Addition lens alleviates reading-induced ocular stress

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 12-15

  Choy, Camus K ^a   Siu, Andrew W ^a   Lam, Frankie Y ^a   Tse, Jesse T ^a   Lau, Silvania Y ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Binocular stress; Heterophoria; Myopia; Readings

Indexed keywords

EID: 28244468876     PISSN: 08164622     EISSN: 14440938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2000.tb05070.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Thylefors B., Negrel AD, Pararajasegaram R., Dadzie KY. Available data on blindness. Ophthal Epidemiol 1995; 2: 5–39.
2. Mutti DO, Zadnik K., Adams AJ. Myopia. The nature versus nurture debate goes on. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 952–957.
3. Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK. Race, culture and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J 1993; 34: 29–32.
4. Goh WS, Lam CS. Changes in refractive trends and optical components of Hong Kong Chinese aged 19–39 years. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1994; 14: 378–382.
5. Angi MR, Clementi M., Sardei C., Piattelli E., Bisantis C. Heritability of myopic refractive errors in identical and fraternal twins. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1993; 231: 580–585.
6. Grosvenor T. Refractive state, intelligence test scores, and academic ability. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1970; 47: 355–361.
7. Young FA. The nature and control of myo-pia. J Am Optom Assoc 1977; 48: 451–457.
8. Garner LF, Kinnear RF, Klinger JD, McKellar MJ. Prevalence of myopia in school children in Vanuatu. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1985; 63: 323–326.
9. Garner LF, Kinnear RF, McKellar M., Klinger J., Hovander MS, Grosvenor T. Refraction and its components in Melanesian schoolchildren in Vanuatu. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1988; 65: 182–189.
10. van Alphen GW. Choroidal stress and emmetropization. Vision Res 1986; 26: 723–734.
11. Drexler W., Findl O., Schmetterer L., Hitzenberger CK, Fercher AF. Eye elongation during accommodation in humans: differences between emmetropes and myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2140–2147.
12. Raviola E., Wiesel TN. An animal model of myopia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1609–1615.
13. North R., Henson DB. Adaptation to lens-induced heterophorias. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1985; 62: 774–780.
14. Goss DA, Jackson TW. Clinical findings before the onset of myopia in youth: 3. Het-erophoria. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73: 269–278.
15. Greene PR. Mechanical considerations in myopia: relative effects of accommodation, convergence, intraocular pressure, and the extraocular muscles. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980; 57: 902–914.
16. Fisher SK, Ciuffreda KJ, Levine S., Wolf-Kelly KS. Tonic adaptation in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987; 64: 333–343.
17. Yekta AA, Pickwell LD, Jenkins TC. Binocular vision without visual stress. Optom Vis Sci 1989; 66: 815–817.
18. Ehrlich DL. Near vision stress: vergence adaptation and accommodative fatigue. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1987; 7: 353–357.
19. Rosenfield M., Gilmartin B. Effect of a near-vision task on the response AC/A of a myopic population. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1987; 7: 225–233.
20. McBrien NA, Millodot M. Differences in adaptation of tonic accommodation with refractive state. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988; 29: 460–469.
21. Pickwell D., Jenkins T., Yekta AA. The effect on fixation disparity and associated hetero-phoria of reading at an abnormally close distance. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1987; 7: 345–347.
22. Grosvenor T. Myopia: what can we do about it clinically Optom Vis Sci 1989; 66: 415–419.
23. Woo GC, Wilson MA. Current methods of treating and preventing myopia. Optom Vis Sci 1990; 67: 719–727.
24. Young FA. The effect of restricted visual space on the primate eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1961; 52: 799–806.
25. Ong E., Ciuffreda KJ. Nearwork-induced transient myopia: a critical review. Doc Ophthalmol 1995; 91: 57–85.
26. Jiang BC, Woessner WM. Vitreous chamber elongation is responsible for myopia development in a young adult. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73: 231–234.
27. McBrien NA, Adams DW. A longitudinal investigation of adult-onset and adult-progression of myopia in an occupational group. Refractive and biometric findings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38: 321–333.
28. Lam CS, Edwards M., Millodot M., Goh WS. A 2-year longitudinal study of myopia progression and optical component changes among Hong Kong schoolchildren. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 370–380.
29. Parssinen O., Hemminki E., Klemetti A. Effect of spectacle use and accommodation on myopic progression: final results of a three-year randomised clinical trial among schoolchildren. Br J Ophthalmol 1989; 73: 547–551.
30. Fulk GW, Cyert LA. Can bifocals slow myopia progression J Am Optom Assoc 1996; 67: 749–754.
31. Parssinen O., Hemminki E. Spectacle-use, bifocals and prevention of myopic progression. The two-years results of a randomized trial among schoolchildren. Acta Ophthalmol (Suppl) 1988; 185: 156–161.
32. Grosvenor T., Perrigin DM, Perrigin J., Maslovitz B. Houston Myopia Control Study: a randomized clinical trial. Part II. Final report by the patient care team. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987; 64: 482–498.
33. Grosvenor T., Goss DA. The role of bifocal and contact lenses in myopia control. Acta Ophthalmol (Suppl) 1988; 185: 162–166.
34. Leung JT, Brown B. Progression of myopia in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren is slowed by wearing progressive lenses. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 346–354.