca Tribe, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
120. Howe, C. B. (1968). Ancient Tribes of the Klamath Country, Binfords and Mort, Portland, OR.
121. Hudson, C. (1976). The Southeastern Indians, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
122. Hurt, W. R., Jr., Buckles, W. G., Fugle, E., and Agogino, G. A. (1962). Report of the Investigations of the Four Bear Site, 39DW2, Dewey County, South Dakota, W. H. Over Museum, State University of South Dakota, Archaeological Studies Circular 10, Vermillion, SD.
123. Irwin, H. J., and C. C. Irwin (1959). Excavations at the LoDaiska Site in the Denver, Colorado Area. Denver Museum of Natural History, Proceedings 8.
124. Irwin-Williams, C. (1979). Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 7000-2000 B.C. In Ortz, A. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 9. The Southwest, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 31-42.
125. James, E. (1966). Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (2 Vols.), University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
126. Jefferies, R. W. (1997). Middle Archaic bone pins: Evidence of mid-Holocene regional-scale social groups in the southern Midwest. American Antiquity 62(3): 464-487.
127. Jenness, D. (1955). The Indians of Canada, 3rd edn., National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
128. Jennings, J. D. (1957). Danger cave, Memoir 14, Society for American Archaeology, Menasha, WI.
129. Jennings, J. D., Schroedl, A. R., and Holmer, R. N. (1980). Sudden Shelter, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 103, Salt Lake City.
130. Jones. W. (1939). Ethnography of the Fox Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 125, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
131. Judd, N. M. (1954). The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 124, Washington, DC.
132. Judd, M. N. (1959). Pueblo del Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 138, Part 1, Washington, DC.
133. Kamp, K. A., and Whittaker, J. C. (1999). Surviving Adversity. The Sinagua of Lizard Man Village, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 120, Salt Lake City.
134. Kehoe, A. B. (1996). Introduction. In Lesser, A. (ed.), The Pawnee Ghost Dance Hand Game, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. ix-xviii.
135. Kelly, I. T. (1932). Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31, Part 3, Berkeley.
136. Kendall, T. (1980). Patolli. A Game of Ancient Mexico, Kirk Game Company, Belmont, MA.
137. Kidder, A. V. (1932). The Artifacts of Pecos, Phillips Academy, Papers of the Southwestern Expedition 6, Yale University Press, New Haven.
138. Kidder, A. V. (1958). Pecos, New Mexico: Archaeological Notes, Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology 5, Phillips Academy, Andover, MA.
139. Kidder, A. V., and Guernsey, S. J. (1919). Archaeological explorations in Northeastern Arizona, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 65, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
140. Kinietz, N. V. (1965). The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
141. Kraft, H. C. (1975). The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area, Seton Hall University, Archaeological Research Center, South Orange, NJ.
142. Kroeber, A. L. (1908). Ethnology of the Gros Ventre, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 1, Part 4, New York.
143. Kroeber, A. L. (1967). Handbook of the Indians of California, University of California Press, Berkeley.
144. Kroeber, A. L. (1983). The Arapaho, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
145. Lambert, M. F., and Ambler, J. R. (1961). A Survey and Excavation of Caves in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, School of American Research, Monograph 25, Santa Fé.
146. Lancaster, J. A., Pinkley, J. M., Van Cleave, P. F., and Watson, D. (1954). Archeological Excavations in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1950, National Park Service, Archeological Research Series 2, Washington, DC.
147. Lancy, D. F. (1980). Play in species adaptation. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 471-495.
148. Landes, R. (1971). The Ojibwa Woman, W. W. Norton, New York.
149. Latorre, F. A., and Latorre, D. L. (1976). The Mexico Kickapoo Indians, University of Texas Press, Austin.
150. Lawson, J. (1967). A New Voyage to Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
151. Lekson, S. H. (1999). The Chaco Meridian, Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
152. Lesser, A. (1933). The Pawnee Ghost Dance Hand Game: A Study of Cultural Change, Columbia University Press, New York.
153. Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966). The Savage Mind, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
154. Lewis, R. B. (1988). Old World dice in the protohistoric southern United States. Current Anthropology 29(5): 759-768.
155. Lindsay, J. A., Jr., Ambler, J. R., Stein, M. A., and Hobler, P. M. (1968). Survey and excavations north and east of Navajo Mountain, Utah, 1959-1962, Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 45, Flagstaff.
156. Lockett, H. C., and Hargrave, L. L. (1953). Woodchuck Cave: A Basketmaker II site in Tsegi Canyon, Arizona, Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 26, Flagstaff.
157. Lowie, R. H. (1909). The Northern Shoshoni, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 2, Part 2, New York.
158. Lowie, R. H. (1922). The Material Culture of the Crow, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 21, Part 3, New York.
159. Lowie, R. H. (1924). Notes on Shoshoni Ethnography. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 20, Part 3, New York.
160. Lowie, R. H. (1956). The Crow Indians, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York.
161. Lowie, R. H. (1963). Indians of the Plains, The Natural History Press, Garden City.
162. MacKenzie, A. (1801). Voyages From Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793(2 Vols.), London.
163. Martin, P. S., and Rinaldo, J. B. (1939). Modified Basketmaker Sites, Ackmen-Lowry Area, Southwestern Colorado, Field Museum of Natural History Anthropological Series 23, Part 3, Chicago.
164. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., Bluhm, E., Cutler, H. C., and Grange, R., Jr. (1952). Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change. The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves, Fieldiana: Anthropology 40, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
165. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., and Barter, E. R. (1957). Late Mogollon Communities. Four Sites of the Tularosa Phase, New Mexico, Fieldiana: Anthropology 49, Part 1, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
166. Martin, P. S., and Rinaldo, J. B. (1968). The SU Site, Kraus Reprint, Chicago.
167. Marwitt, J. P. (1970). Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 95, Salt Lake City.
168. Mason, O. (1970). Aboriginal Indian Basketry, Rio Grande Press, Glorieta, NM.
169. Matthews, W. (1889). Navajo gambling songs. American Anthropologist 2(o.s.): 1-19.
170. Matthews, W. (1994). Navajo Legends, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
171. McClintock, W. (1992). The Old North Trail, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
172. McGee, H. F., Jr. (1985). Playing at knowing: Patol and Pueblo world view. In Folan, W. J. (ed.), Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica: Essays in Honor of Carroll L. Riley, University of Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale, pp. 263-292.
173. Mead, M., and Bunzel, R. (eds.) (1960). The Golden Age of Anthropology, George Braziller, New York.
174. Meighan, C. W., Coles, N. E., Davis, F. D., Greenwood, G. M., Harrison, W. M., and MacBain, E. H. (1956). Archaeological Excavations in Iron County, Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 25, Salt Lake City.
175. Mera, H. P. (1938). Reconnaissance and Excavation in Northeastern New Mexico, American Anthropological Association, Memoir 51, Menasha, WI.
176. Michelson, T. (1925). Notes on Fox Mortuary customs and feasts, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 40, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
177. Miller, J. (1998). Middle Columbia River Salishans. In Walker, D. E., Jr. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 12. Plateau, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 253-270.
178. Mook, M. A. (1935). Games. In Kroeber, A. L. (ed.), Walapai Ethnography, American Anthropological Association, Memoir 42, Menasha, WI, pp. 167-173.
179. Mooney, J. (1965). The Ghost Dance Religion and theSioux Outbreak of 1890, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
180. Morgan, L. H. (1962). League of the Iroquois, Corinth Books, New York.
181. Morris, D. P. (1986). Archaeological Investigations at Antelope House, National Park Service, Washington, DC.
182. Morris, E. H. (1919). The Aztec Ruin, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 31, Part 1, New York.
183. Morris, E. H. (1939). Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District, Southwestern Colorado and Northwestern New Mexico, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 519, Washington, DC.
184. Morris, E. H., and Burgh, R. F. (1954). Basketmaker II Sites Near Durango, Colorado, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 604, Washington, DC.
185. Morris, E. A. (1980). Basketmaker Caves in the Prayer Rock District, Northeastern Arizona, Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 35, Tucson.
186. Morris, J. N. (1988). Excavations at Weasel Pueblo (Site 5MT5106), a Pueblo I-Pueblo III Multiple-Occupation Site. In Kane, A. E., and Robinson, C. K. (eds.), Dolores Archaeological Program. Anasazi Communities at Dolores: McPhee Village, Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering and Research Center, Denver, pp. 665-787.
187. Morss, N. (1931). The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 12, Part 3, Harvard University, Cambridge.
188. Mountjoy, J. B., and Smith, J. P. (1985). An archaeological patolli from Tomatlán, Jalisco. In Folan, W J. (ed.), Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica: Essays in Honor of Carroll L. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, pp. 240-262.
189. Mulloy, W (1952). The Northern Plains. In Griffin, J. B. (ed.), Archeology of Eastern United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 124-138.
190. Murie, J. R. (1981). Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part I: The Skiri. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
191. Nettle, E. J. (1964). Portable material culture. In Schoenwetter, J., and Eddy, F. W. (eds.), Alluvial and Palynological Reconstructions of Environments, Navajo Reservoir District, Museum of New Mexico, Papers in Anthropology 13, Santa Fé, pp. 129-149.
192. Opler, M. E. (1994a). Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians, Dover, New York.
193. Opler, M. E. (1994b). Myths and Tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
194. Orr, R. B. (1915). Indian games: Dice. In 27th Annual Archaeological Report. Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, A. T. Wilgress, Toronto, pp. 20-34.
195. Osborne, D. (1957). Excavations in the McNary Reservoir Basin near Umatilla, Oregon, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 166. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
196. O'Shea, J. M., and Ludwickson, J. (1992). Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Omaha Indians. The Big Village Site, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
197. Parlett, D. (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
198. Parsons, E. C. (1996). Pueblo Indian Religion, (2 Vols.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
199. Peattie, D. C. (1991). A Natural History of Western Trees, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
200. Pendergast, D. M. (1960). The Frei Site, Santa Clara, Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 60, Salt Lake City.
201. Pepper, G. H. (1996). Pueblo Bonito, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
202. Powers, S. (1976). Tribes of California, University of California Press, Berkeley.
203. Price, J. A. (1972). Gambling in traditional Asia. Anthropologica 14(2): 157-180.
204. Radin, P. (1970). The Winnebago Tribe, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
205. Ramsden, C. N. (1989). The Kirche Site. A 16th Century Huron Village in the Upper Trent Valley, Copetown Press, Dundas, Ontario.
206. Ramsey, J. (1977). Coyote Was Going There. Indian Literature of the Oregon Country, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
207. Rappaport, R. A. (1999). Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
208. Ray, V. F. (1932). The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 5, Seattle.
209. Ray, V. F. (1938). Lower Chinnok Ethnographic Notes, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 7, Part 2, Seattle.
210. Ray, V. F. (1942). Culture Element Distributions XXII. Plateau, Anthropological Records 8, Part 2, University of California, Berkeley.
211. Ray, V. F. (1963). Primitive Pragmatists. The Modoc Indians of Northern California, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
212. Reagan, A. B. (1919). Some games of the Bois Fort Ojibwa. American Anthropologist 21: 264-278.
213. Reichard, G. R. (1977). Navajo Religion, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
214. Richardson, M. (1958). Fundamentals of Mathematics, Macmillan, New York.
215. Riley, C. L. (1995). Rio del Norte, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
216. Ritchie, W. A. (1944). The Pre-Iroquoian Occupations of New York State, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Memoir 1, Rochester, New York.
217. Ritchie, W. A. (1954). Dutch Hollow, an early historic period Seneca site in Livingston County, New York. Research Records of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences 10, Rochester, NY.
218. Ritchie, W. A. (1965). The Archaeology of New York State, The Natural History Press, Garden City.
219. Roberts, F. H. H. (1930). Early Pueblo ruins in the Piedra District, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 96, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
220. Roberts, F. H. H. (1940). Archeological remains in the Whitewater District, Eastern Arizona. Part II: Artifacts and Burials, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 186, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
221. Roberts, J. M., Arth, M. J., and Bush, R. R. (1959). Games in culture. American Anthropologist 61: 597-605.
222. Rogers, J. D. (1990). Objects of Change. The Archaeology and History of Ankara Contact with Europeans, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
223. Rollings, W. H. (1992). The Osage. An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains, University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
224. Ronda, J. P. (1984). Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
225. Ross, A. (1966). Adventures of the First Settlers of the Columbia River, University Microfilms WB1-WA03023-001, Ann Arbor.
226. Rudy, J. (1953). An Archeological Survey of Western Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 12, Salt Lake City.
227. Rudy, J. (1955). Pine Park Shelter, Washington County, Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 18, Salt Lake City.
228. Russell, F. (1975). The Pima Indians, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
229. Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone Age Economics, Aldine, Chicago.
230. Sahlins, M. (1999). What is anthropological enlightment? Some lessons of the twentieth century. Annual Review of Anthropology 28: i-xxiii.
231. Salter, M. A. (1974). An analysis of the role of games in the fertility rituals of the Native North American. Anthropos 69: 494-504.
232. Salter, M. A. (1977). Meteorological play-forms of the Eastern Woodlands. In Stevens, P, Jr. (ed.), Studies in Anthropology of Play, Leisure Press, West Point, pp. 16-28.
233. Salter, M. A. (1980). Play in ritual: An ethnohistorical overview of Native North America. In Schwartzman, H. B. (ed.), Play and Culture, Leisure Press, West Point, pp. 70-82.
234. Sapir, E. (1910). Yana texts, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 9(1), Berkeley.
235. Sapir, E., and Spier, L. (1943). Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3, Part 3, University of California, Berkeley.
236. Schiffer, M. B. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
237. Sharrock, F. W., Anderson, K. M., Fowler, D. D., and Dibble, D. S. (1961). 1960 Excavations, Glen Canyon Area, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 52, Salt Lake City.
238. Sharrock, F. W., and Marwitt, J. P. (1967). Excavations at Nephi, Utah, 1965-1966, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 88, Salt Lake City.
239. Shields, W. F. (1967). 1966 Excavations: Uinta Basin, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 89, Salt Lake City (Miscellaneous Paper 15).
240. Shields, W. F., and Dalley, G. F. (1969). The Bear River No. 3 Site, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 96, Salt Lake City (Miscellaneous Paper 22).
241. Shimony, A. A. (1961). Conservatism Among the Iroquois of the Six Nations Reserve, Yale University Publications in Anthropology 65, New Haven.
242. Shore, B. (1996). Culture in Mind. Cognition, Culture, and the Problem of Meaning, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
243. Shutler, R. Jr. (1961). Lost City. Pueblo Grande de Nevada, Anthropological Papers 5, Nevada State Museum, Carson City, NV.
244. Skinner, A. (1913). Social Life and Ceremonial Bundles of the Menomini Indians, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 13, Part 1, New York.
245. Skinner, A. (1924). The Mascoutons or Prairie Potawatomi Indians. Part I: Social life and ceremonies, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Bulletin 6, Part 1, Milwaukee.
246. Smith, A. M. C. (1974). Ethnography of the Northern Ute, Museum of New Mexico Papers in Anthropology 17, Santa Fe.
247. Smith, C. S. (1977). The Talking Crow Site, University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 9, Lawrence, KS.
248. Smith, G. H. (1960a). Fort Pierre II (39ST217), A historic trading post in the Oahe Dam area, South Dakota, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (River Basin Surveys Paper 18).
249. Smith, G. H. (1960b). Archeological investigations at the site of Fort Stevenson (32ML1), Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (River Basin Surveys Paper 19).
250. Smith, G. H. (1972). Like-a-Fishhook Village and Fort Berthold, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota, National Park Service, Anthropological Papers 2, Washington, DC.
251. Smith, H. I. (1910). The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 6, Paper 1, New York.
252. Smith, M. W. (1940). The Puyallup-Nisqually, Columbia University Press, New York.
253. Smith, W. N., II (1945). The Papago game of "gince goot." The Masterkey 19(6): 194-197.
254. Speck, F. G. (1995). Midwinter Rites of the Cayuga Long House, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
255. Spier, L. (1928). Havasupai Ethnography, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 29, Part 3, New York.
256. Spier, L. (1938). The Sinkaietk or Southern Okanagon of Washington, University of Washington, General Series in Anthropology 6, Seattle.
257. Spier, L. (1970). Yuman Tribes of the Gila River, Cooper Square, New York.
258. Spier, L., and Sapir, E. (1930). Wishram Ethnography, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 3, Part 3, Seattle.
259. Stafford, C. R., Richards, R. L., and Anslinger, C. M. (2000). The Bluegrass fauna and changes in Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer foraging in the southern Midwest. American Antiquity 65(2): 317-326.
260. Stanford, D. (1999). Paleoindian archaeology and Late Pleistocene environments in the Plains and Southwestern United States. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. L. (eds.), Ice Age Peoples of North America, Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, pp. 281-339.
261. Stevenson, M. C. (1904). The Zuni Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 23. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
262. Steward, J. H. (1933). Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33, Part 3, Berkeley.
263. Steward, J. H. (1937). Ancient caves of the Great Salt Lake region, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 116, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
264. Steward, J. H. (1941). Culture Element Distributions XIII. Nevada Shoshoni, Anthropological Records 4, Part 2, University of California, Berkeley.
265. Steward, J. H. (1943). Culture Element Distributions XXIII. Northern and Gosiute Shoshoni, Anthropological Records 8, Part 3, University of California, Berkeley.
266. Stewart, O. C. (1941). Culture Element Distributions XIV. Northern Paiute, Anthropological Records 4, Part 3, University of California, Berkeley.
267. Stewart, O. C. (1942). Culture Element Distributions XVIII. Ute-Southern Paiute, Anthropological Records 6, Part 4, University of California, Berkeley.
268. Stroll, A. (1999). Twentieth century analytic philosophy. In Popkin, R. A. (ed.), The Columbia History of Western Philosophy, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 604-666.
269. Strong, W. D., Schenck, W. E., and Steward, J. H. (1932). Archaeology of the Dalles-Deschutes Region, University of California Papers in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29, Part 3, Berkeley.
270. Tanner, J. (1956). A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner During Thirty Years Residence Among the Indians in the Interior of North America, Ross and Haines, Minneapolis.
271. Taylor, D. C. (1954). A Report of Archaeological Excavations in Snake Valley, Nevada-Utah, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 16, Salt Lake City.
272. Taylor, D. C. (1957). Two Fremont Sites and Their Position in Southwestern Prehistory, University of Utah Anthropological Papers 29, Salt Lake City.
273. Tedlock, D. (1992). Introduction. In Culin, S. (ed.), Games of the North American Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 21-24.
274. Thompson, S. (1966). Tales of the North American Indians, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
275. Tichy, M. F. (1941). Six game pieces from Otowi. El Palacio 48(1): 1-6.
276. Tooker, E. (1991). An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 1615-1649, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse.
277. Turner, V. (1974). Liminal to liminoid in play, flow, and ritual. Rice University Studies 60(3): 53-92.
278. Turney-High, H. H. (1941). Ethnography of the Kutenai, American Anthropological Association, Memoir 56, Menasha, WI.
279. Tylor, E. B. (1931). American lot-games as evidence of Asiatic intercourse. In Kroeber, A. L., and Waterman, T. T. (eds.), Source Book in Anthropology, Harcourt, Brace, and Co., New York, pp. 388-397.
280. Underhill, R. (1936). The Autobiography of a Papago Woman, American Anthropological Association, Memoir 46, Menasha, WI.
281. VanStone, J. W (1997). An Ethnographic Collection From the Northern Ute in the Field Museum of Natural History, Fieldiana: Anthropology 28, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
282. Van Valkenburgh, S. (1954). Gaming stones in the Southwest. The Masterkey 28(3): 104-108.
283. Van Valkenburgh, S. (1979). Other Artifacts. In Vivian, G. (ed.), Excavations in a 17th Century Jumano Pueblo, Gran Quivira, National Park Service, Archaeological Research Series 8, Washington, DC. pp. 123-140.
284. Vennum, T., Jr. (1994). American Indian Lacrosse. Little Brother of War, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
285. Ventur, P. (1978). Mopan Maya dice games from the southern Peten. In Schwartzman, H. P. (ed.), Play and Culture, Leisure Press, West Point, pp. 242-262.
286. Vivian, G., and Mathews, T. W. (1964). Kin Kletso. A Pueblo III Community in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Southwestern Monuments Associations, Technical Series 6, Part 1.
287. Voegelin, E. W. (1938). Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2, Part 1, University of California, Berkeley.
288. Voegelin, E. W. (1942). Culture Element Distributions XX. Northeast California, Anthropological Records 7, Part 2, University of California, Berkeley.
289. Walker, J. R. (1905). Sioux games. Journal of American Folklore 18: 277-290.
290. Weber, S. A., and Seaman, P. D. (eds.) (1985). Havasupai Habitat. A.F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
291. Wedel, W. R. (1959). An introduction to Kansas archeology, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 174, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
292. Weitzer, B. (1979). Notes on the Hidatsa Indians Based on Data Recorded by the Late Gilbert L. Wilson, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 56, Part 2, New York.
293. Weltfish, G. (1965). The Lost Universe. Pawnee Life and Culture, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
294. Wheeler, S. M. (1973). The Archeology of Etna Cave, Lincoln County, Nevada, Desert Research Institute, Publications in the Social Sciences 6, Reno, NV.
295. White, M. E. (1967). An Early Historic Niagara Frontier Iroquois Cemetery in Erie County, New York, Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archeological Association 16, Paper 1, Rochester, NY.
296. Whitman, W. (1937). The Oto, Columbia University Press, New York.
297. Williams, R. (1963). The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, Russell and Russell, New York.
298. Winters, H. D. (1968). Value systems and trade cycles of the Late Archaic in the Midwest. In Binford, S. R., and Binford, L. R. (eds.), New Perspectives in Archeology, Aldine, Chicago, pp. 175-222.
299. Winters, H. D. (1969). The Riverton culture, Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigations 13, Springfield.
300. Wissler, C. (1911). The Social Life of the Blackfoot Indians, American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 7, Part 1, New York.
301. Wittry, W. L. (1963). The Bell site, Wn9, an early historic Fox village. Wisconsin Archeologist 44(1): 1-57.
302. Wood, W. R. (1967). An Interpretation of Mandan Culture History, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 198, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
303. Wood, W. R. (1980). Plains trade in prehistoric and protohistoric intertribal relations. In Wood, W. R., and Liberty, M. (eds.), Anthropology on the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 98-109.
304. Wormington, H. M. (1955). A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture, Denver Museum of Natural History, Proceedings 1, Denver.
305. Wormington, H. M. (1957). Ancient Man in North America, 4th edn., Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver.
306. Wray, C. F., Sempowski, M. L., Saunders, L. P., and Cervone, G. C. (1987). The Adams and Culbertson Sites, Rochester Museum and Science Center Research Records 10, Rochester, New York.
307. Yarrow, H. C. (1988). North American Indian Burial Customs, Eagle's View Publishing, Ogden, UT.
308. Zeisberger, D. (1910). History of the Northern American Indians, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Publications 19, Columbus.
309. Zigmond, M. (1986). Kawaiisu. In D'Azevedo, W L. (Vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 11. Great Basin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 398-411.